Intetho ekhululekile kunye neentlobo zayo

Kuba umntu ngamnye ukuba iyindlela ebalulekileyo zonxibelelwano. Formation yokuthetha iqala kunye namaxesha zokuqala zophuhliso kwabantwana yaye iquka izigaba ezininzi: ukusuka imikhwazo kunye Ukuphololoza ephilayo self-kunokubonakaliswa ezahlukeneyo iindlela iilwimi.

Kukho izinto ezifana intetho yomlomo, ebhaliweyo, umxhelo novakalelo. Bachaza inkqubo yokuqonda, umbono kunye nokukotshwa izandi zentetho, ukuyilwa zemihlathi ukuba avakalisa okanye ebhaliweyo kwixesha elizayo, kwakunye kwilungiselelo olufanelekileyo magama kwizivakalisi.

Iifom zomlomo nezibhaliweyo intetho: ingqiqo kunye nokubaluleka

Oral ekhululekile ukuba ngenkuthalo ibandakanya amalungu ekwenziweni (ulwimi, inkalakahla, amazinyo, umlomo). Kodwa ke, ubukhulu becala, ukuzala endalo izandi yi yoko kuphela lomsebenzi kwengqondo. Naliphi na igama, isivakalisi okanye ibinzana ekuqaleni amele ingcinga okanye umfanekiso. Emva kwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukubunjwa kwabo, ingqondo ithumela uphawu (umyalelo) ka izixhobo intetho.

Ukubhala kunye neentlobo zayo ixhomekeke kwindlela ngophuhliso uhlobo ngomlomo intetho, njengoko, enyanisweni, kukho yomfanekiso we iziganeko ezifanayo ukuba ubuchopho bumisela. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu zolwimi ebhaliweyo kuvumela umntu ngakumbi ngokucokisekileyo ngokuchanileyo ukufumana awona mazwi achanekileyo, ukuphucula iyanikela kwaye balungise oko kubhaliweyo ngaphambili.

Ngenxa yale yokubhala oko abanolwazi kwaye ichanekile kuthelekiswa ngomlomo. Nakuba kuba nokuthetha zizalathisi ebalulekileyo umgangatho ilizwi, isantya ukuthetha, kukucaca isandi, elivakayo, ulwimi olubhaliweyo luphawulwa ecacileyo lokubhala, ukuvakala kwayo nokulungiselela koonobumba namagama ngokunxulumene nenye.

Ukufunda iinkqubo yokubhala yaye ukuthetha, iingcali ukwenza ulwazi jikelele imeko yabantu, yanyhashwa kunokwenzeka yempilo yakhe, ngokunjalo izinto zabo. Ukunyhashwa umsebenzi intetho kungabonwa ebantwaneni khange basekwa ngokupheleleyo izixhobo intetho, yaye abadala abaye baba stroke okanye ukubandezeleka kwezinye izifo. Kwimeko yokugqibela kusenokuba ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kuphila.

Umxhelo novakalelo intetho: yintoni

intetho encomekayo wabhekisela inkqubo ngengqondo okuhambisana ukuqonda ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zentetho (ezibhaliweyo ngomlomo). Ukunakanwa zentetho izandi nendlela abayibona ngayo - hhayi lula indlela. Eyona athathe inxaxheba kuyo;

• indawo yokuthetha oluvo kwi neuron, okwabizwa ngokuba kummandla Wernicke kaThixo;
• analyzer ive.

Kakuhle le yokugqibela Uxhokonxwa utshintsho intetho umxhelo. Ngokomzekelo, intetho 'umxhelo kubantu abangevayo, olusekelwe phezu nokunakana amagama oluthethwayo yi intshukumo imilebe. Noko ke, imbono oyivileyo weempawu umthamo (amanqaku) sisiseko intetho yabo encomekayo, ebhaliweyo.

