- Inkululeko ... engummi Freedom. UMthetho ne Freedom

Ukuchaza ingqiqo inkululeko isoloko yabangela eninzi mpikiswano phakathi amagqwetha, zobulumko, ababhali-mbali, iingcali zefilosofi kunye nababhali. Ngenxa yoko kukho iinguqulelo ezintathu: ngemihla (historical), zefilosofi kunye esemthethweni. Ukongeza, akunakwenzeka ukuba zilithathele ingqalelo eli ingqiqo kwimeko ethile.

Ingcamango inkululeko yezembali

Lonke ixesha ikhona, efuna inkululeko into okanye umntu okanye into ethile. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuxhomekeka abantu kwiimeko, nokuba na isiphumo uhlobo okanye urhulumente, kubonwa kusisithintelo kwendawo yokuhlala kwaye ikhokelela kwinkululeko ngayo nayiphi na indlela. Izazinzulu zichaza nenkululeko njengoko into ephambili zenkqubela yeengxaki zopolitiko. Xa ingqondo inkululeko mbali - yinkqubo inkululeko kwingcinezelo iimpembelelo elidlulileyo. Nkqu Homer wayeqonda ukuba njengoko siphila kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa, esi siphumo alilawulwa mntu. UPlato bubonakala intando nilwela okulungileyo ngcono, ukuba bazahlule eluntwini. Xa ukukhanya kwakhe, yena ichaza inkululeko ubuninzi - ubuhlobo. Ngokuchasene kule nkcazelo Aristotle ngecala, echaza ukuba loo mntu - ozise esibonakala ilungelo lokuzikhethela, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izidalwa.

KumaXesha Aphakathi izimvo inkululeko ukwenza ijika entsha, kwaye ukuthanda iqondwa njengento kuThixo. Kunye mibala yenkolo ezinjalo inokulandwa phantse kulo lonke eli thuba. Ukutshona kwelanga, ngamaXesha Aphakathi ngemisebenzi Martina Lyutera emgceni ukubeka umthetho, amalungelo kunye nenkululeko.

I Renaissance luphawulwa amathuba anthropocentric, oko kukuthi, inkululeko - ngulo ujolise ngokwakhe, isibambiso ngentlawulelo izono kwaye kungenzeka bathandaze kuThixo. Ekupheleni the New Age kwimbali kwenkcazelo ngayo ingqiqo sinwenwile ngengqiqo mihla, oko kukuthi, njengokuba yokunqongophala izithintelo ya oluntu, kunye ukhetho olufanelekileyo.

Ingcamango wefilosofi wenkululeko

Ukuqonda ifilosofi wenkululeko cishe akukho kwahluka entsa mbali. Kodwa Democritus ixoxe ukuba umthetho - yinto yenziwe embi, amadoda alumkileyo kufuneka kuhlala inkululeko, ingamphulaphuli imithetho. Le nkcazelo, kunoko, kukho umthwalo esebenzayo uzuza features isiphithiphithi ngaphandle kwenkcazelo lokwenyaniso yenkululeko. Kodwa isiphithiphithi kuyonakalisa ngokwendalo ukuba urhulumente kunye lonke uluntu. Spinoza inokungatolikwa kakubi nokreqo, nokwala ukuze siphile ngokuvisisana neemfuno imithetho kaThixo ngenxa yokuba ukuhlonela uThixo, ukuthobeka, abantu ingqalelo umthwalo. Kwelinye icala, Hegel omncinane kamva wavakalisa ukuqonda yakhe yaye uqinisekile ukuba inkululeko - ngumnqweno nje inkululeko evela iintsilelo kunye breakdowns ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Kodwa ingakumbi intanda-ingqiqo intsukaphi kwixesha bembonakalo yayo kunye institutalizatsii. Kuba ngeli xesha ebalasele ukuqonda nenkululeko ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa theory kwemithetho yemvelo, njengako apho bonke abantu ekuqaleni kuphela, koko le ngcamango yenza isiseko umthetho wobukhaya komthetho wamaRoma. zobulumko zamandulo aqonde ngokucacileyo nantoni na inkululeko, ngeke ibe mda. Le ukuqonda lwabameli consolidated-bulumko yamandulo German, ngoko leyo yenza isiseko ifilosofi Marxism. kwicala ayinyani eziqonda inkululeko njengento wadala yi ingqondo yomntu, ekhawulelana mda ezifanayo ngengqondo. Ukususela bulumko Kant ukuba ungakwazi ukwahlula icala njongo ukuba iintsilelo, kodwa urhulumente ngohlobo yomthetho. Ngenxa yokuqonda bulumko kukuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko - yinto kuyadlula naziphi na izithintelo, nokuba imida ingqondo okanye ilizwi umthetho, kodwa akukho imida kwaye kungekho ukunxanelwa ekuthandeni.

Formation inkululeko zomthetho

Njengoko sele kuchaziwe, isiseko ingcamango "inkululeko ngokusemthethweni" ekhutshelwe inxalenye intsingiselo bulumko. Nangona ngobhalo komthetho yendalo azibize bonke bayalingana, kodwa imele ezobuRhulumente ilawulwa yi-siseko sichaza imida iikhowudi ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

amalungelo oluntu

Ingcamango kwamalungelo oluntu, ngokunjalo nokutolikwa inkcazo inkululeko kwakunxibelelene kunye nethiyori kwemithetho yemvelo. Emva ubudlelwane ngokwezentlalo kwamalungelo oluntu omisiweyo izixhobo zomthetho ngamazwe nezesizwe. Le yezinto ezingunobangela na amalungelo edemokrasi kunye nenkululeko. UMgaqo-siseko ukhusela ilungelo, kodwa ukuba umthetho uphazamisa ngandlel amalungelo yendalo, isidima, inkululeko, uluntu yedemokhrasi utshintshwa ibe yileyo okanye balawula ngegqudu.

Omnye amaxwebhu yokuqala, ukucwangcisa actualize amalungelo oluntu iye yaba Declaration ngo-1776, apho kamva yaguquka kungena le Bill of Rights of-siseko US. Kamva, ngexesha French Revolution, oko yasungulwa ka1789, i-Declaration of Human Rights.
Ukushwankathela kuhlanganiswa zonke inkululeko namalungelo, UN General Assembly bavakalisa Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Amalungelo oluntu kuMgaqo-mthetho nawuphi na urhulumente inzuzo ixabiso amalungelo ngummi.

amalungelo ummi

Cwangcisa amalungiselelo kubekiwe kuMgaqo naluphi uxwebhu yomthetho, amalungelo nenkululeko ngummi. kolawulo lwabo kudlulela bonke abahlali, eqinisekiswe ze akhuselwe nguMgaqo-siseko kaRhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba inviolability somntu, ilungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha yokuthetha kunye nokukhuselwa ngummi, nangaphandle kweli lizwe. La malungelo jikelele ngenxa yokuxhaphaka yalo phezulu kwaye zichaphazela kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi bomntu kwi langoku inqanaba lobomi.

Ukungaboni kwamalungelo oluntu kunye noluntu

amalungelo ummi njengoko amalungelo oluntu, baye ubudala ubudala uvavanyo kwexesha, kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo: amalungelo oluntu - lo nto abunikiweyo kwasekuzalweni, kwakunye namalungelo zendalo, ngelixa amalungelo ngummi zabiwa ngokungqinelana nomthetho impumelelo eselekhulile ethile, baye zingatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. amalungelo oluntu yoluntu - sisiseko naluphi na uluntu kunye norhulumente mihla. Baya azinakurhoxiswa okanye kakhulu ukutshintsha xa bethanda umntu oyedwa okanye ukuze kuxhamle elite sigqibo.

isizathu esisemthethweni yenkululeko yokuthetha

Person kuyo nayiphi inkalo ijonge ngokokuthanda, kwaye ngandlela ezininzi kokuzimela imisebenzi enxulumene inkululeko yokuthetha njengohlobo yokudityaniswa yoluntu mihla wedemokhrasi. Liberalism akuthethi esifunisa ubundlongondlongo kwiingxelo, ukunyelisa nentiyo, nangona inkululeko yokuthetha - yinto amalungelo oluntu civil azalwa nakwimigangatho ebalulekileyo. ithi abaninzi bazama ukulawula inkululeko yokuvakalisa ukuze kuthintelwe ungquzulwano ubuhlanga kunye nentiyo ngenxa yonqulo, leyo kunokukhokelela ubundlobongela kunye nentiyo. Imigaqo ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela elolu hlobo kufuneka uhlale olubekwe yi-siseko, kodwa akazange kukhokelela ukubonakala ukuhluza engqongqo, umthetho phezu amalungelo abantu abambalwa ngokobuhlanga okanye ngokwentlalo. Kusenokubonakala ngathi ezi ngxelo iyaphikisana, kunye nenkululeko binzana ukulawulwa kwaye ilawulwe ngayo. Kodwa ke urhulumente wentando yesininzi linyanzelekile ukuba ukulinganisela kwakhe, ukukhusela avumele iingxelo ezimbaxa, ukugrogriswa, ubundlobongela kunye nentiyo ngaphakathi elizweni.

Ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko enkululeko ngokwenkonzo

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje geqe zichaziweyo alohlukaniswa umgaqo-non-calulo ngezizathu zonqulo ziquka ilungelo abazikhethele lonqulo. Sikuncede ngokwabo nokufundisa amahlelo kunye namanye okanye ngokomntu ngamnye, okanye kubukho bukaThixo. Eli lungelo kuthetha inkululeko ukutshintsha iinkolelo zonqulo, ukukwazi ukuba uphinde wenze ngokusekelwe iinkolelo zabo. Kodwa ke ukungabikho imiqathango nenokwenzakalisa State lwentando yesininzi, njengoko kwiminyaka yakutshanje kukho inani elikhulu imibutho yenkolo kunye amahlelo abo nje ashumayele iingcamango zabo, kodwa nabo benzakalisa uluntu, abazibandakanya ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuphamba.