ಪೇನ್ ipheyini 210: isiqingatha-ubomi. Yintoni na ukusetyenziswa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini 210?

ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210 umbutho ngokucacileyo imisebe. Kwaye akulolize, kuba kuyingozi kakhulu.

History of izovela

ubukho kwayo kwangaphambili ngo-1889 ngu Mendeleev xa wadala kwetafile yakhe edumileyo ngamaxesha athile. Ukuziqhelisa, lwesi sakhi wababala 84 sele ifumene kweminyaka esithoba kamva iinzame Curies, wafundela le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa radiation. Maria Sklodowska-Curie wazama ukufumana unobangela radiation olunamandla ophuma ezinye izimbiwa, ngoko waqalisa ukusebenza nge iisampulu ambalwa amatye, zaxhonywa zonke ezikhoyo ezindleleni zakhe, umabela zibe amaqhezu kwaye ulahle ezingeyomfuneko. Ngenxa yoko, waba ufumene into entsha, elisuke laba-analogue of bismuth kunye evulekileyo yesithathu emva uranium element radioactive kunye thorium.

Nangona iziphumo ngempumelelo yomzamo, uMariya Musa ukungxama ukuthetha zophando lwakhe. Uhlalutyo, olwenziwe yi kugxa Curies naye akazange ukunika izizathu ukuba bathethe malunga kokufunyanwa into entsha. Noko ke, ingxelo kwintlanganiso ye-Paris Academy of Sciences ngoJulayi 1898 esi sibini ingxelo ukufunyanwa okusolwayo into imiboniso iimpawu zentsimbi waza wacebisa kumbiza ಪೇನ್ ipheyini imbeko of Poland - kwiphandle uMariya. Yayilixesha wokuqala kuphela kwimbali xa kwakukho zomba ophawulweyo kakhulu umba sele ebizwa. Kaloku, kwase yokuqala ukuvela kuphela ngo-1910.

iipropati Physical nemichiza

ಪೇನ್ ipheyini i ithambe kakhulu ubuhle metal emhlophe. Yena radioactive kangangokuba uba ebumnyameni kwaye rhoqo shushu. Ngaloo yokunyibilika yayo kwindawo ephakamileyo kancinci kuleyo tin - 254 kuphela izidanga Celsius. Wentsimbi oxidized ngokukhawuleza kakhulu emoyeni. Kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, oko yakha efestileni monatomic elula cubic.

Ngeempawu zayo lwemichiza ಪೇನ್ ipheyini lisondele kakhulu-analogue - tellurium. Ngaphezulu, uhlobo iikhompawundi yayo kunempembelelo enkulu kumanqanaba aphezulu radiation. Ukuze ngayo ebandakanya ಪೇನ್ ipheyini kunokuba eyonwabisayo kakhulu yaye umdla, nangona anobungozi ngokubhekiselele kwizibonelelo zempilo.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

inzululwazi Iyonke okwangoku uyazi 27 (ngokwe kweminye imithombo - 33) yenza ಪೇನ್ ipheyini. Akukho namnye kubo ayikho izinzile, abe ke onke eqhumayo. Uninzi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo enzima (ngamanani atomic of ukusuka 210 ukuya 218) kwi imali encinci efumaneka kwindalo, abanye zingafunyanwa kuphela ngeendlela ngumntu.

ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210 Radioactive - eyona elide-waphila ngeentlobo zendalo. Ikhoyo nokubakho imali encinane Radium e sisimbiwa uranium, kwaye lenzeka ulandelelwano reaction ukuqalela U-238 kwaye ithatha iminyaka malunga 4.5 billion, ukuba sithethe malunga nesiqingatha-ubomi.

indawo yolwamkelo

Ngowe-1 ithani uranium ekrwada iqulethe izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210 xa kukho imali micrograms ezimalunga ne-100. Iiplastiki neliqaqambileyo kwezi ukwenziwa kweemveliso kwenkunkuma, kodwa ukuze ufumane ngaphezulu okanye ebonakalayo ngaphantsi isixa element kwakuza kufuneka aphathe isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda. Eyona ndlela kakhulu ilula kwaye wokuqalisa kudibaniso nge zokukhanya of bismuth zendalo kunye neutron kwi reactor yenyukliya.

Ngenxa yoko, nasemva ezinye iinkqubo ezifunyenwe ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210. Izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo 208 no 209 nazo zingafumaneka xa bismuth okanye welothe okufakwe ngemiqadi olukhawulezisiweyo amasuntswana alpha, protons okanye deuterons.

yemisebe

ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo, i Alpha-emitters. Group nzima nayo ikhuphe gamma. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba Isotope 210 ngowona mthombo kuphela amasuntswana alpha, kuba anobungozi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuthatha izandla zakho kunye kufutshane kumgama, ngenxa esotha phezulu, oko Ungena zetoti. Kakhulu ayingozi njengoko ungangeni ukuphefumla ಪೇನ್ ipheyini okanye ukutya. Kungenxa yoko le nto sisebenza le into ebanjwe kwiibhokisi ezizodwa itywiniwe. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba le sakhi malunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo sele kufunyenwe ngamagqabi icuba. ixesha kuwohloka ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210 xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo mkhulu ngokwaneleyo, kodwa kuba oko angakhuli izityalo, uze okubi ngakumbi kwimpilo lo utshayayo ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, naziphi na iinzame ukususa into ukusuka icuba baba aziphumelelanga.

ingozi

Ngenxa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210 ukhupha amasuntswana alpha kuphela, ukugcina amanyathelo athile ukuba woyike ukusebenza nayo kufuneka kube. Ubude indlela amaza ingaphezulu kunqabile nje iisentimitha elinesibini, ngaphandle, badla Awukwazi ukungena isikhumba.

Noko ke, kanye ngaphakathi emzimbeni, ukuba umonakalo enkulu kuye. Xa lesitofu egazini ngokukhawuleza kwanwenwa zonke izicwili - emva kwemizuzu embalwa phambi kwakhe bunokubonwa onke amalungu. Okokuqala, oko ekhona nezintso nomhlehlo wesibindi, kodwa ngokubanzi ke isasazwe kakuhle ngokulinganayo, kwaye oku ekunokuthiwa lethality yalo phezulu iyonke.

ಪೇನ್ ipheyini ubuthi kangangokuba enkulu nkqu iingedosi ezincinane ukugula radiation ezingapheliyo, kwangena ke ukufa ngaso iinyanga 6-11. Yeendlela eziphambili ze kubulawe ukusuka emzimbeni - ngokusebenzisa izintso phecana zesisu. Kukho uxhomekeko nendlela qha. Isiqingatha-lobomi kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-50.

Ityhefu ngengozi ngu ಪೇನ್ ipheyini akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo. Ukuze ufumane imali eyaneleyo ukwimo kufuneka bakwazi ukufikelela kwi-reactor yenyukliya kugqunywe i Isotope kubingelela ngabom. ukuntsonkotha loxilongo kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba amatyala kuphela nje ezimbalwa kwimbali. Ixhoba lokuqala ithathwa ukuba intombi discoverers of ಪೇನ್ ipheyini - Irene Joliot-Curie, ngubani ngexesha zophando ayaphula philisi kunye into elabhoratri wafa kwiminyaka eli-10 kamva. Ezinye iimeko ezimbini kwenzeka ngenkulungwane xxi. Eyokuqala kuzo - ityala block slavi, owafa ngowe-2006, kwaye eyesibini - ukufa Yasser Arafat, apho izinto imikhondo Isotope radioactive zifunyenweyo. Noko ke, kukho uxilongo eqinisekile alikhange liqinisekisiwe.

sokonakalisa

Enye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo kakhulu ixesha elide, kunye 208 no 209, nto ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210. Kwisiqingatha ubomi (ngamanye ixesha apho inani amasuntswana radioactive zinciphe) kwaba bobabini lokuqala ngokulandelelana 2.9 no-102 iminyaka, kwaye ngemihla yokugqibela 138 kunye iiyure ezili-9. Ezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo, lokudla kwabo sibalwa becala kwemizuzu neeyure.

Ukudityaniswa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210, nto leyo kakhulu elula thotho ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi. Ukuba kwiqokobhe ekhethekileyo kwentsimbi, abanakubenzakalisa impilo yakho, kodwa uyakwazi ukunika amandla abo ukuze kuzuze uluntu. Ngoko wasebenzisa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210 namhlanje?

isicelo lwangoku

Ngokutsho ezinye iingqikelelo, malunga nama-95% zemveliso ye ಪೇನ್ ipheyini buzinze eRashiya, nto leyo kuhlelwe kunyaka malunga 100 grams ukwimo, kwaye phantse yonke into zithunyelwe eUnited States.

Kukho iindawo ezininzi apho ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210 iyasetyenziswa. Ngaphezu kwako konke, le kwisiphekepheke. Ngenxa yobukhulu balo compact ngayo buyafuneka njengomthombo elungileyo wamandla kunye nobushushu. Nangona into yokuba malunga rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-5, ukusebenza kwayo kuncitshiswa ngesiqingatha, ezo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo enzima kakhulu eninzi ukuvelisa ngakumbi.

Ukongeza, ಪೇನ್ ipheyini zilahleka ngokupheleleyo yemvelo yenyukliya. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukufunda impembelelo radiation alpha kwezinye izinto.

Okokugqibela, kukho intsimi ngakumbi isicelo yeyona nokuveliswa kwezixhobo ukuphelisa umbane ezingashukumiyo zosetyenziso kushishino kunye nokusetyenziswa ekhaya. Iyamangalisa indlela into eyingozi onjalo babe phantse kitchenware, ukuba livalelwe esingxotyeni salo esiqinileyo.