Edition Second-ngesandla: yintoni izolo nanamhla

Nangona nelahleko yewonga kakhulu kakuhle funda ilizwe lethu ehlabathini, abemi beli musa ukundishiya ngokupheleleyo kunye neencwadi nokufunda. Kodwa asingabo bonke abantu bazi ukuba kukho icandelo iimpapasho antique kwaye yesibini-ngesandla.

Kuba nje kunzima ukwahlula phakathi kwezi ngcamango zimbini. Kwaye umbuzo rhoqo umbuzo: "uhlelo abatshayayo - ntoni na?" Impendulo yalo mbuzo ulula: lwesibini isandla asendleleni abo yobudala akukho upasisiwe uphawu kunyaka-amahlanu (ukubala wayo ukususela kwixesha yokushicilela). Kwaye akukho malunga nje iincwadi, kodwa ngamaxesha athile kunye makhadi. Ngenxa yoko, iincwadi antique - incwadi yakhe yobudala ngaphezu kweqondo.

A izibakala ezimbalwa umdla

Ukuqokelela iincwadi yesibini-ngesandla - into esizonwabisa ngayo esiyithanda eqhelekileyo, eyaqala ephakathi eFransi. ngekhulu XVI yaba lixesha ngokundwendwela eli lizwe, kwiivenkile yesibini-ngesandla yokuqala. Ukuze ixesha elide kungekho namnye weza intloko yakhe ukwahlula yesibini-ngesandla kunye neencwadi zakudala. Ukwahlula le incunabula kunye nemveliso ezintsha yaqala ngenkulungwane XIX, ngokunxulumene ukwanda kwemveliso encwadini kunye nokufumaneka yamaxwebhu ashicilelweyo.

Kwakhona, ungakwazi ngokuqinisekileyo zithi ukuba kwakukho yesibini-ngesandla incwadi nokupapasha eRashiya. Wakukhankanya intengiso iimpapasho ezindala ingafunyanwa kwi XVI-XVIII eminyaka. Noko ke, iincwadi esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi eRashiya nje sele iqalile ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX.

Hi ndlela leyi, esi sikhokelo esemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi kuquka amalungiselelo ukuvumela umsebenzi yesibini-ngesandla. Imvume kwakhe eRashiya kucacisiwe kwiSiqendu 1272 ye-Civil Code of the yesibini.

Odolwe kumthengisi weencwadi = me?

Ukususela nitrogen lokuqala elithi "odolwe kumthengisi weencwadi" kwi isichazi-magama, sidibana ngowe-1835, kodwa oku ukudluliswa intsingiselo emxinwa yekota; yayingumnikelo hucksters okuncinci timali ngubani okange, wayithenga, ithengiswe okanye bananisa, iincwadi ezindala yesibini-ngesandla.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane kwi "impahla yorhwebo isichazi-magama," unikwa elithi "yoshicilelo iincwadi." Kodwa yena ayikwazanga kudlula ngokupheleleyo ixabiso le mbono. Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho umbuzo: "uhlelo abatshayayo - ntoni na," ngoko sathetha ngayo incwadi esetyenzisiweyo nabadala.

Lifikile ixesha, waza waqalisa ukwenza yokuhlela yesibini-ngesandla, iikhathalogu, uluhlu ixabiso, nemiyalelo kunye nezinto zolawulo. Kwaba ngelo xesha kukho imfuneko umahluko phakathi kwala magama. Kwaye igama elithi "ushicilelo iincwadi" ndakutywina inkcazelo ngokuchakwa lonke uluhlu lweemveliso, leyo kwakhona kwegazi-. Ngoko ke, lo mbuzo ngokuba kuthetha ntoni na uhlelo lwesibini-ngesandla, sele kucaca.

Indlela phezulu-of-print eziqokelelwayo?

Bala kwi wotyalo-mali osezantsi yi mfuneko xa ukuqokelela. Limited ukuba kusenokwenzeka kule minyaka perestroika. Emva koko kwagqitywa ukuba balahle iincwadi ezindala. Baza bathwalwa ku watshisa izitha emigqomeni. Akukho mntu ebecinga ukuba emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kumashumi amabini, baya noku. Kwaye kowama-2000, kuye kwafuneka ithuba lokufumana imizekelo ezamahala ezixabisekileyo: ukuze ukuhlaziya iimali zethala yayo ukuphelisa iincwadi ezindala. Kuba abantu abaninzi namhlanje ukuqonda uhlelo wecuba - ukuba yintoni noko ulingana. Ngoko ke, ngokuvuma ukuba athengise ingqokelela bakhe, badla ke zazi iindleko iimpapasho.

Ukuthengwa kweencwadi yesibini-ngesandla

Banikwa umyalelo ukuthenga iincwadi babesebenzisa, ungatyelela iimarike ncwadi kunye noovimba yesibini-ngesandla (okanye amasebe achaphazelekayo izithengisayo zesiqhelo), isiza Internet ezizodwa. Enye yazo ivenkile online OZON.ru. Ukuqala kwecandelo lophuhliso olusebenzayo "iincwadi Used" kule licebo bobabo kwisiqingatha sesibini sika-2001. Xa lokuqala uluhlu kwiimpapasho ezinjalo abayi zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Siye esilawulwa ikakhulu albhamu art kunye multi-umthamo.

Yintoni na uhlelo lwesibini-ngesandla kwi "Amazon 'namhlanje? Le ntlobo zeendawo weendawo: art, ubugcisa, ezoluntu, intsomi iincwadi zabantwana. Awunako nje ukufumana inzala ngayo le ncwadi, ukuze sibone ukuba ikhangeleka njani na, kodwa ukuba aqhelane inkcazelo yayo, ifomathi igama indlwana, wakhululwa apho, njalo-njalo. D.

abo abanomdla impendulo yalo mbuzo: "uhlelo abatshayayo - yintoni na ku "Ozone"? ", uyakwazi ukubona icandelo elichaphazelekayo kwi-website ye evenkileni.