DC motor: umgaqo amanyathelo. DC motor: isixhobo

Okokuqala lasungulwa ngenkulungwane ye-19 batshintshana umatshini zombane yi injini DC. Umgaqo operation kuye kwaziwa ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane lokugqibela kwixesha langoku iinjini DC (DPT) kuqhubeka ukuba bakhonze umntu, bamisela kwisindululo ezahlukeneyo oomatshini luncedo kunye neendlela.

I wokuqala DPT

Ukususela 30 ngenkulungwane ye-19 kuphuhliso kwabo baye kwizigaba eziliqela. Inyaniso kukuba kude kube sekupheleni injini kwinkulungwane yokugqibela alternators umthombo kuphela amandla yaba galvanic cell. Ngoko ke, zonke iinjini zokuqala zombane zingasebenza kuphela xa yangoku ngqo.

Yintoni le DC motor yokuqala? Lo mgaqo uyasebenza lesixhobo iinjini nakhelwe kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Intsimi eliyinhloko isethi ezisisigxina ezabelwe isigxina iimagnethi okanye abasebenza intonga, akazange abe isekethi jikelele ngemagnethi ezivaliweyo. Eqalise-pole armature wambumba eziliqela iimagnethi intonga eyahlukileyo i axis eqhelekileyo, leyo iqhutywa yimikhosi nokungafunekiyo nomtsalane nezibonda le inductor. abameli imifuziselo kubo iinjini W. Ricci (1833) kunye B. Jacoby (1834) zixhotyiswe nezixhobo zokucima nokuvula mechanical i zangoku kwi abasebenza kunye armatures abafowunelwa zexabiso ezinokususwa kuzo isekethi armature jiko.

Njengoko injini isebenza Jacobi

Yintoni le matshini siseko ukusebenza? Injini Jacobi current rhoqo kunye analogs bayo ilifa torque eliguquguqukayo kagesi. Ebudeni bexesha ukuhlangabezana nezibonda ahlukeneyo armature kunye inductor yi magnethi umdla force motor torque ngokukhawuleza ifikelele eliphezulu. Ngoko, xa indawo kwipali ye armature malunga izibonda ezo inductor, utshintsho mechanical ndawaphula kulo ezikhoyo abasebenza ngayo armature. Torque kusithwa zero. Ngenxa inertia ye armature kunye nezibonda mechanism iankile wazigqogqa phantsi izibonda inductor, ngeli thuba kuzo ukusuka iswitshi ngoku ikhutshwa kwelinye icala, wokwephuka kwabo umva, nomkhosi womxhuzulane ukuya esibondeni ekufutshane ye inductor ithathwa amandla sisenzo. Ngenxa yoko, i-injini iyajikeleza Jacobi uyothuka ezilandelelanayo.

Kubonakala anchor thunzi

Xa engundoqo armature solenoids injini Jacobi yangoku ngamaxesha icinyiwe, zakha Imagnethi yomhlaba yaphela, namandla alo uguqulwe ilahleko ubushushu kwi engathi. Ngoko ke, lo armature ukuguqulwa electromechanical amandla yemvelaphi yangoku (iseli electrochemical) zibe mechanical kwenzeka kulo nqapha. Yintoni Kwakufuneka ivaliwe kunye yinjini eqhubekayo ngokubhijela ngoku kuya kumpompoza leyo rhoqo ngexesha lonke ixesha emsebenzini wayo.

Kwaye loo fuhtufn yasekwa ngo 1860. A Pachinotti. Yintoni yahlukile ngamalungu DC motor wayo? Umgaqo kusebenza kuwo i-injini kunye isixhobo Pachinotti elandelayo. Njengoko iiankile wasebenzisa umsesane kuhlinzwa nezipeki ezingenakususwa umngxuma nkqo. Kulo mzekelo, iankile akazange abe izibonda ukwa-. Waba neyavnopolyusnym.

armature coil liwe zaye nxeba phakathi iiasi lo msesane, Iziphelo abaqhagamshelwe kwi series phezu ankile, kwaye ukusuka iingongoma wombane ngamnye imibhijelo ezimbini zenziwa kwimpompo uqhagamshele iipleyiti umqokeleli amalungiselelo ecaleni achazwe apha ka ezantsi isikhondo iimoto, inani elo lilingana nenani jiko. Lonke armature ivaliwe ngokwayo neendawo uxhulumaniso lothotho inani jiko yayo abaqhagamshelwe iipleyiti umqokeleli ezikufutshane, leyo ezitshibilizayo impahla izileyi supply yangoku.

