Python - ntoni na? -Level High ulwimi lokuprograma

Python lulwimi jikelele ekwinqanaba eliphezulu, leyo kwandiswa esikhumbeni. Yena, umzekelo, neqela lezicelo njengesixhobo imacros zesikocan yokubhala. Python yenza ukukhetha efanelekileyo imisebenzi emininzi lwenkqubo, ezinkulu nezincinane, kwaye ke kuhle ukuba inani elincinane lemisebenzi intanethi.

Ndingayisebenzisa phi?

Python iyilungele iiprojekthi ezifuna uphuhliso olukhawulezayo. Ixhasa paradigms iinkqubo ezininzi, okulungileyo ngeenkqubo ezifuna bhetyebhetye na. Kwaye ke kukho ezininzi iiphakheji kunye neemodyuli ibonelela bhetyebhetye kwaye konga ixesha.

Guido van Rossum - uMdali wemilozi, uluntu imbasa ngobubele isihloko "uzwilakhe lobubele ubomi." Ngo-1980, Guido wakuthanda iimpawu kwezinye iilwimi lwenkqubo, kodwa akukho namnye kubo zonke iimpawu angathanda ukuba. Ngokukodwa, ulwimi kwafuneka ukuba ezi mpawu zilandelayo.

scripting Language

I-script yinkqubo ehamba nezinye iinkqubo. ushicilelo lweelwimi zilufanele uphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kwaye prototyping, kuba ukumelana kakuhle ukuthunyelwa data ukusuka kwicandelo ukuya komnye yaye bawubuyise wenkqubo kwezi zinto ziinkathazo ezifana ulawulo memory.

uluntu umsebenzisi uthanda ukubiza Python ulwimi onamandla lokuprograma.

Ubeko ngokuhambelana ukuze kudweliswe yabaqhubi

Python ichaza mabinzana ngoweqela efanayo ngoncedo kwezikhuseli. Loo iqela kuthiwa block khowudi. Ngamanye iilwimi, isebenzisa ngesivakalisi eyahlukileyo okanye iziphumlisi. Umzekelo, uphawu C ibonisa uphawu kokuqala kunye {} - ekupheleni imiyalelo ulandelelwano. Ubukho ubeko ngokuhambelana uthathwa ngendlela elungileyo kwezinye iilwimi, kodwa enye wokuqala apho kugcinwe umkhosi isibotho inikezelwa, waba Python. Yini eyenza? Ushiyashiywano yenza ikhowudi yakho lula ukufunda yaye zifuna ngaphantsi ikhowudi iibhloko izihionipho yesiqalo labo kunye nesiphelo, namanqaku iziphumlisi, nabanako uthango isusiwe. Konke oku kukhokelela iimpazamo ezimbalwa.

Iindidi ze data ekwinqanaba eliphezulu

Iikhompyutha ukugcina ulwazi kwiiyunithi kunye Amaqanda, kodwa abantu kufuneka ukuba iifom ezintsonkothileyo, ezifana kokubhaliweyo. Malunga ulwimi exhasa data ezintsonkothileyo, esithi ixhasa iintlobo ze data ekwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ezi ntlobo ze data Kulula ukusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, xa kumgca Python i zingasasazwa, hlanganisa, ukuguqulela konobumba okanye ngaphantsi, ukuba bakwazi ukukhangela kunye t. D. Iintlobo data-kwinqanaba eliphezulu ezifana nezintlu kunye nezichazi-magama, apho kunokugcinwa kunye nezinye iinkcukacha kufuneka kumsebenzi omninzi, ngaphezu kwezinye iilwimi.

extensibility

zingadityaniswa ulwimi lophawulo lokuprograma. Ezi lwimi anamandla kakhulu, kuba ezongeziweyo kubenza ifanele ezahlukeneyo izicelo kunye neendlela zokusebenza. Izandiso Ungadibanisa iindidi zedata okanye iikhonsepthi, iimodyuli kunye iiplagi. Ulwimi Python iyandiswa ngeendlela ezininzi. Iqela ezingundoqo badwelisi benkqubo abasebenza kuyo iinguqu nophuculo, kunye namanye iimodyuli ezibhaliweyo ngeenjongo ezithile.

