Buddhism e China kunye nefuthe layo nenkcubeko lizwe

Impembelelo obuBhuda kwinkcubeko yaseTshayina inkulu, ngaphandle imfundiso iingcambu ezendeleyo kumazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo. Kodwa yintoni na le nefuthe noko kuwenza ebantwini? Ngaba ukuqonda ixabiso elililo abemi belizwe wabiza iinkolelo ke zihlale khona ngokutsho iBhunga Buddha Great? Ukongeza kweli nqaku siza kujonga oko kukhangeleka ngathi obuBhuda China. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba lo isihloko ebanzi kakhulu yaye ezininzi, kufuneka ukuba bashwankathele nje iingongoma eziphambili.

A kangako Buddhism

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka kumxholo engundoqo nqaku kufuneka aqonde, ukuba lo nguye ubuBhuda. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, ngamnye kuthi baliva eli gama amaxesha amaninzi kwaye i ngcamango elisondeleyo yintoni na. Kodwa lo nolwazi saa okanye akulunganga, ukuba bevela kwimithombo asithembekanga. Le nto kufuneka ubuncinane ukufunda imbali emfutshane kunye undoqo obuBhuda.

ukuba kwaqala Apho Buddhism njenge mfundiso? Wabonakala kumantla India, kanye apho ezi zibekwe urhulumente endulo Magadha kunye Kosala. Imvelaphi unqulo yenzeka BC I kwiwaka. e.

Ngelishwa, izazinzulu zolwazi zinqabile kakhulu ngalo eli xesha, kodwa ekubeni kwizigqibo ezithile singa zotywa data. Umzekelo, ixesha elimisiweyo kuyimfuneko kwintlekele zenkolo eVedic, kodwa njengokuba sisazi, le meko zisoloko negalelo ekuveleni into entsha, ukuvela loqheliso ezizezinye. Abenzi bemeko- umkhwa omtsha waqalisa abahambi eziqhelekileyo, abadala abhadulayo, iishaman neemonki. Phakathi kwabo zifumaneka inkokheli obuBhuda, USiddhārtha Gautama, ngubani ivunyiwe umsunguli wayo.

Ukongeza, ngeli xesha kukho ubunzima yezopolitiko. Abalawuli kwakufuneka amandla, ukongeza umkhosi, nto leyo iza kunceda ukuba ugcine abantu bathobele. Kwaba amandla nobuBhuda. Yena ephakamileyo kuthathwa unqulo yasebukhosini. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba yenzeka kuphela ezo States zabo abalawuli babelana nathi ngeembono zamaBhuda.

Intanda of China yamandulo: UbuBhuda, nobuTao, ubuConfucius

imisinga ezintathu ezikhankanyiweyo kubalulekile bulumko Chinese. Inkqubo zonqulo zelo lizwe ngokupheleleyo yakhelwe phezu kwezi imithambo ezithathu, efana kakhulu omnye komnye. Kutheni ezintathu? Isibakala sokuba China Nantso indawo enkulu kakhulu, yaye ukufumana izinto avumelana ngazo kuluntu ezahlukeneyo zonqulo kwakunzima kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwemisinga ngamnye kwasekwa kubumelwane ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngexesha similise ezinye zezi zintathu.

Yintoni eqhelekileyo phakathi kwezi imisinga? Inkalo ebalulekileyo nokungabikho kuthandazwe kuye ofuna ukunqula. Le ingongoma ebalulekileyo kakhulu eyahlula yamaBhudi nezinye iinkonzo zehlabathi apho kusoloko kukho uThixo ophakamileyo. Kwakhona, le mfundiso abayinqobo uvavanyo-bulumko yehlabathi. Ngamanye amazwi, apha uya ukufumana imiyalelo ecacileyo, imiyalelo okanye imithetho, kuba umntu ngamnye inkululeko yokuzikhethela. Kwaye ke inkalo yesithathu ebalulekileyo kukuba ezi nkalo zintathu zezifundo zijolise ngokulinganayo kuphuhliso loluntu kunye self-ukuphucuka.

UbuConfucius, nobuTao, obuBhuda China bazalwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Yaba inkolo yokuqala ubunzima, kubuBhuda, eye minyaka inani yabalandeli. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Chinese ayikho (Zen Buddhism) yahluke kancinane nemfundiso ithandwa e India. Ukuba esikhundleni ngcembe weza zobuTao, nto leyo idumile unanamhla. Le mfundiso ithi malunga nendlela yokomoya, yaye inceda simfumane.