Ngokwalo, indawo Wernicke kaThixo Isenokuchazwa uhlobo index ikhadi equlathe imifanekiso nesandi isifundiswa ilizwi lakhe. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, umntu ingqalelo le datha, yongeza yaye uyasiqeqesha kubo. Ngenxa yoko, le ndawo ochaphazelekayo, ukutshabalala imifanekiso nesandi amagama agcinwe khona. Isiphumo sale nkqubo kukungakwazi ukubona amaxabiso amazwi athethwa okanye amagama abhaliweyo. Nokuba ezindlebeni kakhulu, umntu akaqondi into uthini (okanye ubhale).

intetho ekhululekile kunye neentlobo zayo - yinkqubo lwezandi ngokuzibiza, nabanako uthelekiswa intetho enomtsalane (nombono wabo).

Inkqubo yokwakha intetho oludlulisa

Ukususela kwinyanga yokuqala yobomi, umntwana ufunda ukuqonda amagama ingqwalasela kuye. Ngqo intetho ecacileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuyilwa injongo, intetho yangaphakathi pronunciation izandi zaphuhliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukumemeza.
2. Gulen.
3. Yegama lokuqala, njengokuba uhlobo Gulen.
4. Ukuphololoza.
5. amagama alula.
6. Amagama anxulumene Lexicon abadala.

Njengoko umthetho, uphuhliso intetho oludlulisa izalana ngokusondeleyo indlela apho yaye indlela abazali ixesha banikele ukunxibelelana umntwana.

Ngomhla umthamo isigama, uqulungqo eyiyo iziphakamiso kunye nokusungulwa iingcinga abantwana uqobo eziphembelela yonke into enizivayo nenizibonileyo ngeenxa zonke. Formation yokuthetha oludlulisa sisiphumo tekelela izenzo zabanye kwaye nomnqweno ukunxibelelana ngomdla nabo. Ufakelo abazali kunye nezalamane ibe owayebalasele olukhulu umntwana, aze akwazi ukuya ukwandisa isigama kunye nonxibelelwano kuhlawuliswa nangokweemvakalelo ngomlomo.

Ukophulwa yokuthetha oludlulisa yi Njengesiphumo esithe ngqo ezinxaxhileyo kuphuhliso, ngenxa yokwenzakala okanye isifo. Kodwa ke inkoliso ukutenxa kuphuhliso ulwimi oluqhelekileyo efanele hlengiso kunye ummiselo.

Indlela ukuchonga ukutyeshelwa kuphuhliso intetho

Le saveyi yokuthetha abantwana umsebenzi, uvavanyo kunye nocazululo ingcaciso efunyenweyo iingcali zononophelo lwempilo yokuthetha, oogqirha ababandakanyekayo. Ukufunda intetho oludlulisa yenziwa ukuze kuchongwe umntwana wabumba yokuma kwezivakalsi ulwimi, ukufunda isigama kunye pronunciation ephilileyo. Kungenxa zvukoproiznosheniya uphando, ezimbi zayo noonobangela zabo, ngokunjalo uphuhliso neenkqubo ukulungiswa ukuphazamiseka, bafunde manani ilandelayo:

• Yokubiza izandi.
• Isakhiwo zamagama amagama.
• Inqanaba okuqonda phonetic.

Abathathiweyo uviwo, therapist abafanelekayo kucacile ukuba injongo leyo ukuphazamiseka intetho oludlulisa wayeza ukutyhila. umsebenzi professional kubandakanya ulwazi oluthile indlela phando, olunjani izinto kufuneka zisetyenziswe kwaye ngayiphi indlela iziphumo kwakunye nephetshana nezigqibo.

Xa sijonga iimpawu ngokwasengqondweni abantwana, ubudala olubhekisele pre-school (iminyaka esixhenxe), inkqubo le saveyi kudla kubandakanya amanyathelo aliqela. Ngamnye kubo basebenzise obuqaqambileyo ezizodwa kwaye ubenomtsalane nokubukeka ubudala bathi.

kwinkqubo yoviwo Ukulandelelanisa

Ngenxa ekuqulunqeni ngokuchanekileyo inkqubo survey, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga izakhono ezahlukeneyo ngokufundisisa umsebenzi omnye. Lo mbutho ivumela ngexesha elinye ixesha elifutshane ukuzalisa ngaphezu kwesinye umba amakhadi yelizwi. Ngokomzekelo, isicelo owayendifundisa ukuthetha ukuba uxelele ngantsomi. Le yinto ingqalelo yakhe:

• yokubiza izandi;
• amagama;
• izakhono ekusebenziseni izixhobo kwezwi;
• uhlobo nokuntsonkotha kwezindululo wasebenzisa umntwana.

