Njani na umatshini wokushicilela?

Eyasungulwa, ngaphandle apho kunzima ukucinga labemi abafundileyo, lo matshini wokushicilela. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, le moto yatshintsha ihlabathi ukuba ngcono. Kodwa xa wabonakala kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla yaye yintoni nembali yalo?

Namhlanje lesayensi ibona ukuba umatshini wokushicilela wokuqala bakha usomashishini waseJamani Iogann Guttenberg. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina obuphathekayo ukuba izixhobo ezifana nazo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi ngaphambili. Nkqu abahlali iBhabhiloni yamandulo ubeke phezu itywina udaka ipeyinti izitampu. Xa AD lokuqala leminyaka Asia naseYurophu nelaphu eqhelekileyo, ihonjiswe ngeepateni. Kumaxesha izitampu amandulo inkcubeko kwambatha yeengcongolo, kwaye Chinese waba iphepha apho baprinta umthandazo ngeepateni somthi, sele AD ngenkulungwane yesibini.

EYurophu, upapasho lweencwadi yaba eninzi nezigodlo. Kuqala yakhutshelwa ngesandla nge ziimonki. Emva koko wenza i template iphepha sihleli kuyo, kodwa inkqubo ende, kwaye kwakufuneka ke imodeli entsha incwadi entsha.

Phantse nangoko iibhodi oqingqiweyo indawo iileta ngesinyithi, esisetyenziswe inki oyile-based usebenzisa umatshini. Kukholelwa ukuba uthatha ifonti evakalala sasetyenziswa kuqala Gutenberg (1436). Yaba isiginitsha yakhe Uyabahombisa eendaba endala wokushicilela. Nangona kunjalo, i-French kunye Dutch phikisa oku, echaza ukuba umatshini ezibalulekileyo ezifana yaqanjwa bakhaya zabo.

Ngoko ke, umbuzo wokuba ngubani owavela umatshini wokushicilela, uninzi abaphila uya kukuxelela ukuba uJohann Gutenberg. Wazalwa ku Mainz usapho kwintsapho endala amanene Gontsfleyshey. Akwaziwa kutheni washiya isixeko lokuzalwa kwakhe, ndayithabatha yobugcisa yaye wathabatha ifani unina wakhe. Noko ke, eStrasbourg, wenza yenziwe ezibalulekileyo kwinkulungwane.

device machine

wenza njani cinezela zayo wokushicilela, Gutenberg fihla. Namhlanje, nakuba kunjalo, Kungaphikiswa ukuba ekuqaleni yayenzelwe ngomthi. Kukho iindaba befonti yayo yokuqala olwalukho kwinkulungwane yeshumi. unobumba ngamnye umngxuma ibe egxothiweyo intambo yokudibanisa intambo acofiweyo. Ke wona umthi - material hayi umsebenzi olungileyo ngokwaneleyo. Ekugqibeleni Iileta kudumba okanye yome, ukwenza itekisi eprintiweyo kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. Ngoko ke Guttenberg waqala ukuba imlungisele isitampu eyenziwe ilothe okanye nebhekile, uze uphoswe oonobumba - kungcono ninikane lula kakhulu nangokukhawuleza. Lo matshini ushicilelo ngokwenene ufumene bembonakalo yayo mihla.

Machine ngokunyathelisa isebenza ngolu hlobo: ekuqaleni wavelisa oonobumba ifomu esipilini. Ngokumxhimfa ngehamile kuye, wafumana inkosi ushicilela ipleyiti yobhedu. Ngoko wawenziwe inani lasekunene iileta ezithelekisekayo ezisetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi. Ngoko ke ukwenza amagama kunye nemigca. Gutenberg yaba imveliso yokuqala yegrama Donatus (editions ezilishumi) kunye neekhalenda. Fumana ngesandla, sendide kwimeko nzima ngakumbi: iBhayibhile yokuqala eshicilelweyo yaba iphepha 1286 no-3.4 yezigidi. Le ncwadi yaba ezinemifanekiso, kunye nemifanekiso, kunye neminqwazi zaye ipeyintwe abaculi ngesandla.

Ityala Gutenberg waqhubeka. ERashiya, lo matshini wafika ngowe-1563, xa ngokomyalelo Ivana Groznogo Fedorov wakha imoto yakhe.