Kwaye kumagqibela ubuConfucius, leyo yayisekelwe ngoluvo lokuba ngenjongo yobomi bomntu kukudala ezilungileyo kwabanye, uluntu kunye nobulungisa. UbuConfucius, obuBhuda China kakhulu eqhelekileyo. Nanamhlanje, ezi nkonzo ababini nani likhulu abalandeli abathembekileyo e China.

Ukungena obuBhuda China

ObuBhuda China ngokwamanqanaba elisezantsi. ixesha yokubunjwa waba Ekuveleni xesha lethu. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina, nto leyo ithi ukuba abashumayeli zamaBhuda wabonakala China ngaphambili, kodwa akukho bungqina kwalo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izazinzulu iinkcukacha manani zahlukile lonto eminye imithombo zithi yamaBhudi e China ngexesha xa sele eyayilapho zobuTao ubuConfucius. Le nguqulelo akanayo ubungqina ngokupheleleyo, abanomkhitha zizazinzulu ezininzi kuyo.

Isibakala sokuba ubuConfucius, obuBhuda China ziyajongwa kakhulu ezihambelanayo. Ukuba abalandeli lweentsingiselo ezimbini musa ukwahlula phakathi iinkolelo iinkolo, ngoko mhlawumbi baya bahlanganisane ukuze kwicala elinye. A umahluko sobala ngenxa yokuba i dha e China yaMandulo ukusa kumkhamo othile ungquzulwano kunye nezithethe yokuziphatha konfutsianstve.

Iziswa inkolo ibe China abarhwebi abo balandela Enkulu Silk Road bevela kwamanye amazwe. Malunga AD ngenkulungwane yesibini, Buddhism waqalisa ukuba nomdla kunye lenkundla.

Kodwa ngaba abantu Chinese kungaba lula ukuba bayeke endala, nangona efanayo, iinkolelo kwaye amkele mfundiso intsha? Isibakala sokuba ayikho kwathathwa yi-Chinese njenge uhlobo loyamano zobuTao, kungekhona ikhondo entsha ngokupheleleyo. Ndikunye zobuTao nobuBhuda kwakhona ngokusondeleyo kakhulu ngalo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye namhlanje, ezi ntsingiselo ababini kakhulu eqhelekileyo. iimfundiso Imbali ukungena likaBuddha eTshayina iphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibini, xa kwathiwa, "Amanqaku 42 Sutra" - ingxelo ebhaliweyo iimfundiso ezisisiseko.

Indela i shigao

Umsunguli ubuBhuda, siyazi, kodwa lowo ingqalelo ngunozala le unqulo in China? Le ndoda yaye wambiza kuye shigao. Yena kwaba indela Parthian owafika kwisixeko Luoyang. Yaba indoda efundile, yaye ngenxa yoko wenza umsebenzi omkhulu. Kakade ke, akazange ukusebenza wedwa, kodwa iqela abancedisi. Bobabini ke ngu 30 Ukuqamba zamaBhuda.

Kutheni le umsebenzi omninzi? Inyaniso kukuba ukuguqulela incwadi yonqulo akukho nzima, kodwa loo nto, ukuze siqonde injongo yombhali niyinike umbono wakhe - akukho nto yonke umguquleli. An shigao wakwenza oko, waza wadala inguqulelo omhle ebonisa ngokupheleleyo kakuhle iimfundiso zamaBhuda. Ngaphandle koku kuyo kujongwana nayo kunye nezinye lendela, lowo baguqulela sutras. Emva kokuba yokuqala ethembekileyo abantu abaninzi baye babe nomdla lo mkhuba entsha.

Ukusuka kweli thuba yemihla ixesha kaninzi okhankanywe lemisitho enkulu, nto leyo aqhube nezigodlo zamaBhuda. yenkolo baba ngakumbi nangakumbi ezithandwayo kunye ngamnye nyaka udlulayo, njengoko bevangeli ngakumbi nangakumbi kwamanye amazwe wabonakala sikarhulumente. Kodwa nangona kukuqinisa ezi nkqubo, nokuba kangangenkulungwane iye Awaqondakalanga China kwinqanaba elisemthethweni.

iingxaki ixesha

ObuBhuda China wamandulo, esazi kakuhle kakhulu, kodwa njengoko ixesha lihamba phambili, ukutshintsha abantu kunye namandla. Ukutshintsha elibhalwe kwenzeka ngenkulungwane IV, xa waqalisa lizuze abalawuli ephakamileyo. Kutheni unqulo olutsha ngokukhawuleza kwaduma kangaka?