Ulwazi obubangela kuhlalutywa, ndayinikela ukuba iimeko amakhadi ezithile intetho iigrafu. Uphando olunjalo zinokuba umntu okanye eqhutywa kubantwana ezininzi ngaxeshanye (ezimbini okanye ezintathu).

intetho ekhululekile ufundwa abantwana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukufunda umthamo isigama.
2. Ukuqwalasela ukubunjwa lizwi.
3. Study yokubiza izandi.

Kwakhona kubaluleke kakhulu uhlahlelo intetho umxhelo, ebandakanya ukufunda ezindlebeni yezandi, kwakunye nokubeka esweni ukuqonda kwamagama, izivakalisi kwisicatshulwa.

Izinto ezibangela intetho oludlulisa

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwabazali nabantwana, kuye kukho ukuphazamiseka yokuthetha ezichazayo, akunakuba unobangela bezityholo. Luphembelela kuphela isantya kwaye umlinganiswa lulonke ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zolwimi.

Ngokuqinisekileyo phezu unobangela ezikhokelela ukuya kwizigulo zentetho abantwana abayi kuba nako ukuthi hayi specialist. Kukho izinto ezininzi zidibene ukwandisa amathuba ekufumanekeni nokuphambuka okunjalo:

1. yofuzo. Ubukho kwephulwa zentetho oludlulisa kumntu ukusuka isizalwane.
2. Icandelo entshukumo zinxulumene kakhulu neuropsychological ukuphazamiseka indlela.
3. Xa uninzi amatyala, intetho kakuhle ekhululekile okuhlanganiswe kumiswa zaneleyo ilizwi lomhlaba (oko kukuthi, iinkalo Parietal nezenyama-Occipital kuhlangana). Oku kunokwenzeka kunye eyendawo ngasekhohlo-hemispheric amaziko yokuthetha, kwakunye sanctions esisebenza ngqo kwi ikhweyitha ekhohlo.
4. uphuhliso olunganelanga obuchopho zemithambo, iindawo cortical ezihamba sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi ephilayo onoxanduva intetho (ngokuqhelekileyo ekunene-zasekhohlo).
5. ekuhlaleni ezingalunganga, abantu abo inqanaba lophuhliso yokuthetha liphantsi kakhulu. intetho ekhululekile xa abantwana bahlale nabantu abe kutenxa kokumiselweyo.

Xa ekusekeni oonobangela mhlawumbi ukuphazamiseka intetho, kufuneka ukuvala amathuba ezinxaxhileyo kwindawo yokuncedisa ukuva, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ezahlukeneyo, malformations iziphene amalungu ukuhambisana kunye nezinye izifo. Njengoko sele kubonisiwe, epheleleyo ekhululekile oko iqulunqwe kuphela kwezo abantwana abakwaziyo ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo isandi weva. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba uviwo kwangethuba yokuva nentetho.

Ngaphandle koku kungasentla, oonobangela babe izifo ezosulelayo, wokungaphuhliswa ebuchotsheni, umothuko yayo, neenkqubo ithumba (uxinzelelo isakhiwo ebuchotsheni), ukopha ijwabu entloko.