ukuchazwa

iilwimi evakalayo yenziwa ngqo ukusuka ikhowudi yemvelaphi ebhalwe ngabantu, kunye neenkqubo ezibhalwe ngeelwimi kuqulunqwe ezifana C ++, kufuneka iguqulelwe kwi khowudi kumatshini. iilwimi evakalayo are kancinci, ekubeni kwenzeka inguqulelo kubhabho, kodwa iinkqubo zokubhala kungasebenzi nto ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba akukho mfuneko ukuba silinde lokuqukumbela le emafini. Kuba lula ukuba uyiweze kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo.

Umntu siphikisane ukuba Python zitolikwe okanye zahlanganiswa ulwimi. Nangona ngeendlela ezininzi esebenza njenge ngentetho evakalayo, phambi kokuphumeza khowudi ziqulunqwa (njenga kwi Java), yaye uninzi iindawo kuyo ebaleka ngesantya ngokupheleleyo kumatshini, njengokuba kubhaliwe C.

Guido ukubhala Python ngexesha leeholide kweKrismesi ngowe-1989, yaye kunyaka olandelayo, wayigqiba ulwimi ngokusekelwe ingxelo oogxa babo. Uluntu ngokubanzi wabona yoko, ngoFebruwari 1991, xa yafakwa kwenye eendaba Usenet.

Python For Beginners

Ukuze ukuqalisa iinkqubo yokubhala Python, kufuneka uzifakelele kuyo. Kwiinguqulelo ze Python 2.7 no Python 3.5, kukho umahluko omkhulu, ngenxa apho iinkqubo ezibhaliweyo kubo, awahambisani.

Computer, "McIntosh" ulwimi pre-efakwe, kwaye oko kuxhomekeke uguqulelo kwenkqubo yokusebenza yobudala. Phantsi Windows kusenokufuneka ukuba ukufaka Python. Iifayili iphakheji ufakelo kungaba ukhethe kwisiza python.org.

iindlela ezimbini yentsebenziswano

Esinye sezizathu lula, esibonakala lwenkqubo e Python, kukuba iza izixhobo enokukunceda ikuphuhlise, ubhale kunye neenkqubo debug.

Kwimo interactive, phatha bangena emgceni omnye ngexesha, phantse enye indlela yokusebenza (iqokobhe) lifumana imiyalelo kwilayini yomyalelo. Unako kwakhona ukwenza mfutshane multi-nkqubo okanye ukungenisa ikhowudi kwifayile yombhalo okanye iimodyuli Python eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi. Kuba wabaqalayo, kuya kuba luncedo ukwazi ukuba imo interactive ibandakanya inkqubo uncedo olunzulu. Le yindlela elula ukufunda iimpawu ulwimi lokuprograma.

bume yophuhliso Imile iquka indlela interactive kunye nezixhobo ukubhala kunye neenkqubo run, kwakunye namagama kwinkqubo yokulandelela. NgoLwesithathu ebhaliweyo Python, yaye ibonisa amathuba olubanzi lolwimi.

mode interactive

Apha ungenza ukwenza phantse nantoni na enokwenziwa kule nkqubo, nokuba ubhale ikhowudi emininzi. Le indlela ingaba:

• ibhokisi yesanti for amalinge ekhuselekileyo;
• okusingqongileyo, ukuvumela ukuba ukufunda iprogram in Python;
• isixhobo ukuze ufumane uze ulungise iimpazamo.

Khumbula ukuba Ukugcina wangena kwi indlela yokuxoxisana nabanye, oku akunakwenzeka. Ukuze wenze oku, bakhuphela ikhowudi uze ubhale iziphumo fayile.

imo Interactive zingasetyenziswa njenge njengomatshini wokubala, lokuxhaphaza okubhaliweyo kwaye nabele amaxabiso ukuba nesebenzayo. Unako kwakhona elizweni iimodyuli, imisebenzi, okanye iinxalenye iinkqubo ukuvavanya kubo. Kuyanceda ukuba kunjani na izinto Python ngaphandle ukubhala iinkqubo elide kunye neenkqubo debug ngokungenisa singamalungu, omnye ngexesha.

Sebenza online

Emva Python run kwifestile yendlela yesiphelo ubonisa ulwazi malunga uguqulelo inkqubo lwangoku, umhla iphumile, a iingcebiso ezimbalwa amanyathelo anokuthathwa kunye nesimemo sokuba >>>.

Ukuze asebenze ngendlela imo interactive, faka umyalelo okanye intetho, kwaye ucinezele ufake isitshixo.

Python lichaza igalelo kwaye njani ukuba efakiwe ufuna impendulo, okanye itoliki akaqondi yena.

I Sukwenza umyalelo ilandelayo iza kushicilela umgca. Ekubeni indawo ushicilelo ingakhankanywanga, imveliso uya kwikhusi.

• >>> print "Molo ihlabathi!"
• Hello emhlabeni!

Le line elilodwa yinkqubo lonke! I Python ngothethwano ujongana yonke ikhowudi umtya wangena ngokucinezela i ngenisa isitshixo, kwaye isiphumo livela ngezantsi.

Jonga ulwazi malunga into

Kwimo interactive, kukho iindlela ezimbini ukujonga ulwazi malunga into:

• ukubeka into (okanye igama) kunye cinezela Ngena;
• Nobaufaka umyalelo woshicilelo into (okanye igama) kwaye cinezela Ngena.

Isiphumo kuxhomekeke into.

Ezinye iindidi zedata (elipheleleyo kunye nezintlu, umzekelo), ezi ndlela zimbini ukuvelisa isiphumo esifanayo:

• >>> x = [3,2]
• >>> x
• [3, 2]
• >>> yoshicilelo x
• [3, 2]

Kuba strings, ziziphumo iseti «Igama yoshicilelo" umyalelo yahluke kancinane ukusuka result afunyenwe ngenxa yegama. Kwimeko yokuqala, ixabiso le e iimpawu zocaphulo, ngoxa yesibini - akakho;

• >>> x = "MyString"
• >>> x
• "MyString"
• >>> yoshicilelo x
• MyString

Xa igama ubhekisa kwiibloko lwe khowudi (umzekelo, imisebenzi, iimodyuli, okanye Ngokomzekelo udidi), ngokufaka igama liya kunika ingcaciso malunga uhlobo lwe data, igama kunye nendawo yokugcina.

Lo mzekelo ulandelayo sidala iklasi ekuthiwa Umyalezo kwaye ibonisa ulwazi malunga

kuyo:

• >>> iklasi Umyalezo:
• ... sidlule
• ...
• >>> Umyalezo
• >>> yoshicilelo Umyalezo
• __main __. umyalezo

imigca

Imigca Python ezi ulandelelwano zabalinganiswa. A umtya agama kuphela wadala kungena abalinganiswa kuchaphulo olu omnye ( ') ngokuthi, kabini ( ") okanye kathathu (' 'okanye" "") iimpawu zocaphulo. Ku ca kumwenako, ixabiso eyabelwe kule x-bume:

• >>> x = "MyString"

Python umtya inemisebenzi emininzi eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi. Enye yazo ubuchule ukubuyela ikopi wakho bonke oonobumba abakhulu nabancinci. Ezi izakhono baziwa iindlela. Ukufowunela indlela on into, kufuneka usebenzise syntax dot. Oko kukuthi, emva kokungena igama bume, nto leyo kule meko kubhekiswa into wesivakalisi sokuqala, kufuneka ubeke umqhubi dot, kwaye ke igama indlela elandelwa ukuvulwa kwizibiyeli wokuvala (.):

• >>> x.lower ()
• "Mystring"