I-ankile thunzi sele ibekwe phakathi izibonda ezo abasebenza ezimbini nezicwangcisiweyo inductor-stator, kangangokuba imigca amandla eyilwe ngabo excitation mhlaba otsalayo zibandakanyiwe engaphandle zezindlu phezu armature isithuthi kulo excitation ngasentla isibonda baluwela armature thunzi, ngaphandle kokuya kwi ngaphakathi emngxunyeni wayo, kwaye uyaphuma ngaphantsi emazantsi.

Njengoko injini isebenza Pachinotti

Oko ke umgaqo yesenzo? DC injini Pachinotti wasebenza ngendlela efanayo njengoko DPT mihla.

Lo mhlaba otsalayo leepali inductor kunye polarities oku bekusoloko kukho inani elithile ababhexeshi ye armature jiko yangoku nolwalathiso rhoqo, apho inductor phantsi izibonda ezahlukeneyo kwicala armature yangoku iye ingene. Oku kufikelelwe ngokubeka izileyi unikezelo lwangoku, apho asebenze iibhrashi, kwisithuba phakathi izibonda le inductor. Ngoko armature ngoku lwephanyazo ngumsinga ukuya Ikhoyili ngalo roller, kwipleyiti umqokeleli, banamathele noko iimpompo, nto leyo nayo kwisithuba phakathi izibonda, emva koko ahambe kumacala angafaniyo kunye poluobmotkam-amasebe amabini, yaye ekugqibeleni ahamba nge kumgca isebe, ipleyiti nomqokeleli kunye ahambise kwenye interpolar lekhefu. Ngokwenza njalo, lo iankile coil phantsi izibonda le inductor zatshintsha, kodwa icala aya ngoku bahlala zingatshintshi kuzo.

Ngu uMthetho Ampere kaThixo, ukuba umqhubi ngamnye coil armature kunye ngoku lo mhlaba otsalayo kwisibonda inductor, amandla leyo umiselwa ulwalathiso ulawulo ezaziwayo-kakuhle "ekhohlo ngesandla." Relative ukuba ezimanyeneyo injini, eli gunya ukudala torque, wamcacisela zezona zinto zonke ezi imikhosi unika ixesha elipheleleyo DPT, esele iphantsi iipleyiti yabaqokeleli ezininzi phantse rhoqo.

DPT futhi nge grammovskoy thunzi armature liwe

Njengoko kudla yenzeka kwimbali inzululwazi nobugcisa, wayila A. Pachinotti ayizange isetyenziswe. Kuye ilityalwe iminyaka 10 de ngo-1870 kuwo ngokuzimeleyo aphinde Franco-German Umsunguli H. Gramm e uyilo efanayo ye-DC generator. Kwezi matshini, i-axis ujikeleza tye kwaye liye lasetyenziswa iibhrashi carbon sliding ecaleni iipleyiti umqokeleli zoyilo owayephila ngexesha. Yi kweminyaka engama-70 wasekwayo ngenkulungwane ye-19 umgaqo ukuyilungisa koomatshini lombane iye yaba kakuhle waziwa, kwaye umatshini Gramm isetyenziswe generator DC motor. Its isimiso ukusebenza sele kuchazwe ngasentla.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kokusungulwa armature ring yaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso DPT, ziphithizelayo (ebizwa ngokuba grammovskoy) yaba ethile ebalulekileyo. Lo mhlaba otsalayo zezibonda inductor kuphela abo ababhexeshi zayo (okubizwa esebenzayo), nto leyo walala phantsi kwezi izibonda engaphandle zezindlu kobuso armature. Kubo sikhatshwe magnetic amandla Ampere, torque ngokumalunga esqwini motor. Abo abaqhubi engasebenziyo wabadluli-ankile ring beso abazange bathathe inxaxheba ekudalweni lo mzuzu. Bathi nje engenamsebenzi dissipated amandla ngokohlobo ufudumele.

Ukususela iringi ukuze igubu yezikhonkwane

INcwadi yeeDilesi ye le eqhwalela ring iankile walandelwa odumileyo German zombane F. Gefner-Alteneku ngo-1873. njani ukuba usebenza njani DC motor? Umgaqo esebenza ngayo ifowuni, stator yayo inductor iyafana motor kunye khonkcweni jiko. Kodwa ke kuyilo armature kunye yayo emajikojiko itshintshile.

Gefner-Altenek wabonisa ukuba ulwalathiso armature yangoku aqukuqelayo evela ngebrashi esithile, ababhexeshi grammovskoy ngokubhijela excitation kwi nezibonda ezikufutshane zisoloko malungana, ie ke ayinakuhlonyelwa engathi ime kwi engaphandle zezindlu komhlaba Ikhoyili kunye ububanzi (pitch) elilingana pitch esibondeni (la manani achazwe le armature, ukuba kwipali omnye excitation).

Kulo mzekelo, iba okungeyomfuneko kumngxuma elijekelezayo lwe armature, kwaye iba njengesilinda eqinileyo (igubu). Oku oyinkampani yenkomo ngokwayo wafumana igama igubu. Ukusetyenziswa ngobhedu eyayikuyo inani elifanayo ababhexeshi esebenzayo kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kunokuba grammovskoy jiko.

Anchor gear iba

Oomatshini kunye Gramm-Gefner Alteneka iankile umphezulu Ubuthelezi, kunye nezinikezeli ziphithizelayo zicwangciswe umsantsa phakathi kwayo kunye nezibonda le inductor. Umgama phakathi phakathi zezindlu komhlaba izibonda excitation kunye umphezulu armature khaxa yafikelela ngemilimitha eziliqela. Ngoko ke, ukudala oluthandwa ngemagnethi amandla intsimi ukuba isicelo jiko excitation nomkhosi elikhulu magnetomotive (esinamanani amakhulu amagophe). Oku kwanda kakhulu ubukhulu kunye nobunzima weenjini. Ukongeza, umphezulu kakuhle jiko armature kwaba nzima ukulungisa. Kodwa kuba njani oko? Eneneni, ngokuba intshukumo kwi umqhubi nomkhosi yangoku Ampere kufuneka ibe kwi iingongoma isithuba ayo aphezulu ngemagnethi (kunye ezixineneyo ngemagnethi nobhobhozayo).

Kwacaca ukuba oku kuyimfuneko. American Umsunguli H. Mxim umpu wabonisa ukuba xa ankile enze gear igubu, kwaye vee benziwa phakathi kwamazinyo ukubeka coil jiko igubu, umsantsa phakathi izibonda kwaye excitation kungancitshiswa ukuya amaqhezu ndlela. Kuyenzeka ukuba nciphisa ngokubaluleka ubungakanani jiko excitation, kodwa DPT torque akukho sehle.

Njengoko imisebenzi yinjini DC onjalo? Umgaqo ukusebenza isekelwe kwinto yokuba i-ankile amandla unamazinyo ngemagnethi lisetyenziswa ukuba izinikezeli ngayo kwiindawo zokubeka yayo (Imagnethi kuzo cishe emsebenzini), kunye kanye amazinyo. Ubukho ezikhoyo umqhubi kwi emseleni kubalulekile ukuba isenzeko la mandla.

Nendlela yokuzifumana imisinga eddy

Enye inkqubela ebalulekileyo wenza umqambi odumileyo TA Edison. Yiyiphi enye into enjinini DC yena? Umgaqo yokusebenza ayitshintshanga, kodwa izinto apho wenza iankile yayo zatshintsha. Endaweni yangaphambili elikhulu ukuba bavale elaminethiweyo ngombane yodwa ukusuka kwenye nenye sheets zentsimbi. Oku kunciphisa ubukhulu imisinga eddy (Foucault imisinga) kwi armature, nelenyuse ukusebenza kwe-injini.

