Uqhoqhoqho kunye bronchi: nemisebenzi kunye nezifo

Ukuze unikezele umzimba kunye nezondlo, kufuneka ukutya. nathi asikwazi ukwenza kungekho manzi, ekubeni ngaphezu kwesiqingatha eyenziwe kweli ulwelo ebalulekileyo. Kodwa yonke enye into umzimba womntu kufuneka mpilo, inkqubo yethu nokuphefumla siyakrazula emoyeni. Kuloo nabakuvuyelayo uqhoqhoqho kunye bronchi.

Ukuba ukufikelela umoya kunzima, ngoko ukuze ufumane imali efunekayo oksijini ngenxa yokuphefumla, isixokelelwano sokuphefumla , kunye nentliziyo uqalise ukusebenza. Kodwa ngaphezulu Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, isixokelelwano sokuphefumla yabantu ukuzivumelanisa neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

Ukubaluleka isixokelelwano sokuphefumla

Indima isixokelelwano sokuphefumla kunganzima ukuba nemikhuba. singathini na ke ukuyazi ukususela isifundo biology, xa siphefumla ukuba balahle carbon dioxide _CO-2. Xa uphefumlela ngaphakathi kwi emiphungeni uza oksijini, nguwuphi na kubo uthwala inkqubo yokujikeleza kuzo zonke izicwili amalungu zangaphakathi. Ngenxa yoko, exchange igesi yenziwa. Ukuba nokuphumla, siya kudla iilitha 0.3 ngomzuzu ioksijini, ngaloo ndlela bakha imali ethile CO ₂ kwaye incinane emzimbeni.

Xa amayeza, kukho ibinzana kuthiwa QUOTIENT yokuphefumla, nto leyo ebonakalisa umlinganiselo isixa-carbon dioxide into ngaphakathi emzimbeni nemali abangena uqhoqhoqho neoksijini bronchi. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, lo mlinganiselo 0.9. It ukulondoloza imali ngumsebenzi ophambili ezisebenza inkqubo yokuphefumla yabantu.

Ubume isixokelelwano sokuphefumla

isixokelelwano sokuphefumla imbaxa enala macandelo alandelayo:

• ngeempumlo;
• sinuses paranasal;
• kwingqula;
• uqhoqhoqho;
• bronchi;
• emiphungeni.

Ukuze siqonde ngcono ukuphuhlisa indlela isifo esithile njengenxalenye isixokelelwano sokuphefumla, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ezinye iindawo kuyo amalungiselelo.

Kwakhona funda yintoni indima abayidlalayo emzimbeni wethu. Kuphela sihlolisise lo uhlalutyo bronchi kunye noqhoqhoqho, njengoko badla ezithandwa utshintsho zophendlo lwezifo.

uqhoqhoqho

Uqhoqhoqho yi intermediate phakathi kwingqula kunye bronchi. Kunye noqhoqhoqho, kunye bronchi babe isakhiwo eqhelekileyo kwaye ikhangeleka ngathi ityhubhu. Kuphela ubude lokuqala malunga 12-15 cm kanye ububanzi of malunga 1.5-1.8 cm, kodwa Kwasephakadeni lisenokuthi litshintshwe kancinane. Mu kuya kwa nshita kwemiphunga umzimba unpaired. Lo umzimba ukunamathela, njengoko bemelwa ambaxa amakhonkco 8-20 of intlala.

Le ibekwe phakathi omqolo wesithandathu wesibeleko kunye omqolo yesihlanu thoracic. Inxalenye esezantsi amasebe uqhoqhoqho kwimithombo ezimbini, kodwa ke ayebekwa kancinci phambi kokuba candelo. Le bifurcation ngolwimi yonyango igama layo - a bifurcation. Le ndawo a lot of nezamkeli nemizwa. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uqhoqhoqho uye atshabalalisa kancinane imilo, ukuba ugxininiso ukusuka ngaphambili ukuya ngasemva. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zayo umnqamlezo-icandelo milimitha malunga ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kwe parameter sagittal.