Unakho ukufumana yinxalenye ngelayini usebenzisa yomqhubi nezikhokelo i s [i]. Indexing iqala ngentsimbi zero, kangangokuba s [0] ubuyisela lomsebenzisi wokuqala kumtya, s [1] ubuyisela yesibini, njalo-njalo;

• >>> x [0]
• 'M'
• >>> x [1]
• 'Y'

Iindlela Umtya ukusebenza imigca nje esiqhelekileyo, yaye "Unicode". Avelisa kulandelayo:

• ukubhalisa utshintsho (kugxininiswe, eliphezulu, ephantsi, swapcase, isihloko);
• ukubala (count);
• ukutshintsha i enkhowudingi (encode, jika);
• ukufuna esikhundleni (fumana, buyisela, rfind, isalathiso, rindex, ukuguqulela);
• hlola imiqathango (startswith, endswith, isalnum, isalpha, isdigit, islower, isspace, istitle, isupper);
• ezidibeneyo bahlukana (ujoyine, ubumpi ke obo, rpartition, uphuphu, splitlines);
• format (iziko, ljust, lstrip, rstring, rjust, umcu, zfill, expandtabs).

Python: Izintlu

Ukuba strings Python kukho imiqondiso olungephi, idwelisa naziphi na izithintelo musa. Bona ziqiniswa ulandelelwano izinto ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, kuquka ezinye uluhlu. Ngaphezu koko, kunokwenzeka ukuba wongeze, ucime kwaye endaweni izinto zayo. A inani lezinto, ezahlulwe iikoma ngaphakathi kwizibiyeli ezisisikwere, abe uluhlu Python. Yintoni le imele, eboniswe ngezantsi - apha imizekelo kunye nemisebenzi data nabo:

• >>> iziseko = [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> iziseko
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> bases.append ( 'U')
• >>> iziseko
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T', 'U']
• >>> bases.reverse ()
• >>> iziseko
• [ 'U', 'T', 'G', 'C', 'A']
• >>> iziseko [0]
• 'U'
• >>> iziseko [1]
• 'T'
• >>> bases.remove ( 'U')
• >>> iziseko
• [ 'T', 'G', 'C', 'A']
• >>> bases.sort ()
• >>> iziseko
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']

Kulo mzekelo, yayiyilwe yi uluhlu loonobumba ngamnye. Emva koko Kongezelelwa ekupheleni element ejongene umyalelo lweziqalelo, izinto kufunxwa kwisikhundla kwisalathisi yabo isusiwe element ukuba ixabiso 'U' nokuhlela izinto zaveliswa. Ukususa into ukusuka kuluhlu ibonisa imeko xa indlela ekususeni () ukunika ulwazi olongezelelweyo, oko kukuthi, ixabiso kufuneka zisusiwe.

Ukongeza kule ndlela Susa efanayo (), Python inomnye umsebenzi ofanayo ebizwa umsebenzi. Umahluko kuphela phakathi umsebenzi kunye nendlela kukuba lokuqala sinxulumana into ethile.

Python: umsebenzi

Imisebenzi ukwenza imisebenzi kumaxabiso enye okanye nangaphezulu, aze abuye isiphumo. Inani elikhulu kubo zakhiwa Python. Imizekelo imisebenzi eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi:

• Len () - ubuyisela inani izinto ngokulandelelana;
• dir () - ubuyisela uluhlu ontambo ezimele iimpawu yenjongosenzi;
• Uluhlu () - ubuyisela uluhlu olutsha ukuqaliswa kwezinye ukulandelana ethile.
• >>> uncedo (ngeenxa)
• Nceda on umsebenzi eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi ngeenxa zonke;
• ngeenxa (...)
• ngeenxa (inombolo [, ndigits]) -> lencopho inombolo indawo

Unako ukuchaza imisebenzi yakho.