Iimpawu obuBhuda China, ilele yokuba efika ebudeni ngamaxesha obunzima xa abantu unganeliseki yaye bedidekile. Kwathi ngelo xesha. Urhulumente waqala Troubles. iintshumayelo AmaBhuda watyelela ngabantu abaninzi, ngenxa yokuba intetho waqinisekisa abantu uzise uxolo kunokuba umsindo nogonyamelo. Ukongeza, ezi isimo yaxobuka lidumile phakathi kuluntu yeengcungcu.

Basebukhosini South China wayemthanda layohlala evela kwiziganeko ngoku, yaye nabantu abaqhelekileyo wathatha eli khono kuphela ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinane. Kuba ngamaxesha obunzima abantu bafuna gxwa kwihlabathi yakhe ngaphakathi, ukuba azifumana ekuyo ngoku nokuqonda abanye. Oko ingakumbi obuBhuda China - wanika abalandeli bakhe iimpendulo zemibuzo emkhathazayo. Iimpendulo baba avulekile, wonke umntu ukhululekile ukuba ukukhetha indlela yayo.

Ngokutsho imithombo enokuthenjwa, kunokuthiwa ukuba kweli lizwe ngelo xesha ukhula akutshintsho UbuBhuda, apho ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa ukucamngca. Kungenxa yale ixesha lokuba abantu ukwamkela ezintsha njengoko nenguqulo zobuTao sele kwaziwa.

Ezi meko zinje kukhokelele ekuyilweni intsomi phakathi kwabantu sifunda ukuba Lao Tzu bashiya amakhaya abo baya eIndiya, apho waba ngumfundisi Buddha. Ubungqina boku legend akanayo, kodwa Taoists zisetyenziswa ngayo intetho yakhe polemical kunye amaBhuda. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iinguqulelo zokuqala zamagama amaninzi kakhulu abolekwe unqulo Taoist. Kweli nqanaba obuBhuda China Lubonakala kukuba kukhulise ethile Chinese dha mithetho, nto leyo equka iinguqulelo Chinese evela kwisicatshulwa nesiSanskriti imibhalo India.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe indela Dao An, owenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso obuBhuda China. Lokubandakanyeka umsebenzi wobuvangeli kunye umsasazi, uye wadala imimiselo emishini waqalisa ukunqulwa Maitreya Buddha. It Dao An waqalisa ukongeza amagama zonke iimonki zamaBhuda (ngenxa yokuba Gautama Buddha wavela Shakya kwisizwe) isimaphambili "Shi". Umfundi we seal ngokusebenzayo ngelithi kwaye waluthethelela ithisisi abawuthobeli umlawuli inkolo, kwaye nguye owadala ukunqulwa Amitabha, owaba isithixo idumileyo kwaye ethandwa kwiMpuma Ekude.

Kumarajiva

Maxa wambi ezithile kwakukholelwa ukuba China - iziko obuBhuda. Le mbono eqhelekileyo ngaloo mihla, xa urhulumente iye sasingumba yokuhlaselwa ngenxa eziliqela zizizwe zalapho. Unqulo nje kuphela ngenxa yokuba China ethnicities ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. izizwe Babuza kakuhle wafumana inkolelo entsha, kuba wabakhumbuza le umlingo kunye nemimoya.

Kumarajiva - odumileyo indela-umshumayeli kumantla China. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le nxalenye karhulumente, inkolo zazivelela phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo kakhulu werhuluneli. It Kumarajiva wabeka isiseko esisiso zezikolo dha e China. Kwakhona benza kwinguqulelo kwimibhalo yokuqala kunye nokushumayela. Kwi V-VI kwiinkulungwane yaqala umahluko ocacileyo amasebe unqulo (le nkqubo yaqala Kumarajiva). Ukuthatha ibikade inkqubo 'Indianisation "kunye nokwamkelwa iingqiqo zichaseneyo amaBhuda. Abalandeli yahlukana, apho ukuvela izikolo ezi-6 ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, imilo lokugqibela Chan obuBhuda China.

zesikolo ngasinye ahlelwa ngeenxa ezihlangwini wayo, kwakunye ngeenxa izicatshulwa ezithile (Chinese okanye dha original). Ukuba ngumfundi indela Kumarajiva wadala imfundiso ukuba unomoya Buddha ukho bephila bonke, nokuba ukubaleka ngoncedo "ukukhanya ngequbuliso."