Yiyiphi wafumana kwephulwa intetho oludlulisa

Phakathi na ukunyhashwa intetho oludlulisa yi dysarthria ixhaphakileyo - ekungakwazini ukusebenzisa amalungu intetho (ulwimi ukukhubazeka). obubonakala zakhe rhoqo - intetho Uvavanyo. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo, kunye iimpawu aphasia - ukuphazamiseka umsebenzi yokuthetha, ethe yasekwa kakade. Eyona ibalulekileyo ukugcinwa nezixhobo ezihamba ukuhambisana nokuva ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ikhono ukusebenzisa ilizwi esebenzayo lulahlekile.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu kangangoko ukuphazamiseka intetho oludlulisa (motor aphasia) :

• Afferent. Oku kwenzeka xa umonakalo uba amasebe postcentral ye ikhweyitha okuvelelayo ebuchotsheni. Bona zinika isiseko kinesthetic, kufuneka ugcwalise iintshukumo izixhobo ukuhambisana. Ngoko ke, kube nzima ukuba akore ezinye izandi. loo mntu akakwazi ukuthetha iincwadi, yi indlela ukwakhiwa efanayo: umz, neyomsondlo okanye apicals. Ngenxa kukwaphula zonke iintlobo zentetho: oluzenzekelayo, zidityaniswe, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, nokuthiywa. Ukongeza, kukho ubunzima ekufundeni nasekubhaleni.
• Efferent. Kwenzeka xa kutshona kwezisezantsi iindawo kwindawo premotor yonakele. Libizwa ngokuba indawo Wernicke. Ukuba olu lwaphulo ukuhambisana obubambekayo izandi alichatshazelwa (as in afferent aphasia). Kuba abantu abanjalo, ubunzima kukuba ukuswitsha phakathi kwiiyunithi ezahlukeneyo zentetho (izandi amagama). Xa pronunciation ecacileyo intetho ngamnye izandi, umntu akakwazi zithi uthotho izandi okanye ibinzana. Endaweni yoko, kukho perseveration elinemveliso intetho, okanye (kwezinye iimeko) embolus ilizwi.

Kufuneka kwakhona ithetha efferent aphasia ethile njengohlobo ngeengcingo zentetho. obubonakala abe Kwimeko ongasetyenziswayo kuyo lo kwidikshinari yezenzi kunye nezibizo kwayo. Oko basindiswe mbulo, intetho ezenzekelayo, ukucula. Aphazamise umsebenzi ukufunda, ukubhala amagama izenzi.

• Dynamic. Babona xa wambetha prefrontal, indawo phambi kwe kummandla Wernicke. Nokubonakaliswa ezingundoqo ephula enjalo iba disorder esichaphazela intetho esebenzayo engenasizathu nemveliso. Noko ke, kukho ulondolozo yokuzala intetho (re, ezenzekelayo). Kuba loo mntu uthi ukuntsonkotha iingcamango kunye nokubuza imibuzo, kodwa nokuzicacisa izandi, uphindaphindo lwamagama ngamnye kunye nezivakalisi, kwakunye iimpendulo ezichanekileyo kulula.

A isici esasenza zonke iintlobo motor aphasia uba intetho yabantu kuqonda abhekiswe kuye, ukuphunyezwa yonke imisebenzi, kodwa nakwenzeka phindo kunye self-ethi. Kwakhona eqhelekileyo abaneziphene ezicacileyo.

Agraphia njengoko wabona olwahlukileyo ukuphazamiseka intetho oludlulisa

Agraphia ebizwa ukulahleka ukukwazi ukulungisa ukubhala, sikhatshwe ulondolozo lwemisebenzi lwemoto izandla. Oku kuvela njengesiphumo ngokoyiswa ingentsimi zasesekondari associative ye ikhweyitha lasekhohlo uthinte ebuchotsheni.

Esi sifo iba iqabane ukuphazamiseka zentetho kwaye sisifo eyahlukileyo inqabile kakhulu. Agraphia luphawu sohlobo oluthile aphasia. Ngokomzekelo, unxibelelwano premotor indawo sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi nge uniform kwikinetiki iileta disorder isakhiwo.

