Amnesty eMini siseko. Zeziphi amanqaku kuwa phantsi uxolelo. Umgca osezantsi, ixesha, inkqubo yokwenza isicelo, ukwamkelwa benikwa kunye neemeko

NgoDisemba ka-2013 kwisiza "iphephandaba Russian" yapapashwa isaziso kuxolelwa ngenxa uluhlu olubanzi zabantu. Ngenyanga enye, ilizwe lonke ibhiyozele uSuku lwe-siseko Russian Federation, 2013. uxolelo lixesha kwesi siganeko sibaluleke kangaka, ayakhuthazwa ukuba iphunyezwe ngoko nangoko emva kokupapashwa xwebhu. Lo mthetho wawiswa nguMongameli we-Russian Federation State Duma ukuze siqwalaselwe.

Ngubani na ondichukumisileyo uxolelo

Kakuhle eli kuxolelwa kukuba ukuxolela inani labantu abathi ngenxa yesizathu esithile unelungelo lokuba aphume eluvalelweni. Noko ke, abantu walinda ne namonde kokupapashwa projekthi loxolelo, baba unpleasantly bamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba kwisicatshulwa eziqulathwe kungacaci ezininzi kunye neentsilelo, ngenxa yawuphi na kobesikulindele ziya kuhlangatyezwa.

Enyanisweni, ezi ndidi zabantu eziye ahlaselwa kuxolelwa baba baninzi kakhulu. Iqela lokuqala kuzixolelwa zezo ogwetyelwe isithuba seminyaka engaphantsi kwemihlanu kodwa ngaphambili bakhonza isigwebo entolongweni. Olu xwebhu isikhundla oomama abantwana abancinci, abasetyhini abakhulelweyo, amadoda abe uwagqibile amashumi eminyaka imashumi mathandathu, kunye nabafazi ufikelele kwiminyaka yobudala engama-mahlanu anesihlanu, abemi, abo amaxhoba yentlekele kwi-mveliso senyukliya eChernobyl, invalids amaqela lokuqala nolo lukwizinga lesibini, kwakunye nabasebenzi zomkhosi kunye nayiphi na nabanye abantu abathatha inxaxheba ekulweni.

Ngokutsho uyilo loxolelo, ukutshutshiswa kunye lirhoxe kwabo baye wagwetywa ukuvalelwa entolongweni, abalingwa okanye ngok abantu. Thamsanqa wancuma kwanabenzi bobubi abo, izohlwayo thile okanye ekhululekile. Amnestied ukuze babe ngabemi abenza izenzo zolwaphulo njengabantwa. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wathembisa ukuba ukubhengeza benikwa kubantu ababanjelwe ukuba izinto ezifana kalweni, besaphula imithetho yendlela noqhankqalazo.

"Wide" Amnesty iphathwayo, abo amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ukuba zisephantsi kophando okanye iingxoxo. Onke amatyala afana kwakunye izityholo ngenxa izinto apho isohlwayo i ubukhulu iminyaka emihlanu, ziye irhoxisiwe. Lo mthetho kwakhona isicelo senze umtyholwa kwinxalenye yokuqala lwenqaku 264 lomGaqo Criminal (for ephula imithetho yendlela). Kule isangqa abantu beza nangaphezulu emkhosini kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo.

Amanqaku musa kuwa phantsi uxolelo

Kuba wagwetywa ngaphezu kwekhulu articles kuxolelwa kungalindelekanga. Uya kuhlala entolongweni ngecala lokubulala, infliction lomonakalo omkhulu okanye ngcathu kwimpilo. Kuba noluhlu lwamanqaku malunga nobundlobongela bezesondo, ubuqhetseba, ukukhuthuza kunye nokuphanga uxolelo enkulu nazo enikiweyo.

Uxolelo ukuya ngomhla we-siseko khange irwece ekuthiwa-mthetho 'kwezoqoqosho "enetyala kwizenzo emiselweyo 169 ka-200 amanqaku. Umntu wokuqala kweli lizwe ukubaqononondisa lo isigqibo yokuba uxolelo-mthetho zoqoqosho ezenzekileyo ngaphambili. Emva koko, ngo-2013, iye wakhululwa abantu abangaphezu kwama-1,400 aye. Noko ke, ukususela wentolongo akakhathalelanga ukuba aphume abemi, izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho bawo engozini ukhuseleko loluntu, ezifana abanqolobi.