liang ubukhosi

Impembelelo zobuTao nobuBhuda kwinkcubeko Chinese wenze umsebenzi wayo. Sele kwinkulungwane VI, ubuBhuda waba esemthethweni kunye hlobo. Noko ke, njengokuba sele uyazi, oku kwenzeka ngaphandle kwenkxaso igunya elongamileyo abakwazanga. Ngubani negalelo koku? Buddhism kuvuswa ukuya kwinqanaba entsha loMlawuli Wu of the Liang Dynasty. Uchithe kakhulu inguquko ephawulekayo. godlo AmaBhuda baba abanini ezinkulu kulo mhlaba, baza baqalisa ukwenza ingeniso kwinkundla asebukhosini.

Ukuba ubuza uhlobo obuBhuda China, i impendulo mntu engagungqiyo uya kukunika. Kwaba ngexesha lokulawula loMlawuli Liang ubukhosi maqela aba-complex yeenkolo amathathu, okanye jiao san. Yonke imfundiso abathathu ezihlobeneyo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba imfundiso dha ibonakalisa zangaphakathi ezifihlakeleyo ubulumko Chinese zo. Kwakhona ngeli xesha, ayikho niche oluye indawo ofaneleyo nangokwamasiko abantu Chinese - sithetha izithethe zomngcwabo.

Eli nqanaba libizwa luphawulwa into yokuba Chinese Baqala ke ukuba nemihlali inkonzo ngomthandazo kunye noSuku Yonke Imiphefumlo 'ukubhiyozela umhla wokuzalwa Buddha kaThixo. Kukho ukukhula lehlelo olufunyenweyo wehla waya ukukhululwa izilwanyana. Le lehlelo kuye kwavela le mfundiso zonke eziphilileyo isuntswana Buddha.

school of Buddhism

Nokwanda obuBhuda China yenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Ngexesha elifutshane sakwazi ukwenza isikolo ezithile Chan ubuBhuda, nto leyo kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu izithethe Far East. Zonke izikolo lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ezintathu ngamaqela: azibhala isikolo sutra kunye dhyana.

azibhala School lusekelwe oosonzululwazi Indiya. Abalandeli lo mkhwa ochaphazelekayo ngakumbi ngemibuzo bulumko kunokuba yazandlala iimfundiso zakhe. abantu abaqhelekileyo neemonki abangabakhe esikolweni, babhala zefilosofi kunye nezinto bafunda ezibhaliweyo kumaxesha amandulo. Enye yinxalenye yeentshukumo zabo ziye zaguqulelwa ukusuka izibhalo Indiya zibe Chinese.

sutras ezikolweni malunga itekisi enye engundoqo, owandinyulayo inkokheli. Le nto isibhalo kulandelwa ngabo bonke abafundi, kwaye oku apho wafumana ibinzana ephezulu ubulumko Buddha kaThixo. Njengoko sele waqonda, le sutras zezikolo zisekelwe ezithile kwisicatshulwa iimfundiso-zonqulo. Ngaphandle koku, abalandeli ezibandakanyekayo kunye ingqalelo imiba emininzi theoretical nentanda-bulumko. kukhula iinkqubo nobunzima kakhulu, nto leyo kunzima ukuba kuthiwe iindinyana ethile Indian.

Dhyana School - a iingcali esikolweni. Apha abalandeli ukuba senze yoga, ukucamngca, imithandazo kunye Psychotechnics abaqeqeshiweyo. Bayithatha ulwazi lwabo ebantwini, wamfundisa indlela elula iliso amandla akho uze usithumele kwicala elifanelekileyo. Kwakhona iquka zezikolo zonqulo ukupela uqeqesho emishini.

Buddhism nenkcubeko

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba obuBhuda isiko Chinese ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. Impembelelo yalo unqulo kakhulu ngokucacileyo kule ncwadi, izakhiwo kunye nobugcisa eli lizwe. Ngemihla dha ithe inani yoonongendi, iicawa, emiqolombeni izakhiwo iliwa zakhiwa. Ayehlukile elihle bokwakha.

