Yintoni eyenza inki: Uqulunqo. Indlela yokwenza i-inki wokwenene: inyathelo imiyalelo step kunye neziphakamiso

Yonk 'imihla senza ukusebenzisa yosiba lokubhala kwi desktops kufuneka nabashicileli esebenza ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kancinane okanye hayi. Siye sakuqhela kangangokuba kule nto musa bacinge ngendlela esebenza ngayo. Inyathelo lokuqala ukuya fyabo, zonke umana izixhobo yokuwenza kuqamba Akumangalisi leyo ukushiya imizila ephepheni ubungqina kunye kwithishyu. Noko ke, namhlanje sifuna ukuthetha ngayo, yintoni eyenza i-inki. Imbali emfutshane kunye ubugcisa bale mihla iya kuba 'umdla kubantu abadala kunye nabantwana.

tomes yamandulo

Imigca makhasi thinnest ephuma kwisikhumba ntsundu, imibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo basoloko emangalisiwe koko kube lula zezikhali kangaka kude ebhaliweyo. I-inki lokuqala ilula kakhulu - mixed ezimnyama into ancamathelayo. Oku, enyanisweni, yaba inki, leyo yome neentanda. Ukongeza, sasingakwazi nzima, kwakudingeka ukuba ngesandla, ukuba ube yindawo entle. Emva koko ke kuqulunqo lahlelwa ngokungqongqo. Yintoni eyenza i-inki, eyaziwa kuphela kubabingeleli. Hi ndlela leyi, kwakukho ezahlukahlukeneyo. Bathabatha njengesiseko zobusi inokongezwa kuyo ngumgubo segolide. ingxenye ngokubanzi ye elderberry kunye Anut. Ke konke oku kuye zitshone zisabonakala. Namhlanje, imveliso inki iye yaba lula nolufikelelekayo. Makhe umkhondo kwikhonkco ngakumbi.

Ink evela nuts Gallen

Ukuqhubeka ingqalelo, yintoni eyenza i-inki, asingekhe silibale ukufunyanwa odumileyo, ezizezi Amahlathi ezikhethekileyo kumagqabi oki. Zibizwa galls baze bahlale kwindawo ezinambuzaneni - noonomeva nenyongo. Yiyo loo nto loo neziqu ekuthiwa nut-inki. Kwezi juice acofwa, oko ixubene ngoko umntu sulfate yentsimbi ngcina longeziwe. Umphumo waba sisincoko esitalini kunye Ndileka omhle. Nanamhlanje, imibhalo-ngqangi ezigcinwe jonga fresh kakhulu. Noko ke, kwakukho omnye ezincinane ebalulekileyo. Ezi inks baba enemibala emihle, ukufunda nokubhala kungaba kuphela xa oonobumba yomile.

A revolution kwimbali

Ngenkulungwane XIX, abantu baye bafunde ngakumbi, baninzi bazi into ukwenza inki. Ngowe-1885, yaveliswa enye ubhedu. Mfundisi wasungula alizarin inki. Kwakhona waba inyongo, kodwa mbala ngenxa additive ekhethekileyo. Blue-eluhlaza entsubeni, bajike omnyama xa isicelo iphepha. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokuthi kongezwe Krupp, okt sisicatshulwa esithathwe esineengcambu yimadder.

Ngoku ke revolution kwezobuchwepheshe waba ujingi ngokupheleleyo, kwaye yimadder baye bafunda ukuba indawo imibala iisoyi kunye namandongomane inki - mbobo acid. Kodwa le inkqubela usaqhubeka. indlela elula ukuvelisa i-inki aniline, ukuba unyityilikiswa emanzini ukuze bafumane idayi eyenziweyo wafunyanwa. Xa oku kunokwenzeka ukuba nokulungelelanisa iintlobo ngeentlobo ezaqanjwa lwethinti. Nakuba kunjalo, kusahleli imfihlelo ukuba enze indlela imibhalo isardiyo, nesafire neperile inki iimonki yamandulo. Ezi zinto eyaziwayo kwezinye yoonongendi, kodwa zange le art abazange iindonga zabo.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo le langoku

Ngoko njani inki namhlanje amakhulu, isikali mveliso, akukho nzima mabaqashele ukuba uninzi abantu alibhekiseli nemvelo. Ngoku zonke imixube eyenziweyo lungohlulwa lube iintlobo eziliqela. Iqela lokuqala ethandwa, cheap and kulula. Ngoko ke, eneneni, imveliso inki ukusuka mbobo acid.

Le ndlela yesibini - kukuba ukwamkela ukwakhiwa, esebenzisa izikhumba. Ifumaneka ezithengiswayo ngokohlobo ngumgubo elityheli. Ukusetyenziswa njengoko thickeners kunye glycerol gelatin. Ngaloo ndlela ke unako ukwenza imali encinane-inki ukukhuseleka kakhulu kwanokuba tapeworm ngempazamo. Kakade ke, kungcono ukuba siphephe.