Ukuqhubeka ingqalelo uqhoqhoqho (bronchi kwaye njengoko ziza kuchazwa), kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba phezulu ityhubhu tracheal planye esinobubovu lengqula, kwaye nangabo emva kuvuleke iminxunya. Imigca umzimba isifo, esibonakala yi ubuchule sokufunxa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, unyango olungileyo inhalation. Kwakhona, oko igcwele kwemisipha-cartilaginous izihlunu, nto leyo eye isakhiwo ezinezikhondo.

izixhobo inyumoniya

Ukusuka kwindawo olubonakalayo lwembono, le bronchi ezifanayo umthi, kanye njengokuba ukuba ngamahla ndinyuka. Ufana nokukhanya, kuba kananjalo uhamba lungu, oluthi luqokelelane kukwahlukana uqhoqhoqho ibe ngemibhobho emibini, nto leyo ke bronchi ephambili.

tube nganye, nayo, yahlulwe yangamacandelo ezincinane ukuba ukuya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emiphungeni kunye nezabelo. Kulo mzekelo, umzimba ekunene wahlukile kancinci ukusuka ekhohlo: kuba ziyatyeba kancinane, kodwa elifutshane kwaye amalungiselelo zicaca nkqo. Uninzi izifo tracheal kunye inyumoniya ezinxulumene ngokuma yokukrala.

Isakhiwo lonke unalo igama generic - umthi inyumoniya, isakhiwo apho, ukongeza bronchus engundoqo, kuquka inani bamasebe:

• ubulungisa;
• segmental;
• subsegmentary;
• bronchioles (lobular, ukugcina kunye zemiphunga).

Boko of lo mthi zocaphulo ngokwayo uqhoqhoqho, ukusuka apho ezimbini bronchus eziphambili (ekunene kwaye ekhohlo) kumka. Of kuzo equity ityhubhu ezincinane kancinane, kunye nelungelo umphunga amathathu, kwaye ekhohlo - nje emibini. Ezi ngemibhobho nabo yahlulwe ezincinane segmental bronchi kwaye, ekugqibeleni, yonke iphela bronchioles. ububanzi yabo mncinci kuno-1 mm. Xa iziphelo yokugqibela kangaka ngokuba vesicles ezincinane, ekuthiwa alveoli, apho, enyanisweni, kukho utshintshiselwano carbon dioxide neoksijini.

Yintoni umdla, uqhoqhoqho, bronchi, imiphunga uhlobo lwesakhiwo (nangona izidumbu ezimbini zokuqala efanayo). iindonga inyumoniya ukuba engqongwe Isakhiwo intlala, nto leyo ethintela nokuncipha kwabo kulogo.

bronchi ngaphakathi ilandelelanisiwe kunye isifo kunye epithelium ciliated. Lonke kwisakhiwo somthi kuxhaswa ngokusebenzisa imithambo inyumoniya avela evela aorta thoracic, ugidime kwaso kwiindawo nkovu kunye namasebe luvo.

Ukusebenza uqhoqhoqho bokuphefumla bronchi

Umsebenzi uqhoqhoqho kunye bronchi ayikho nje ukuqinisekisa igesi exchange efanelekileyo imiphunga, yaye ngamazwe. Umzekelo, ityhubhu bhetyebhetye emzimbeni usebenza resonator, ekubeni umoya udlula kwimiphimbo. Ngenxa yoko, uqhoqhoqho libandakanyeka ekubunjweni ilizwi. Ke ukuba bronchi, ukuba unako ukutshabalalisa kwaye yokungenelela ezinye izinto eziyityhefu eziyingozi emzimbeni wethu.

Ngaphezu koko, kwingqula uxakaxa, uqhoqhoqho, bronchi wayifulela epithelium ciliated equlathe isiliya. intshukumo yayo ijoliswe kwabo emqaleni kunye nomlomo. Inkcaza ku glands mucosal cell imfihlelo ekhethekileyo apho ndadibana nenye umzimba angaphandle kwangoko eziyingqongileyo kwaye ngokwentshukumo ciliary ikhuthaza kwisigqibo kwisisu ngomlomo. Ukufumana umzimba elikhulu amazwe kusincede kubangela ukukhohlela.

Kodwa ke, eyona Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, umoya acandacanda uqhoqhoqho kunye bronchi, itshiswa kwiqondo lobushushu efunekayo kwaye iba manzi. nodes nkovu kwi bronchi inxaxheba kwiinkqubo omzimba ebalulekileyo emzimbeni.

utshintsho yezifo kule isixokelelwano sokuphefumla

Amaxesha amaninzi tracheal okanye izifo inyumoniya kwenzeka ngohlobo ukudumba isifo. Bona kwangaphambili kunokwenzeka zombini acute kunye ifomu ezigulo ezondeleyo. Ngokumalunga uhlobo komtshiso oko, kungaba:

• catarrhal;
• fibrinous;
• ubovu;
• elinukayo.

