Imiqondiso ebonisa ukuma - amakhadi alphabet

Ukubonisa iimpawu olunemiqathango nezobhalo ezisetyenziswa kwiimephu ze iimpawu ngokwezelizwe kunye izinto ezibalulekileyo ngengingqi. Oku nemizobo elimlinganiselo ethile, imilo kunye nombala, ezo musa kwahluka kumazwe ezahlukeneyo amakhadi. Eli khadi ABC, ngaphandle apho akunakwenzeka ukuba bafunde indlela ukuzulazula mmandla.

imiqondiso ebonisa ukuma igciwane indawo, ubukhulu, imilo, interconnections zezinto ngengingqi ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye nezikhombisi ibalulekileyo quantitative and qualitative. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo izinto babonisa yahlulwe ezinkulu-abasakhasayo scaleless. Okokuqala lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela izinto zabo ubungakanani nga kumiselwa imaphu (amachibi ezinkulu, iindawo zokuhlala, amahlathi, njalo njalo). Ngoncedo lwe yesibini ubonisa izinto zasekuhlaleni, encinane ubukhulu kwaye ingachazwayo isikali imaphu (imithombo, ukwakhiwa uhlobo inqaba, amaqula, kwaye ngaphezulu).

Ukongeza, iisimboli iimephu ngesimo yahlulwe ntlobo ezine: areal, umgca, amachaphaza kunye echazayo.

Areal bamele zokuhlala, amahlathi, umgxobhozo, amasimi kunye nezinye izinto zalapha ukuba bahlale ezindaweni ezinkulu. Le miqondiso luqulathe eesekethe kunye namagama achazayo ezizalisa imisele (elinokuba yi yangasemva Umbala, kukhuhlwe okanye icons twatse Mesh). Yonke imiqondiso areal abantu yebhongo.

Linear imiqondiso nezobhalo esetyenziselwa imifanekiso indlela enemilambo ezincinane kunye nemisinga, oyile negesi imibhobho, unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezithe isikali wabonisa ubude kuphela. A uhlobo olulodwa wamanqaku yomgama imigca aya ngokudibanisa amanqaku ukuba umgangatho ukuphakama enye, ubunzulu okanye ezinye izinto. Ezi ziquka tye kwaye zenzelwe ukumela elimi ngayo. Uninzi abalinganiswa ibhekisela scaleless yomgama.

Ubone imiqondiso nayo ngaphandle isikali yaye yenzelwe ukuba umfanekiso izakhiwo ngamnye (iibrorho, iicawa, iinqaba, izindlu, izityalo amandla), amaqula kunye nezinye izinto ngongoma-like.

Iimpawu achazayo nezobhalo ukunika ulwazi olongezelelekileyo malunga izinto alicanda. Oku ulwalathiso flow lomlambo, iimpawu ehlathini, ububanzi kweendlela kunye iibhulorho, amagama zokuhlala, nasentshonalanga kunye iincopho, imilambo, amachweba kunye like.

kwashicilelwa imibala, ngokunxulumene ne apho indawo umfanekiso yohlulwe izinto ngamnye ukuphucula usebenzo lokufundekayo wemephu. iisimboli umbala omnye phezu amakhadi zabo bonke ubukhulu kunye, njengoko umgaqo, bahambelana umbala ngokwenene izinto kwezi nyanga zishushu. Ngawo onke amakhadi ezimnyama ebonisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, izakhiwo, iindlela ezingagangathwanga, unxibelelwano, umda, njalo njalo. D. Brown ubonisa imigodi kunye neempawu zayo, kwakunye zesanti takyrs. Blue - umbala amanzi kunye nazo zonke izinto lokuhlola amanzi, kwakunye kweesiginitsha zabo ezinxulumene. Oluluhlaza umbala yenzelwe ukubonisa ummandla wamanzi amabala kunye eluhlaza - lomfanekiso utyani. imida Purple ezikhethiweyo kwaye orange - indlela wawutyabeka ibhloko zokuhlala kunye nophuhliso ezixineneyo (ngokomlinganiselo we-1: 25,000 no-1: 50,000) kunye izixeko ezikhulu-ubungakanani (kunye isikali 1: 100,000).

ukubonisa ukuphelela zezinto yendawo kwimephu zixhomekeke kwiimpawu kummandla kunye esikalini ekhethiweyo. kwiimephu-isikali ichaziwe ngakumbi, ukuba zimelwe izinto ezahlukeneyo (umzekelo, ekhaya), lo gama kwi abasakhasayo imaphu izinto zidityaniswe zibe iqela elinye (umzekelo, ikota okanye isixeko yonke).

Ekubeni bafunda ukufunda imiqondiso ubume bendalo, akuyi ungalawula ngempumelelo kuphela nayiphi kwendawo, kodwa ukusebenzisa ikhadi ukuze bancedise kumsebenzi, ukufunda kunye nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi.