Basics electronic: Iintlobo bezixhobo zombane kunye nokusebenza yobugcisa ufakelo zombane

Electronics - isayensi ezintsonkothileyo kodwa iluncedo kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, akukho ethembisayo, nangona inani elikhulu lwezinto sele ikhona. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba wenze, kufuneka uqonde into eyenza iziseko electronic zobunjineli bombane. Thina baya kuqwalaselwa umzekelo izixhobo zisetyenziswa.

AC operation

I-injini ziya kuqwalaselwa umzekelo. sikhokelo lombane kunye ngekhompyutha kule meko isekelwe iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: a esisigxina yaye expressionless. Xa kuqala ukuqonda inductor, yaye okwesibini - ankile kunye igubu jiko. Kubalulekile kule meko phambi eziliqela iimeko. Ngoko ke, lo inductor kufuneka imilo zezindlu kwaye ezenziwe ingxubevange ferromagnetic. Kwakhona kufuneka iipali endle jiko, ezo zigxunyekwe kwisakhelo. Eyona engundoqo oyinkampani ekubhobhozeni ngemagnethi wenziwa. Funda ukubala efunekayo incwadi amaxabiso uncedo iingxaki okudibeneyo ezisisiseko electronic zobunjineli bombane. Ngaphandle kwale ndlela, wobhobhozayo magnetic anokwenziwa yi iimagnethi abasisigxina, ezithi zixhonywe isakhelo. Phantsi zezikhonkwane waqonda core, emajikojiko kunye umqokeleli. Lokuqala eqokelelwe kweemakhishithi ngentsimbi zombane xa igqunyiwe.

izixhobo analog

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda izisekelo ze-elektroniki kunye ingqalelo iindidi kwezixhobo sele ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo. Eyona phawu kwezixhobo analog - ukwahluka rhoqo kwesi uphawu efunyenwe ngokungqinelana nenkqubo emzimbeni ichazwe. Ngokwezibalo ukuba lungabonakaliswa njenge umsebenzi eqhubekayo, apho kukho inani mda lamaxabiso ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Eli tyala anganika umzekelo: ezahlukahlukeneyo iqondo lobushushu lomoya, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo similise uphawu analog. Oku kubangela ukuhla ombane (nangona zikho nezinye iindlela ezininzi ukuchonga oko, ezifana ukutshintsha pendulum bemiqathango yawo). izixhobo Analog zilula, ethembekileyo kwaye nodibaniso olunesantya esiphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo kabanzi. Noko ke, ukuba bathi baqhayise processing ezizodwa uphawu ngqo - akunakwenzeka. Kwakhona, izixhobo analog musa ukuba umzimba eliphezulu ingxolo. Baxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle (ukuguga ngokwasemzimbeni, ubushushu, amasimi wangaphandle). Kwakhona, ukuba basoloko bebekwa ityala ukufiphala uphawu yokudluliswa kunye nokusebenza ephantsi.

izixhobo zedijithali

Bona ozinikele ekusebenzeni iimpawu digital. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nkqubo ibandakanya kulandelelwano ethile pulses, nto leyo ukuthatha amaxabiso amabini kuphela - "bokwenyaniso" okanye "obuxoki". Nabani na owaziyo iziseko electronic, yaziwa kwaye ukuba ukusebenza phezu kwemimiso into eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, umntu unalo ithuba lokukhetha phakathi transistors, izinto optoelectronic, baphinde umoya, neetshiphusi. Oko kukuthi, iyantlukwano ukho, kwaye oko ebanzi kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isiphaluka eqokelelwe lweziqalelo logic. uphelelwe kunye zokubala (kodwa akusoloko) ezisetyenziswa kunxibelelwano. kunokubonwa into efanayo weerobhoti, isilawuli esizisebenzelayo, lezixhobo, koonomathotholo kunye zonxibelelwano. Ingenelo ebalulekileyo izixhobo lwedijithali besenza kuphazamiseko, lula yokujongwa ebhala data. Kananjalo nokudlulisela ulwazi olunjalo ubugqwetha esezantsi ukuba nazo zingananzwa. Ngoko ke, izixhobo digital kwaye zithathwa uyakukhetha ngaphezu analog.

Semiconductors

Kokuba babe balindeleke ukuba iintlobo yayo zemihlaba yaye ube intsimi ezimeleyo electronic. Izisekelo oku wabeka ixesha elide eyadlulayo, xa ngembonakalo yikristale detectors ziye isicelo. Bona rectifiers semiconductor yenzelwe ukusebenza kwemisinga ophezulu rhoqo. Ekuqaleni kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezisekelwe oxide ubhedu okanye selenium. Noko ke, kwenzeka ukuba ziphantsi kakhulu ezifanelekileyo ukusebenza ngaphandle kwezo izixhobo ezo ezenziwe ngokusekelwe lesilicon.

Ixesha lokuqala yokusebenza ngempumelelo kule ndawo ukuze baqhayise O. V. Losev - umqeshwa Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, okwadala isixhobo emva ngo-1922, apho, ngenxa kwisizukulwana oscillations zendalo ngcono kakhulu imiyalezo efunyenweyo. Kodwa ezi meko, yeha, ukuba zange ziphuhliswe kakuhle. Ke transistors ngoku ehlabathini ezisetyenziswa (ukuba la transistors ezifanayo), apho yaphuhliswa kunye Brattain, Shockley, Bardeen, nangezinto zobuchwepheshe zabo mihla ngoku yakhiwa. Zokukwazi ukusebenza kunye nabo, yaye nangona kunzima, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuze nabani na ofuna ukufunda nokuziqhelisa kule ndawo.

microelectronics

Ngendlela - ke quintessence electronic, apho iimpawu ulwazi ukufikelela imilinganiselo yabo epheleleyo. Apha, lexinene kwemali data ngeyunithi ubunzima nganye kukho ezininzi ngaphezu kwabo kwezinye iinxalenye kwale nzululwazi. Kodwa umsebenzi microelectronics - ulwazi processing. Isebenzisa zenombolo ezimbini kuphela: omnye ubhalo kunye zero. Kodwa umsebenzi wezandla kule ndawo kunzima kakhulu - kuba ufuna inani neemeko ezinzima (nzima) ukuqinisekisa indlu. Phakathi kwabo, ucoceko, ukuchaneka ephakamileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa ephucukileyo.

isizathu Mathematical

algebra ekuqiqeni sebenzisa iteknoloji. Yena sasungula Dzhordzh Buli. Ngoko ke, ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa algebra Boolean. Ukulungiselela iinjongo asebenzisekayo, oko sasetyenziswa kuqala nososayensi Claude Shannon ngo-1938, xa wafunda iziphaluka zombane kunye nabo kokusebenzisa. Xa algebra Boolean (ekwabizwa ngokuba logic), zonke iingxelo zihlolisisiwe kuhlala amaxabiso ezimbini kuphela: "bokwenyaniso" okanye "obuxoki". Akanzimanga yedwa. Kodwa ke iingxelo ezilula Unako ukwenza multi-candelo ngokuhlanganisa ngoncedo imisebenzi ubhalo. Ukuba into ngakumbi kwaye uphawu (umzekelo, iileta), ngoko usebenzisa imithetho seBhulin ingachazwa na, nkqu iziphaluka lwedijithali kakhulu entsonkothileyo.

Kakade ke, ukuze bazazi iziseko elektroniki, ngethiyori, le bokuqonda akuyomfuneko lokumba. ukuqonda kunokuba isintu le meko. Ngokomzekelo, cinga nje ngomzekelo ilandelayo. Siye LED, switsha kunye nomthombo namandla. Xa element ukukhanya utshisa - sithi 'inyaniso. " LED ayikho esebenzayo - lithetha "ubuxoki." Oko evela kulwakhiwo inani elikhulu zigqibo zenziwa, kunye neekhompyutha.

isiphelo

Lilonke izisekelo elektroniki zobunjineli zombane kuya kukunceda ukuba uqonde iinkqubo zenzeka kulo mmandla. Kwakhona, musa ukuba ulwazi eyolukileyo yokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo izixhobo zobugcisa. Kufuneka ukuba sisebenzele sokulungela ngokukodwa le ndawo msebenzi. Kwakhona, ukhathalelo kufuneka kuthathwe ukuphepha ithuba ugesi. Ungasebenzisa iiglavu zerabha (ukuba usebenza iingcingo ezingagqunywanga) kunye namanye amayeza. Iluncedo practice kukusebenzisa baphefumla okanye ezifana ngexesha ngelotha.