Imihla engena force

Development kweprojekthi kunye neBhunga yamaLungelo oLuntu, equka i-Ofisi kaMongameli. NgoDisemba 9 kunyaka ophelileyo, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin ekhuphe uguqulelo koxwebhu lokuqala ukuze uqwalaselwe ngakumbi. USihlalo weKomiti Duma State, elijongene nemiba yomthetho mthetho, uPavel Krasheninnikov, uthe, mhlawumbi lo mthetho uyilwayo uza ezixoxiweyo zaphunyezwa de-17 kuDisemba. Okubhaliweyo ithi ukuba xesha loxolelo ibandakanya iinyanga ezintandathu ezilandelayo emva kokuba isigqibo ezisemthethweni ziza kukhutshwa.

Zokwamkelwa uxolelo kunye indlela umphakathi

Xa isayithi esemthethweni nguMongameli Russian Federation wabeka iindaba begubha uxolelo ezizayo, eqhotyoshelwe kule posi inqaku echaza ezinye izibonelelo drafti. Ukususela inqaku lubonise ukuba uxolelo ukuya kumhla we-siseko Russian, isicelo inani eliqingqiweyo labantu abo babiziweyo wakhusela ubuncinane ekuhlaleni. Ngamanye amazwi, wathembisa ukuba ukuxolela iindidi ezizodwa abemi: ezinye enetyala, umtyholwa, abarhanelwa kunye nabantu abaphantsi kophando, kwakunye njengabemi, waphawula ukuba iinkonzo ezizodwa kweli lizwe.

USekela-Somlomo kaRhulumente Duma, mmeli ngokweyelenqe United Russia, Vladimir Vasilyev wachaza Yazisa Arhente, bagqiba ukuba uxolelo kuya kuchaphazela abantu malunga namashumi amabini anesihlanu amawaka. Ngokutsho ingxelo ePalamente, itekisi sigqibo, bafumana kusasa ngoLwesibini ngo "Rossiyskaya Gazeta". Kunjalo, ulwazi oluyimfuneko akabonakalanga kwi-website ye-State Duma, okanye izibonelelo womnatha yesicelo kaThixo. Kwazeka oko kanye oko umongameli wayesiya "uxolo" uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu labantu kunokuba kuchaziwe kwinqaku ecacisiweyo. Ngenye indlela, uluntu ukususela ekuqaleni wadibana iindaba le ovuthuzayo uxolelo kunye nengxoxo impikiswano.

Ingongoma yokugula-lombutho lwesithathu

Isisombululo idrafti i umdla kakhulu umhlathi wesithathu, ithi uxolelo kuba iindidi hayi "abaxhamli" kuphela, kodwa nangenxa sele enetyala. Amanqaku ekubhekiswa kuyo kumhlathi wesithathu yesigqibo, sele ikhankanyiwe apha ngasentla. Le yokuziphatha, besaphula imithetho yendlela, hayi esizakukhokelela ukufa, ngokunjalo inxaxheba kunye nokucwangciswa disorder abaninzi.

Kule nkalo, oko ukhumbula intlanganiso kamongameli kunye uMikhail fedotov, usihlalo we HRC. Ke Vladimir Vladimirovich saphawula iinkalo ezahlukeneyo isikhumbuzo loxolelo, besithi oko kuthunyelwa kuphela kubantu enyanisweni hayi ulwaphulo-mthetho olumasikizi azenzileyo, ukuba enze nasiphina izenzo zobundlobongela nabameli abasemagunyeni. Ngokutsho uRhulumente, akukho sizathu ukuba ndinikhululele inkululeko abantu ayingozi eluntwini.