Ukophulwa umsebenzi tracheal , kunye neetyhubhu inyumoniya kuthetha ekubulaleni bronchi okanye noqhoqhoqho. Kulo mzekelo, xa siqwalasela kuqala, utshintsho kwi bronchi ezinkulu kuthiwa makrobronhit kunye bronchioles - mikrobronhit okanye bronchiolitis. Ezinye ezimbi ziqhelekileyo ziquka isifuba kunye tracheitis - ukudumba noqhoqhoqho.

zezifo uqhoqhoqho

Inani tracheal stenosis engena izifo, fistulas kunye wokukhusela thermal. Kwiimeko ezininzi, tracheitis, nto leyo isasazwa ngokubanzi, mhlawumbi uye kwenye ngezifo - iphika, kukowuphi umzekelo apho yaziwa ngokuba tracheobronchitis. Pathology kubonakala ingozi, kodwa emva koko babe ezinobuzaza kakhulu. Ngoko ke, unyango kwesi sifo kubhetele ukuba angalibali.

Tracheitis, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ivela njenge sifo ezimeleyo (ibinzana zaseprayimari), amaxesha amaninzi oko ngenxa naziphi na izifo non-unyangiwe isixokelelwano sokuphefumla (nokubonakaliswa eziziisekondari). Ngaba kwenzeka nawuphi na umntu, kungajongwanga budala nesini. Amaninzi phantsi kogrogriso na emiphungeni, bronchi, uqhoqhoqho, kwingqula abantwana kuba amajoni abo omzimba buthathaka kakhulu lokuhoyana izisongelo ezithile.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi:

• olunamandla;
• okuqhubekayo;
• esosulelayo;
• non-esosulelayo;
• mixed.

Kulo mzekelo, uhlobo ezosulelayo zesi sifo inokuba wentsholongwane egazini, amagciwane okanye virus.

Izifo bronchi

kunjalo rhoqo lo ekubulaleni bronchitis bronchi, nto leyo nayo ekubalulekileyo ukuzikhankanya. Pathology libizwe ukudumba iindonga tube sokuphefumla. Ubangelwa sifo inokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo, enokuquka:

• Ukubakho iintsholongwane okanye iintsholongwane.
• Ixesha elide yokusebenzisa kweziveliso zecuba.
• Susceptibility lokuba zamavumba nezidlo.
• Iziphumo kwezinto imichiza okanye ityhefu.

Ngoko ke, esi sifo kuba lohlobo zilandelayo:

• bacteria;
• load;
• chemical;
• mkhuhlane;
• komzimba.

Ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ugqirha ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando echaza uhlobo lwesifo le bronchi, noqhoqhoqho. Njengaso nasiphi na isifo, iphika esizibonakalisa iintlobo oyingozi futhi ezigulo ezondeleyo.

Ifom nokoyika kwemali kunye lobushushu eliphezulu, kulandele ukhohlokhohlo ezimanzi okanye ezomileyo. Ngokusisiseko, kunye nonyango olufanelekileyo kwenzeka kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa. Kwezinye iimeko, kuthatha iinyanga eziliqela. Kudla zihlelwa bronchitis oyingozi okanye isifo catarrhal. Njengomgaqo, akunamsebenzi iphele nayo nayiphi imiphumo.

Ifom ezingapheliyo yomoya unokuthatha iminyaka eliqela. Kulo mzekelo, i ukhohlokhohlo nomonde ukho, yaye nyaka ngamnye kukho etsolo, ihleli ngenyanga ngaphezu kwesinye.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukunika ingqalelo ngenxa kwisigaba zale sifo, kangangokuba akukho waphunyezwa kwifom ezigulo ezondeleyo. ithuba elide ukuba esi sifo kwi umzimba ukuya kuyabonwa kwaye kungakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezintsonkothileyo, ayibuyiseki umva bonke zemiphunga.

unyango

Kuxhomekeka uxilongo (nephika, tracheitis), uhlobo ingenzeka izifo, wabelwa umngcipheko wokuba unyango kuyimfuneko i exacerbation. Ukuqwalasela amathuba nokuba komtshiso tracheal kungabangela exacerbation kakhulu kweetyhubhu inyumoniya, okanye hayi, ugqirha ugqiba ukuba adlulisele isigulana ukuya esibhedlele, okanye lunokunyangwa ekhaya.

Uthomalaliso ibandakanya isethi lwamanyathelo, nto leyo ukongeza amayeza kwaye iquka inani unyango ebonakalayo: obuhle kunye inhalation ephulule kunye nemithambo.