Isakhiwo kula maxesha luphawulwa ubuhle yaye ubuthathaka, esibonisa uhlobo non-olucacileyo amaBhuda. izakhiwo ezintsha zonqulo nje update izakhiwo ezindala, amabi, e-China. Baya kuma kophahla tiered, leyo bafuzisela izulu. Zonke kwesakhiwo esitsha kunye izakhiwo komhlaba zezona ezikhumbuzo zexabiso zembali. Kakhulu ngokulungelelanisiweyo abonela lomculo yokuyilwa ngobugcisa kwayo esekelwe, BAS-imikrolo kunye sculpture kuphawu ajikelezayo.

izakhiwo ajikelezayo ziye ithandwa e China ixesha elide, kodwa ngemihla iimonki zamaBhuda, bamana bezandlala ngamanani amakhulu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, phantse zonke itempile Chinese kunokubonwa eqingqiweyo abasusela kwinkcubeko Indo-Chinese. Kunye unqulo lizwe kwaye kwakhona isilwanyana entsha, nto leyo edla zingafunyanwa kwi imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo oqingqiweyo - ingonyama. De kube mzuzu elalana iinkolelo Gautama, isilwanyana waba engaziwa kubantu Chinese.

Loo Buddhism ndifumene isiko Chinese, kukho uhlobo nothando iprozi, leyo ngaphambili kubekho kakhulu eqhelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni amabali amafutshane yaba yeyona ibiza kuba nembono Chinese yintsomi kwabantu. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuvela yintsomi eTshayina kukhokelele ekuyilweni ngeentlobo ezinkulu ezifana inoveli zakudala.

Ukuba i Zen UbuBhuda idlala indima ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa yokudweba Chinese. Kuba amagcisa zokuhamba Sung Buddha School zonke lokuphumelela umva indima ekhethekileyo, kangangokuba imifanekiso babo iimbono yomgama. Godlo waba umthombo zizityebi lolwazi, njengokuba kubhaliwe ndawonye apha, ukucamngca babhala imisebenzi yabo eninzi neemonki, abazobi, iimbongi zobulumko. Aba bantu beza nje woonongendi ukuba alahle ihlabathi ngaphandle kwaye ulandele indlela yakho yendalo yangaphakathi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Iimonki lokuqala Chinese kwemoto yoshicilelo block, ngamanye yoshicilelo isicatshulwa ngokusebenzisa uphinda-phindo ngu matrix (iiplanga abalinganiswa isipili).

isiko Chinese yi kakhulu imibulelo yomlomo kwakhona zintsomi WayengumBhuda iintsomi. Ifilosofi intsomi ziyajongwa uyahambelana ezingqondweni zabantu, nto leyo kuye kwabangela ngokunxulumene ezinye kwiziganeko zembali eyiyo. nempembelelo enkulu phezu ingcinga zeentanda-bulumko China baba ingcamango dha wokukhanya ngesiquphe kunye intuition.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, nkqu iti ezaziwayo-kakuhle izithethe Chinese kwakhona imvelaphi yayo eMonastri dha. Kukholelwa ukuba ubuciko lokusela iti kwakuvela ngexesha xa iimonki wafuna indlela ukucamngca kwaye hayi ukuba balale. Kuba oku kokusungulwa asele luncedo nomtsalane - iti. Ngokutsho legend, indela walala ngexesha ukucamngca, yaye ngakumbi wokuba kwenzeke oku, wazigawula ngeenkophe zakhe. amashiya Iwile wanika amahlumelo the bush tea.

khona

Kukho namhlanje obuBhuda China? Impendulo elifutshane lo mbuzo kunzima. Eyona nto kukuba yezembali izinto ezinjalo ukuba ukususela ngo-2011 imisebenzi AmaBhuda iphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo e China. Oku kungenxa yokuba amandla mihla Chinese ukususela ngo-1991, i-nkqubo onzima. Urhulumente ngokwayo lisibeka imithetho kufuneka baphuhlise indlela obuBhuda China.

Ngokukodwa, lendela kwafuneka ukuba alahle UDalai Lama XIV, ukuze bafunde iitekisi wamaKomanisi. AmaBhuda yokwemvelo yokusabela oku kuyaqondakala. ObuBhuda China ithuba ukuphuhlisa ukufumana abalandeli ezintsha. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kukhokelele kwiimeko ezininzi wokubopha esicalanye. Ngelishwa, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, China ayizamkeli obuBhuda uhlobo yaso yendalo. Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo le meko iya kuphucuka, kuba ngokwembali abantu Chinese kusondele kakhulu nembono dha ubomi.

UPawulos, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba bulumko yamandulo China Buddhism ebona njengento efanayo lokuzalwa. Ngenisa ukuya iingcamango zonqulo bulumko yelizwe lee ngaphandle iingcinga zamaBhuda. Amagama afana "China", "unqulo", "Buddhism" ngokwembali zinxibelelene kwaye engenakususwa.