I-Human Rights Council wayesebenza phezu isicatshulwa uxwebhu malunga iinyanga ezintathu. Ngeli xesha, amalungu ebhunga zanyanzelisa ekwandiseni isangqa uxolelo. Ekuqaleni, ingxoxo linciphise ikhululwe kuphela "mthetho". Noko ke, ngomzuzu wokugqibela uV Putin oye watshintsha indawo yayo kwaye negalelo lizakuya kusombululo uyilo ngenqaku elinye wesithathu, kwakuthetha benikwa amabanjwa ezopolitiko.

ukufunda eziphosakeleyo okanye engachanekanga kumele isuswe ngoko nangoko emva kokuba uxwebhu sele siphunyeziwe yi ngurhulumente isebe ngokusemthethweni kamongameli. Waqinisekisa Kwakhona isekela intloko yokuqala kulawulo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba elilawulayo eliyintloko. Ngoko ke, upapasho senqaku ukuyenza embhalweni lichaza ezinye ukudideka kunye nokungabikho ukulungiselela kwikhosi ezinjalo iziganeko kwi-Ofisi kaMongameli kunye nokulungelelanisa nabo izakhiwo. Ukungqinwa hypothesis inokuba ngesimbo engaqhelekanga, nto leyo features umhlathi wesithathu. Icandelo esemthethweni yahlukile kakhulu ukusuka kuloo waphawula kwezinye iindawo xwebhu. Kule mihlathi ilandelayo, kungekho kukhankanywa ukuba ngomhla we-siseko kuxolelwa kufuneka kuchaphazela abo abantu amatyala ingqalelo kuphela, nto leyo mayenziwe awufani.

Kusekho yindlela ukuba ngongoma yesithathu ekugqibeleni baya uzakususwa ummiselo. Kodwa umbuzo onjalo bekuya kuba ngokuqinisekileyo abangela isiyaluyalu waxhokonxa yayisothusa kawonke wavuthela onke amacandelo oluntu. Loo nto swigevenga kuphela kutheni kumagqibela "ugqibezela" uguqulelo baxolelwe baba.

Ukuxolelwa ngenxa "iinkwenkwezi"

Ngoko ke akukho mfihlakalo ukuba uxolelo banjwa ayikho nje "waya kwinginginya". Kuye laba uphawu kumzabalazo wenkululeko amabanjwa ezopolitiko, umzabalazo walwa zezopolitiko melo kunye namajelo eendaba ezimele ukulungiselela ixesha elide.

Phenomenon, uWele ngabantu 'nguzwilakhe Putin kaThixo "kwaye ibandakanya izityholo kakhulu abantu phambili imisebenzi inkcaso anti-urhulumente ayisekho konke konke, kwaba nabohanahaniso kunye bokungakhathali kwakungandonwabisi. Emva kokuba uxolelo ngo-2013-2014 ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba urhulumente akwazi ingxoxo kunye noluntu. Nangona isibakala sokuba iimbono malunga ezibangela ukuba inceba ngequbuliso bebambene, isibakala sokuba uxolelo lwaqhutywa Akumangalisi ngexesha, njengoko bathi, "Day One", into incontrovertible. Ekuvalelweni abo release on uxolelo kwabonakala iphupha engenakwenzeka: ". Ngemeko Marsh" feminists of "pussy Riot", amatshantliziyo 'ka iGreenpeace ", uMikhail Khodorkovsky, abamangalelwa kwi Izityholo wona kunye Anatoly Serdyukov.

Nokuba ngexesha amagqwetha isilungiso yaphawula lulwandle amathuba yokususwa kwiiwadi zabo zonke izohlwayo. Ngoko ke, Michael Kreindlin, ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi "Arctic Sunrise", wachaza ukuba zilungiso yamkelwa ukufunda yesibini, kusengaphambili kokukhululwa kwabo isangqa ezithile zabantu, umzekelo, ababegwetyelwe phantsi inqaku of kalweni. Bathi nje baphathwe nxanelwe ulwazi "iGreenpeace". Esi silungiso iye yasetyenziswa kwaye nangoku zibandakanyiwe xwebhu kwi ukufunda lesithathu. Kungenxa yoko le nto amatshantliziyo 30 "iGreenpeace", kunye namalungu abasebenzi zaye Ndibaxolele kakuhle phambi kwetyala.

Njengokuba kude njengoko sonke sisazi, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova noMaria Alekhine phantsi kophando kwaye ziye ngecala inqaku elifanayo. Lo Mthetho osaYilwayo ifumene nokunyanzeliswa kwaso nxamnye amantombazana, kwaye baye bakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya iinyanga ezimbalwa phambi kokuba kuphele ixesha elimiselweyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ayizizo zonke "Bog" banikwe uxolelo. ezilishumi kuphela abamangalelwa edlula inqaku ngenxa zaqalwa, babeza kukhululwa kumaziko oluleko, ishumi kuphela baye ngokusesikweni makukhutshwe wonke amacala. IKomiti kaRhulumente Duma kwi yolwaphulo mthetho procedural,, yoluntu kunye nolamlo isigqibo bazitshitshisela kwezilungiso kulo abantu loxolelo otyholwa usebenzise ubundlobongela obujoliswe nabameli bakarhulumente kunye nokucwangciswa disorder abaninzi. Xa ukungabi kho kwalo umhlathi 17, wanga "izinto Umgxobhozo" azizange baxolelwe.

Uluhlu abemi; ngokuba lowo uxolelo zange isaziso, ibanzi ngokwaneleyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi zifumene ehlabathini. Vladimir Akimenkov, Maria Baronova, Artyom Savelyev Dmitriy Rukavishnikov UNikolai abaseAfrika, Fedor Bahov, Z Kovin, Anastasia Rybachenko Oleg Arkhipenkov Stepan Zimin Mxim Luzyanin, Aleksandra Duhanina, Yaroslav belousov Denis Lutskevich Alexander Margolip Alexei Polihovich Andrei Barabanov Sergei curve iikulya Gushchin, uRichard sana, Alexei Gaskarov, uMikhail Kosenko, uKonstantin Lebedev kunye Sergei Udaltsov, musani kwaye abayi kuzixolelwa.

Tsalela ukuze uluntu, okanye ukuxolelwa ngenxa "amacala 12"

Amnesty project abaninzi baye ngokuba nzima oluntu. Ukuze ube izinto uxolelo, amabanjwa kufuneka kusala ngaphandle ukhuselo. Isigqibo kuye kwabangela isiphithiphithi abacaphukayo phakathi amagqwetha kunye nabanye ababandakanyekayo izinto zomthetho. ooyeha ezinesiqingatha into yokuba inkululeko kalula na inginginya, lowo wayethenjiswe oku, kodwa inxalenye encinane kakhulu yabemi. A embi kakhulu ngakumbi ingxaki yaba hardware-zomthetho msebenzi, nto leyo eye lwenziwa krelekrele ukuba eshiya ubunzima eziphikisanayo, imigibe kunye mbini.

Okokuqala, kukho ithuba lokuba ndinikhululele inokufumaneka kuphela ngabo babengafuni ukuba ukulwela amalungelo abo. Eneneni, kwiimeko ze-Russian ofisi wokhuselo ngokusemthethweni umtyholwa kunye umtyholwa kuthabatha elininzi ixesha kunye Amnesty intshukumo kuphela kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Kwaye zonke izaphuli ezinokubakho wagwetywa ukuvalelwa entolongweni kwafuneka senze ukhetho: noba yenza ukuba ukulibala malunga nokhuseleko, ngamaxesha onke, okanye ukuba ithemba "iintsikelelo zezulu," uze ulindele ukuba sigwebo le enkundleni yamatyala kwamsinyane kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Iqhinga kukuba esi sivakalisi iya kwenziwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kodwa qhubeka ngexesha elibekiweyo uxolelo kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngoko cinga ngayo engaqondanga malunga ekunyanisekeni zothando enjalo evela kurhulumente.