imisebenzi Umsebenzisi-echazwe

Inkqubo yokudala yayo Python-msebenzi. Umgca lokuqala luqala def elingundoqo, kulandele umsebenzi igama uphikiswano (values igalelo ekulindeleke) zifakwe kwindawo yegama, luze luphele nge ngekholoni. imiyalelo elandelayo ezakha imisebenzi umzimba kwaye kufuneka zenziwe. Ukuba impendulo ifumaneka ekuqaleni umzimba umsebenzi, kuba yinxalenye amaxwebhu ayo. Umgca wokugqibela umsebenzi ubuyisela isiphumo:

• >>> def ukubhala (dna):
• ... "" "Buyisela dna umtya njengoko RNA lwamagama." ' "
• ... ukubuya dna.replace ( 'T', 'U')
• ...
• >>> Ukuloba ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'CCGGAAGAGCUUACUUAG'

Lo mzekelo yenziwe umsebenzi ekuthiwa Ukuloba, nto leyo ulindele umtya emele ngokulandelelana DNA. indawo () indlela ubuyisela ikopi bomtya lantlandlolo zonke kwezenzeko ze womsebnzi omnye komnye. imigca ezintathu ikhowudi bavumelekile ukuba akhuphele DNA ibe RNA. Umsebenzi eguqulweyo ngokubaxwa i imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• >>> def reverse (s):
• ... "" "Buyisela umtya ukulandelelana ukuze reverse." ' "
• ... iileta = Uluhlu (s)
• ... letters.reverse ()
• ... lokubuya '' .join (iileta)
• ...
• >>> ukulungisa ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'GATTCATTCGAGAAGGCC'

umsebenzi Reverse kuthatha umtya, idala uluhlu esekelwe kuyo, uze utshintshe umyalelo wayo. Ngoku ke kufuneka ukuba wenze umva. Isixhobo has a ukujoyina () indlela, okuhlanganisa i uluhlu; umabela isiqalelo ngasinye kwixabiso lomtya. Ekubeni abantu abalufuna umahluli, indlela lisetyenziswa kumgca simelwe apostrophes ezimbini ( '' okanye "").

izichaza

A Dictionary Python - ntoni na? It has iinzuzo ezifanayo isichazi yephepha oluqhelekileyo. It ikuvumela ukuba ufumane ixabiso olifunayo (inkcazelo) ezinxulumene ne iqhosha (igama). Izichazi afakwe kwi braces kunye wodwa ngeziphumlisi iqulathe ukulandelelana key-value ngababini. Izichazi ezo ode. Endaweni yoko, amanani magama zifumaneka isitshixo yabo, hayi indawo yabo.

• >>> basecomplement = { 'A': 'T', 'C': 'G', 'T': 'A', 'G': 'C'}
• >>> basecomplement.keys ()
• [ 'A', 'C', 'T', 'G']
• >>> basecomplement.values ()
• [ 'T', 'G', 'A', 'C']
• >>> basecomplement [ 'A']
• 'T'

iiklasi

Ukuze ukudala izinto zakho, kufuneka ukuba ukujonga uhlobo ipateni kuthiwa eklasini. E Python, oku ukuba udidi yomsebenzisi, elandelwa ligama kunye ikholoni. Umzimba kwenkcazelo leklasi iqulethe iimpawu kunye neendlela eziya kufumaneka kuzo zonke iimeko izinto ezisekelwe kule klasi.

buhle

Uninzi lweelwimi lunika imisebenzi elula, kodwa akukho nanye kubo enokudibanisa nokulula kunye namandla anikwe yiPython. Ziziphi ezi nzuzo? Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Ulwimi lungakhiwa kwezinye izicelo kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-macros. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Paint Shop Pro 8 kwaye kamva, yilwimi lokubhala.
• I-Python ikhululekile ukuyisebenzisa nokusabalalisa, ukuthengisa okanye kungabi.
• Ulwimi lunamandla okusebenza kunye nokukhangela itekisi, esetyenziswe kwizicelo ezisebenzisayo ngolwazi oluninzi lwengcaciso.
• Kuyo unokwenza izicelo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokujonga iinkqubo osebenzayo.
• I-Python isekela ukuvavanya nokuphulwa kweedyuli nganye kunye neenkqubo ezipheleleyo.