Ethe yaveliswa ukusuka amalahle neoli, nokuba ukusebenzisa njani?

Ukuba ukhe uzibuze ukuba yintoni uveliswa amalahle neoli, ukuba kuza kwisigqibo sokuba eninzi. Ezi minerals ezimbini zisetyenziswa njengoko mithombo iphambili hydrocarbon. bonke ukuze bayithathele ingqalelo.

namafutha

Oyile amafutha eziphili zamandulo, ebonakala ngu umbala emnyama esimdaka ezixineneyo. Xa ezingundoqo layo, lo mxube entsonkothileyo kwezinto, ikakhulu, oku hydrocarbon ulwelo. Malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku weoli a naphthenic, paraffinic kunye enuka kamnandi. Kodwa ke kaninzi uyakwazi ukufumana imveliso uhlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle hydrocarbon e ukwakheka oyile iqulethe nezingcoliso iikhompawundi sulphur organic neoksijini ngokunjalo namanzi kunye lichithakale wemagniziyam kunye calcium iityuwa.

Not ngaphandle kwaye umxholo eziqinileyo ngohlobo nodongwe kunye nesanti. Ukuba singathetha ngento ioli ilunge ngaphezu amalahle, kukho kuthi malunga ixabiso izinto ukuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo fuels motor ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Emva nokusulungekiswa kwamanzi kunye nezinye ubumdaka ezingathandekiyo processing alwenze olu hlobo resource. Oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ulwelo. Oku kusekelwe umahluko kukho amaziko okupheka hydrocarbon leyo kungena nokubunjwa kwayo.

Njani na ulwelo

Ekubeni le oli aqulethwe amakhulu iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, uninzi lwazo ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo zokupheka ngongoma, ukwahlulwa hydrocarbon ngamnye nzima. Ngako oko, ukwahlulwa ioli ikhutshwa phandle ulwelo ibe amaqhezu apho iqatsele ebanzi kakhulu uluhlu lobushushu. Xa ioli zesiqhelo lobushushu ulwelo kubhaliwe yahlulwe amaqhezu ezine: i-diesel (180-350 ° ^C), separafini (120-315 ° ^C) ipetroli (30-180 ° ^C) neoli kwamafutha njenge amasalela emva unyango. Ukuba uqhubeka ukuthetha ngento uveliswa amalahle neoli, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba sihlandlo ngasinye kwezi macandelo kwi neyanamhlanje ngakumbi ngokucokisekileyo lungohlulwa lube iqhekeza kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, inxalenye ipetroli ekhoyo yepetroleum iEtere, ligroin kunye, eneneni, ipetroli. I ezibonakalayo kuqala iqulethe kwi pentane yakheke kwaye hexane, apho uba isinyibilikisi elihle kakhulu nentlaka namafutha.

izakhi

Ukwakheka olingene ukuba unbranched ifumile hydrocarbon ukusuka lama- ukuba pentane, cycloalkanes kunye benzene. Emva processing efanelekileyo isetyenziselwa elishishina ngezithuthi kwaye jukwini lwangaphakathi injini yokutsha zibe kukudla. Avuthayo, leyo ezifakiweyo zeparafini kunye hydrocarbon isetyenziswa kukudla ukukhanyisa kunye nokuzifudumeza izixhobo zokusetyenziswa indlu. Kukuninzi, separafini isetyenziswa kukudla imijukujelwa kunye moya jet.

Ukuba eminye ukuba ifunyenwe amalahle neoli, oko kukuthi malunga iqhezu wokucokisa i-diesel, leyo ngokuqhelekileyo okhonza zibe kukudla injini diesel. Ukwakheka oil amafutha yenziwa hydrocarbon ophezulu abilayo. Ulwelo phantsi kuncitshiswa yengcinezelo oyile zamafutha uqobo ifunyenwe yokuqaba iinjongo ezahlukeneyo oyile. Intsalela, emva koko kukho amafutha fuel idla ngokuba lendle. Ukusuka oku ufumene ekhobokisayo njengoko yebhitumene. Ezi mveliso ziyilelwe ukuze zisetyenziswe ukwakhiwa kwendlela. oyile zamafutha isoloko isetyenziswa amafutha kwibhoyila.

Ezinye iindlela processing

Ukuze uqonde lingaphezulu nakwioli amalahle, kuyimfuneko ukuze ufumanise ukuba ziintoni ezinye unyango ukuba phantsi. Ioli kusingathwa ngokuthi genge, okt ukuguqulwa thermal zokuphosa yamalungu ayo. Ngokuhlaziya ingaba enye yezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• Thermal. Kulo mzekelo, ukuqhekeka hydrocarbon lwenziwa phantsi kwempembelelo amaqondo ephakamileyo.
• Encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Luqhutywa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, kunjalo, lo kuvala ngakumbi idityaniswe, eyenza kube lula ukulawula inkqubo nokugcina kuyo naliphi icala elithile.

Ukuba singathetha ngento ioli ilunge ngaphezu amalahle, kufuneka kuthiwa enziwa ngexesha nokuqhekeka of hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo, leyo ukufumana isicelo ngokubanzi kwi kuyondelelaniswe mveliso kwezinto eziphilayo.

amalahle

Uqwalaselo le nto ekrwada lukhutshwe ngeendlela ezintathu: hydrogenation, carbonization kunye yokutsha ayiphelelanga. Nganye kwezi kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa inkqubo ekhethekileyo.

Coking kubandakanya ukufumana izinto ekrwada, eziontini coke kubushushu ka-1000-1200 ^{° C} ngaphandle ukufikelela kwe-oksijini. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba utshintshwano yemichiza enzima ezibangelwa iya kuba ukuyilwa coke kunye neemveliso ezililize. Eyokuqala ukwimeko epholiswa ithunyelwe amashishini of yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Iimveliso eguquguqukayo sele lupholile, i afunyenwe emva koko amanzi ammonia kunye namalahle tar. Kusekho ezininzi kwezinto non-incitshisiwe. Xa sincokola ngayo kutheni ioli ilunge ngaphezu amalahle, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukususela eziphathekayo ekrwada ifunyenwe ogqityiweyo kakhulu ngakumbi iimveliso. Nganye kwezi zinto sibhekiswe a imveliso ethile.

Okwangoku, yenza nkqu imveliso oyile namalahle, ebonelela a amafutha nibeke phi.