Kwimeko umonakalo minor, abaphethwe agraphia umntu ngokufanelekileyo ukurekhoda oonobumba ezithile, kodwa ukuphepha upelo lesiphoso iisilabhili namagama. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ubukho iimbono egalelwe kunye nocazululo ukuphazamiseka isandi-unobumba ukwakhiwa kwamagama. Ngoko ke, abantu abanjalo kunzima kunikwa ukudlala umyalelo olunqwenelekayo oonobumba ngamagama. Iiplastiki izihlandlo ezininzi ukuphinda izenzo ezithile ezihlambela inkqubo jikelele yokubhala.

An yochazo olulolunye kwekota

Igama elithi "intetho ezichazayo" alibhekiseli kuphela uhlobo intetho kunye neempawu lasungulwa ngokwembono neurolinguistics. Yena yavlyatesya inkcazo iindidi nezimbo kulwimi Russian.

izimbo intetho ekhululekile zikhona ngaxeshanye kunye ukusebenza. Le yokugqibela ziquka incwadi buncokola. Iifomu ebhaliweyo intetho - oko isimbo journalistic, ushishino olusemthethweni ngokwenzululwazi. Baya kuba isimbo ncwadi-esebenza. Zithethwa ibe yeviwayo zentetho.

Iindlela intetho oludlulisa ukuphucula imizwa yayo kwaye ziyilelwe ukuba ukwandisa impembelelo ezwi kumphulaphuli okanye kumfundi.

Igama elithi "Ibinzana elithi" libhekisela "ekhululekile". Elements of isigama banjalo amagama eyenzelwe ukwandisa amandla ezibonisa ulwimi yomlomo okanye ebhaliweyo. Amaninzi nalinye ilizwi cala lingakhetha zibe embalwa ntonye ukupeyinta oludlulisa. Baya zinokwahluka, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani eziphawula emoyeni. Kwakhona, ngokufuthi kukho iimeko xa elinye igama cala, kukho iseti ntonye, kunye nombala esahlukileyo.

Le kombala Intetho ezichazayo ukuze abe zizityebi ezahlukahlukeneyo lineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa. Izichazi ziquka iimpawu ezizodwa amanqaku ukuchonga le izithethantonye:

• mibhiyozo, phezulu;
• buciko;
• isihobe;
• ezihlekisayo;
• oziphikisayo;
• ukwazana;
• wokungalivumi;
• kubuhlungu;
• ngendelelo;
• ekhula;
• sulgarnye;
• ngqwabalala.

Ukusebenzisa amagama ekhululekile ipeyintwe kufuneka efanelekileyo kunye nobuchule. Kungenjalo, intsingiselo iingxelo igqwethekile okanye uya kufumana ilizwi ehlekisayo.

izimbo intetho ekhululekile

Abameli inzululwazi mihla ulwimi ibhekisela kwabo ukunxiba ezi zilandelayo:

1. Gala.
2. Ukwazana.
3. Esemthethweni.
4. Ezihlekisayo.
5. Olusenyongweni obathandayo.
6. Intlekisa.

Nangomlilo zonke ezi iindlela zaba cala, nto leyo akanalo ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na imbonakalo.

Ngokweemvakalelo intetho ekhululekile ngenkuthalo isebenzisa iindidi ezintathu Lexicon kuqikelelwa njengendlela ezisebenzayo ukunceda ukuphumeza umbala oyifunayo novakalelo:

1. Ukusebenzisa amagama abe ixabiso eliqaqambileyo kulinganiselwa. Oku kufuneka kubandakanye amagama achaza umntu. Kwakhona kolu didi amazwi zokukala izibakala, iziganeko, iimpawu kunye nezenzo.
2. Amagama ngemvo lebyi. Ixabiso zazo eziphambili kudla cala, Noko ke, ekubeni ukusetyenziswa ngengqiqo Nakuba, bafumana imibala entle ecacileyo ngokweemvakalelo.
3. Izimamva, ezisebenzisa amagama cala ikuvumela ukuba uthumele iintlobo ufakelele iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo.

Ukongeza, intsingiselo eyamkelekileyo yamagama kunye nemibutho, uzicombulule, zinefuthe elingqalileyo umbala yabo yasemoyeni kunye novakalelo.