Umgaqo esebenza ngayo injini DC

Chaza oko kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: xa le armature kwemicimbi motor yimincili umthombo wamandla kuyo kuvela ekhoyo enkulu ebizwa ngokuba inrush kunye nelidlula izihlandlo eziliqela ixabiso rated. Ngaphezu koko, phantsi izibonda excitation of malunga wokwephuka kolwalathiso imisinga kwi izinikezeli ye armature jiko kwenye efanayo njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mzobo ungezantsi. Ngokutsho kulawulo, "ngesandla ngasekhohlo", ezi abakhokeli unguye Ampere enyanzelisa indlela ebalwa kwaye uthwele armature ku gqiba nge. Xa armature jiko abaqhubi edalwa amandla electromotive (back-EMF), uyalele oppositely kumthombo yonikezelo ombane. Njengoko armature ukunyuka unikezelo kunye back-EMF athe ngokubhijela zawo. Ngako oko, le armature lwangoku lacuthwa yokuqala ukuya ixabiso ehambelana nendawo yokusebenza injini iimpawu ingongoma.

Ukunyusa isantya ukujikeleza armature, kuyimfuneko mhlawumbi kukwandisa ngoku coil layo okanye ukunciphisa emva-EMF kuwo. Le yokugqibela aokusetyenziswa ngokunciphisa ubukhulu bezinto excitation mhlaba otsalayo ngokunciphisa ngoku endle jiko. Le ndlela yokulawula isantya DPT isagquba.

Umgaqo esebenza ngayo injini DC nge excitation eyahlukileyo

Ukufakwa asendle jiko kwiitheminali (OB) umthombo wamandla eyahlukileyo (triple ezizimeleyo) DPT enamandla ntolovelo ukwenza kube lula ngakumbi ukulawula ubukhulu bezinto excitation yangoku (ukuze ukutshintsha ukujikeleza). Ngomhla iimpawu DPT kunye OB ezizimeleyo DPT kakhulu efanayo kunye OB, edibene ngokunxuseneyo kunye armature jiko.

Shunt DPT

Lo mgaqo uyasebenza of parallel DC endle motor langoku kumiselwa iimpawu ngomatshini, ngamanye uxhomekeko le isantya ukujikeleza torque umthwalo kwi sesinqeni yayo. Ngokuba onjalo injini isantya ukwahluka kwi inguqu ukusuka iduma ukuya torque nomthwalo rated kukuba ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwi-10%. Le propati mechanical kuthiwa ziqinile.

Ngoko ke, umgaqo isenzo yinjini DC kunye shunt ibangela isicelo yayo actuators kunye ngesantya esingaguqukiyo xa elikhulu uluhlu umthwalo nomahluko. Noko ke, lisetyenziswa ngendlela ezilawulwa drive yombane ngesantya bume. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba ummiselo wayo isantya ingasetyenziswa njengoko ukutshintsha armature ngoku kunye entsimini lwangoku.

excitation yokulandelelana le DPT

Umgaqo esebenza ngayo i-DC-mafutha lwe thotho excitation ezinjengokunxusana, oko kumiselwa iimpawu ngomatshini, nto leyo kule meko uthambile; ngokuba Isantya injini yohluka kakhulu kunye notshintsho umthwalo. Uphi na nenzuzo ukusebenzisa injini DC? Le yokusebenza Umgaqo ibambelele kaloliwe isantya motor ekufuneka kuncipha kwi ngokoyisa kuphuma ubume uze ubuyele isindululo ngegama xa kwithafa elihambelana ne DPT kunye OB nangendlela ecwangciswe kakuhle ngokulandelelana eqhagamshelwe armature jiko. Ngoko ke, inxalenye enkulu zikaloliwe zombane ehlabathini baxhotyiswa izixhobo ezinjalo.

Le yokusebenza Umgaqo yinjini DC kunye series excitation asebenzise Motors imoto wangoku eliguquguqukayo leyo eyinxalenye ezifanayo kunye DPT engaguqukiyo RH, kodwa eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusebenza kunye bulungiswe sele ababekhwele kweso umbane ukuba yama- nzi kakhulu.