Indlela yokwenza izandla zabo

Ukuba ufuna nyani ukuzama wena indima imonki zamaxesha, ngoko siza kukuxelela indlela yokwenza inki ngesandla. Onke amacandelo ngendlela elula. Kuya kufuneka ukuba uqokelele grams ezintathu apile oki, iigram ezimbini sulfate ahle kunye nemali ofanayo gum Arabhu. Ink Gauls kufuneka yaso ibe ngumgubo uzalise isitya. Galela kuwo ml-30 zamanzi. Kwenye inqanawa kugalela inani elifanayo amanzi kunye wongeze ezinye onke amacandelo. uyakwazi mix zombini ulwelo iintsuku ezimbini, ndixhoxha ze uyishiye iiyure ezingama-48, emva koko ubunzima. Noko ke, ukuba ukubhala le zithako kuya kufuneka ufunde ngakumbi. Kodwa ekubeni le inks benze ngezandla zabo kunzima kakhulu, kufuneka ukuba uyaneliswa zezo zinto sifana kakhulu kubo.

inki alizarin

Bona walungisa kwakhona ukusuka apile oki, kodwa zihlukile ukuba ziqulathe iviniga. Ukulungiselela imfuneko ukuthatha nati inki 10 g, 6 g sulfate sobhedu, 1 g gum Arabhu, 100 ml iviniga. Amalungiselelo kuthatha ixesha elininzi, ngoko ke Tune ukuze kwinkqubo elide. galls bamoya zifakwe iviniga iintsuku ezi-6. Awona macandelo eziseleyo ngokwahlukileyo unyityilikiswa acid. Ngosuku lwesihlanu kwinxalenye yesibini kufuneka eluhlaza.

Emva zombini izisombululo baya kuba bekulungele, kufuneka ukuzimanyanisa kunye. Ngoku uyihlukuhle umxube ngamandla. Le nkqubo sele kumbovu zigqitywe. It ifanele khulu njengoko kuphela iinkuni-acetic acid. Alizarin inki has engxakini enkulu - ba ngokufanayo sasinga ngeenxa ebuhlanti, size sihlale phezu kwaso enobunzima zamafu.

Inala ongakhetha

Namhlanje, imveliso inki - oku imveliso ebalulekileyo, nto leyo eyandisa iirhafu kuphela. On Rus wabo olulungiswe sulfate ayoni leyo idityaniswe nati umhluzi oki. Namhlanje, i-inki aqhelekileyo izandla yosiba - umxube amacandelo-50 okanye ngaphezulu. Umbala black ifunyanwa ngawo idayi, kodwa ethandwa kakhulu ke triphenylmethane, phthalocyanine ubhedu, ukuba ukudlulisela ithinti oluhlaza, ithandwa kangaka kwiincwadi mihla.

Ink Manufacturing hayi ngaphandle sulfate ahle kunye tannic acid. Colorants kunye nezongezelelo zixubene ngobunono kuphela, kufuneka enze indlela womelele ngakumbi. Iipholima ziyafuneka ukuze alungise akhululeke komhlaba.

Umbala ngeglasi

Inki ekulungiseleleni kumphezulu kakuhle izisombululo ezimbini zomsebenzi. I lokuqala - it 100 ml yamanzi kunye zichithakala nje kuyo 1 g potassium emanzini 7 g sodium sulphide. Ilungiselela ukuxuba elula. Okwesibini ngokufanayo iqulethe 100 g yamanzi, 3 g zinc chloride 13 ml zehydrochloric acid. Lo mxube ingasetyenziswa ngqo nje inki. It alukwazi isicelo kwiglasi uze emva kokuba yaphuse iilebhile matte.

Abhalwa for metal

unako bakubize ngeinki phantsi kwemiqathango ethile kuphela. Ukuze ubhale kwi intsimbi kufuneka umxube nitric kunye zehydrochloric acid. Ngenxa yoko, umphezulu isale Yanjengomthwebeba, uze wenze mbhalo into elibukhali, kwaye ngoko ke yokuqamba isicelo ukusuka ngentla. imizuzu emihlanu kamva, isitya ukuze engenziwanga ngamanzi ashushu. Ukuze ufumane Imibhalo-inki analogu ngemisonto, oko kufunwa ukuba lilungise sisincoko eyahlukileyo.

Le walungisa ngokuxuba 3.5 g yeboraksi kunye ml 15 ethyl utywala, 2 g na umgubo rosin 25 ml methylene isisombululo oluhlaza. Isiphumo umbhalo ngemisonto emsi.

Ink kwezihlunu

Sele sixubushe ezaqanjwa nengqwalasela eyakha-inki. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi ndumiso abanayo ukumelana ophezulu yokuhlamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo nokubilisa. Ukuze wenze oku, kancinci ukutshintsha iresiphi. Ukuze lo mfuma ke itshiswe 42 g aniline kunye 2.5 g potassium khloreyithi 13 ml yamanzi. Ngoko 15 ml zehydrochloric acid (25%) yaye siqhubeke shushu umxube de ibe mnyama. Kuhleli icala amancinci. Iselwa ke echithwa chloride cuprous, le nkqubo kuthathelwa ingqalelo phantse ngokupheleleyo.

Isisombululo engumphumela lashushu obomvu-Violet umbala. Emva koko, phantsi kwempembelelo le idayi, i-arhente oxidizing kwaye ngunobangela indlela singakwazi ukufumana eziphumo zokuphela konyaka. Ink senziwa kulo iresiphi, ukuba amelana kakhulu. Abayi ukungcumbeka kwinkqubo sokuhlamba kwaye esetyenziswa kwishishini ekukhanyeni.

endaweni yesiphelo

Njengoko ubona, zininzi iindlela nokulungisa inki. kushishino Modern kuvumela imveliso evela abamnyama zize ziphele nge-inki elinombala. Kutshanje, netheknoloji ukuthintela sande. Kukho iikhompawundi ezikhethekileyo ukuba xa idityaniswe i-inki Nokwethisa indima ngulo mngundo. Le creosote kunye formalin, salicylic acid.

Njengoko ubona, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze-inki ayikho nzima. Ukuba babekuthanda chemistry, ngoko ke uya kukwazi ukuphinda ngayo ekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo omkhulu nokuba ixesha elide, ingakumbi xa ucinga iindleko imveliso kwi izinto ofisi evenkileni kunye nokusetyenziswa.