Kodwa xihinga kakhulu kakhulu kwaye gqithi yaba ummiselo ukuxolelwa ukuba abamangalelwa kwi ezaziwayo-kakuhle "Imisebenzi ezilishumi elinesibini." Musa ukulibala ukuba waba enye intlungu, a eqhelekileyo "umgibe ngokusemthethweni." Kodwa ke isimo sawo onke amacala ezahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, lo nxaxheba ngobuninzi zaqalwa kwaba yingenelo ukuzama ukukhawulezisa inkqubo kwaye ukuhlangabezana abaphandi ukuba ulinde ukhupho kunokwenzeka. Umangalelwa zobundlobongela abameli-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho, yena, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ngamandla, kunye impindezelo aziphendulele. Mhlawumbi kwakuza kufuneka isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo, kodwa elo khondo yokuziphatha ngokoqobo aphikise kwaye ndathintelwa "nabahlobo e yelishwa," abo ukuphepha isohlwayo mthetho.

Imibono yeengcali. Eyona engundoqo iintsilelo uxolelo

Russian abantu abalwela amalungelo oluntu kunye namagqwetha ezaziwayo izimvo malunga nesigqibo kwabasemagunyeni ixesha elide yaye ufekethe wagxeka imiqathango ethile imimiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa uxolelo hlobo.

Kuba abathile, igqwetha ngenxa Marii Baronovoy, le meko iye nokuba mandundu ngakumbi yaye bangaqiniseki kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Yena kugxininiswa uxolelo engaqhelekanga ngo-2013, ukuba wayebhekisela kwinto yokuba zonke "uxolo" yangaphambili zange ebotshelelwe zigaba ezithile yophando okanye kwetyala. Usuku sokuxolelwa efanayo unobtrusively "wanyula" yezo zinethamsanqa, apho isichukumisa. ekuqulunqeni Strange ukuba uxolelo zidane kuphela, kuye kwabangela ukudideka phakathi iingcali kunye nabantu jikelele.

Akazange ayithande ngenkqubo isicelo soxolelo kunye nguDmitry Agranovsky, ngubani esababonayo kulo ukuzama ukuphazamisa kwiingxoxo njengoko umtyholwa phantsi amanqaku 212 no-230, kuyimfuneko kuba ukuba amabanjwa uze umamele ukuqiniseka. Kwaye loo magama eyamkelekileyo kunye nengqiqo, ukuba ngokulambisa anele ukuba isigwebo. Ngokutsho igqwetha, lo mbuzo uxinzelelo ethile kwi-nxaxheba kule nkqubo, yena ngenkankulu khumbula xa uluntu babukela bamba iimeko uxolelo. NguDmitry linethemba lokuba le idrafti isisombululo nto iya kulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo, kungenjalo uya kukhangela kufaneleke ukuba isimo sethu.

Sergei Davidis ngokuba umhleli hambo, esenzeka ngoMeyi 6, wathi utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente Russian, kodwa sele ujoyine uluvo loogxa "kwi venkile", makuqatshelwe ukuba kuxolelwa yaba ngandlel abahluphekayo kwabalulamileyo, Ngaphezu koku uluntu belindile. Indlela elula ngayo yaba ukukhulula abafazi nabantwana, nangona kucacile kubo bonke ukuba amabanjwa - ubukhulu becala abantu abadala, uninzi lwabo kuhlala-mthetho bokuba, incriminated yi ayikaqondwa sele nakubani ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu.

Ntoni kuthi ngalo mba, amagosa abanobuchule?

NgoDisemba elizweni liphela imicimbi ubhalo emfundo ubuzwe yoluntu, besibhiyozela uSuku lwe-siseko Russian Federation ngo-2013. Amnesty wakuthanda abantu abambalwa kakhulu, kodwa ke ukugxekwa ayikho kuphela iingcali ezizimeleyo kunye nenkcaso, kodwa ke abantu ebamba izikhundla eziphakamileyo kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo enkulu.

USihlalo we-Helsinki Group e Moscow Lyudmila Alexeyeva bavakalise inkxalabo yokuba, njengokuba kudla ngokwenzeka nomthetho Russian, ngomzuzu wokugqibela iya kwenziwa utshintsho ongeke kwicala kunganqwenelekiyo ukuba zenzeke, yaye ukususela ejele mabanjwa ezininzi, njengoko kwacetywa waza wapapasha ngaphambili .

Xa iBhunga yamaLungelo oLuntu baye bazama ukukhanyela olu lwazi. Andrei Babushkin wenza ingxelo esemthethweni, esithi ukuba idrafti yoku yapapashwa awunanto itheni yokwenza izinto yaye yenzelwe Council. Kwakhona waqinisekisa "psevdoiskrennost" uxolelo, kuba ngaphandle lizakuya kusombululo uyilo kwintando sondela ngaphantsi kwe amawaka, babeya efanayo sikhululwe eluvalelweni. La manani ibizwa Federal States Service of the Russian Federation, edwelisa indlela abafazi abaninzi, abantwana kunye naboni ezingephi kufuneka XOLELA. Enyanisweni, lo uxolelo wathembisa nako ukusombulula naziphi na iinjongo: ukunciphisa inani amabanjwa ezintolongweni, ukukudibanisa iintsapho ezaphukileyo, ukulungisa sazela manani entolongweni neempazamo ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa uMakhulu wavuma ukuba ukufana iinguqulelo ezimbini zale projekthi isekho: omabini zibandakanywa izinto ngokwabo emisela inqaku kwi uxolelo, njengoko apho umtyholwa bamelwe ukuba akhululwe amanqaku malunga zaqalwa kunye "Bog".

Valery Borshchev ezibandakanya Oversight yiKomishoni Moscow, uthe wavakalisa ukuzisola ngenxa yokuba abamangalelwa kwi resistances amapolisa kunye nezenzo enogonyamelo akuyi amnestied phezu kwabo. Uthabatha isikhundla uninzi izityholo kwezi meko unsubstantiated.

UHenry reznik, ummeli kunye sihlalo Chamber of Baxhasa, wachaza esi sigqibo ngabasemagunyeni ukuba balondoloze ubuso zayo zezopolitiko abuyisele igama ulimele zonakala emva kokuba ungquzulwano, iintlanganiso kunye neembambano eliphezulu-iprofayile with "pussy Riot", abantu ababandakanyekayo "kwimeko Marsh", kunye nabanye.

Kunjalo, phantse zonke amanani zoluntu kunye bewenza bavuma ukuba uxolelo ukuya mhla siseko wayengekho onke acacile, olungenazimfihlo, "kuba abantu". Abaninzi baye wabiza amanyathelo karhulumente "window yokuxhela", kunye nabantu abangenalo ngokunxulumene umthetho, yolawulo okanye izakhiwo igunya lenkundla kunye, ongayi kunikwa benikwa ethile sverhznacheniya, waphendula ubuze le projekthi yaye, njengoko siye wayephethwe ingqolowa yetyuwa. Nangona kunjalo, lo uxolelo kunokuthathwa iphunyezwe kakhulu ngempumelelo, kuba amanyundululu ezininzi balibhengeza ekugqibeleni ukuba loo "liyachitha" kunye ngabasemagunyeni.

Ngaba zikho kwi-West?

media Western ziye yomhla "inceba" kwanakubalawuli Russian azayo 2014 Olympic Games, indawo esikhethwe Sochi. EYurophu, eli nyathelo ngokwenene kakhulu, abezopolitiko angaphandle kunye namanani oluntu zokukhutshwa inani elikhulu enjalo amabanjwa kwabonakala ukunyathela ekunene kwaye ubhalo, nangona elinemveliso kakhulu. "InoPressa", umzekelo, labhala inqaku yi iphephancwadi waseJamani, leyo wathi amatyala bokubanga amnesties. Incwadi "The New Times" ubambe ngasonye, lo uxolelo lwaqhutywa ukuba abuyise hlazo naphambi kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki ukudala umfanekiso ethile Russia sentando yesininzi nesikhululekileyo. Ngokutsho inkolelo ethandwayo, yaba isizathu ezikhethiweyo umhla lokomfuziselo - uSuku siseko Russian. Le uxolelo yabanjwa, kodwa waba nje logo, iinzame eqaqambileyo ukubonisa bona ngendlela entsha, ukubonisa likarhulumente ekukhanyeni entsha. Kungenxa yoko le nto izilungiso bill ibe nantsingiselo priori, ngokuba isigqibo ayiyi ezilungele, zonke imixube waba ukungaphumeleli, kwaye amabinzana kunye abstract - Beje.