Brain. brainstem: isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi sifo

Le nxalenye umdla lomzimba womntu intloko yayo, nto leyo unamandla yaye komlawuli bendalo - ingqondo. Boko of ebuchotsheni, kwiCerebellum kunye zifaka ezimbini palsy - ezi 'iinxalenye "ezenza olu hlobo" ikhompyutha ". Loo nto nje, njengamanye amalungu, isiqu ingqondo ezithandwa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Siza kuthetha okungakumbi ngabo.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga ingqondo

Ingqondo (isiqu ingqondo yenye iinkalo eziphambili umlawuli luvo central) - kuba umzimba womntu engundoqo eziquka luvo 20-25 billion. Kuyinto abo abanenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekubunjweni ngamaza ombane entsonkothileyo ezilawula ukusebenza yonke eziphilayo.

Ubuchopho bomntu unalo ukhuseleko ethembekileyo elide ngohlobo Amaza. ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo Kuxhomekeke kuye sabaleka ezintathu:

• uqine;
• soft;
• arachnoid.

Umlamleli ibekwe phakathi kweqokobhe ezikhuselayo kunye umnqonqo, ulwelo spinal, okanye ulwelo fluid. Ukuba utywala uthathwa uhlobo bothukile absorber, elikhusela nxamnye amaqhuma kunye nawuphi na umonakalo ukuya yobuchopho bethu. brainstem (eyaziwa ngokuba Isiqu ubuchopho) uthathwa indima ebalulekileyo isiseko komlawuli. Funda okungakumbi ngalo kunye ngento nezinye iinxalenye ingqondo, uthethe kuyo.

Ngawaphi amacandelo lo ingqondo?

Ubuchopho ithathwa ukuba oluntsonkothileyo iindlela yoqobo kunye entsonkothileyo kakhulu, ukusebenza njenge clockwork. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko iqulathe kumasebe amahlanu:

• iphele;
• intermediate;
• diff (unxulumene ibhulorho kunye kwiCerebellum);
• aphakathi;
• Oblongata.

Ukongeza, ingqondo yomntu yahlulwe yaba izakhiwo ezintathu eziphambili, kubandakanywa:

• i neuron;
• i ganglia carcinoma;
• thalamus;
• kwiCerebellum;
• brainstem.

Konke isakhiwo ngasentla inomsebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu, kwakunye ukudlala indima umsebenzi nokukhusela ingqondo.

Yintoni isiqu ingqondo kwi lo mntu?

Brainstem abantu kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona kwiinxalenye eziyintloko eli yomzimba, equka eziba Isiqu yobuchopho (ekwabizwa ngokuba nuclei luvo cranial), kunye vasomotor, yokuphefumla, kwaye namanye amaziko ezibalulekileyo ebomini eqhelekileyo ngamnye.

Oku ibekwe phakathi kungqameko yanomngxuma omkhulu kummandla Occipital entloko waza waliqengqa ngaphakathi intamo. Malunga isiqu ingqondo wambi wathi kwabonakala baqhubeke umnqonqo. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba izidumbu ezimbini afakwa akukhethi olucacileyo eqhelekileyo.

brainstem (isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yayo uchaze ngezantsi) linobude elingana cm-7 kuphela. Le ibandakanya ikakhulu aphakathi Medulla Oblongata kunye Pons. Amaninzi apha esikhondweni ebuchotsheni ngakumbi ziquka ke ephakathi ukuya kwiCerebellum.

Iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu malunga nesakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yamalungu stem ubuchopho

Ngalinye amacandelo brainstem uneempawu zawo kunye nemisebenzi. Umzekelo, ingqondo umlinganiselo kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona amasebe eziphambili, nenoxanduva ukusebenza kweziko ebonwayo bezandi yabantu.

Ngokutsho iincwadi kwi anatomy, oko kukuthi ephakathi bobabo esikhondweni ingqondo, ikwazi ukulawula senguquko yendawo kunye nokumila umfundi (ngoncedo yalo nga ukwandisa kwaye nciphisa). Kwaye ke, yena ayinaxanduva ngokuthe ngqo nokugcinwa kwezihlunu kwamehlo ethu kwaye ikuvumela ukuba hlengisa ngokugqibeleleyo nathi emajukujukwini.

Lume ingqondo, apho kungenxa yokuba ubume ekhethekileyo ubizwa ngokuba ingcambu; linoxanduva ikhaliphe zokukhusela ezifana uthimla (kunye njengomkhuhlane okanye ialeji), ukukhohlela kunye nokugabha. Ngaphezu koko, le inxenye yobuchopho esiza ekulawuleni inkqubo yokuphefumla kwaye linoxanduva ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo sentliziyo esiswini.

Pons - nayo kolawulo ebalulekileyo isebe ezibandakanywe nesiqu ingqondo (isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi kufuneka kwaziwa ngabo bonke abo banqwenela ukuba afunde banzi ngale komzimba womuntu). Le umzimba luhlobo kwisiqwenga somhlaba phakathi intloko kunye umnqonqo, ekubeni inoxanduva ukudluliselwa kolwazi ukusuka kwenye inxenye yomzimba ukuya kwenye.

Cerebellum - yengqondo, nenoxanduva lulungelelaniso neentshukumo kwabantu, ukulungiswa kunye nokugcinwa eseleyo kwaye ithoni ikhosi kwezihlunu. Kubhaliwe ibekwe ngezantsi kancinane kwi-Pons kunye Medulla Oblongata (kwi uqabe isithinzi Occipital).

Obuphakathi - iSebe ibekwe ngaphezu ephakathi. Unoxanduva kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwamadlala yonyango (elawula imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ndlala kunye adrenal).

Zizo ezi iindawo ezimangalisayo isiqu ingqondo zikhona kumaxesha amandulo asebenza ngayo imizimba yethu.

Yintoni eziba kwimithambo- cranial?

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, layila luvo cranial kwenzeka esikhondweni ebuchotsheni. Bona ise kummandla oluphakathi phakathi kwe umva kunye iindawo evuthelweyo lobuchopho, kwaye ngokuyinxenye kuchaphazela ibhulorho.

Ngokutsho kweengcali, iinkcukacha ezingundoqo iqulathe luvo, apho kukho ubuncinane ezilishumi elinambini. Noko ke, bonke kuchaphazela isakhiwo esikhondweni ingqondo, njengoko, njenge ngwane enkulu, wantywila "nemisipha" yayo esikhondweni ebuchotsheni waza wadala inani bamasebe.

Uluhlu luvo, nje inxalenye eziba kungathiwa:

• ukuqgiba okubonakalayo;
• nokunikeza nobuso;
• oculomotor kunye block;
• trigeminal kunye glossopharyngeal;
• trigeminal kunye ukuzulazula;
• sublingual kanye nenye.

Ngaphezu koko, nganye umphakathi inoxanduva uhlobo ezohlukeneyo innervation (uqhagamshelwano izicwili kunye nemibutho ngokusebenzisa kwalapho) kwaye uzalisekisa uxanduva lwayo. Umzekelo, ayinyamezeleki ezinxulumene-kernel, banoxanduva ukunikezelwa phantsi ecaleni indawo iliso.

iintlobo ezimbini kernel ukuvumela ukuba ubenemboniselo izihlunu kwingqula, inkalakahla kunye pharynx. Kungenxa yoko le nto akhokelela ilizwi lethu, inkqubo ehlafuna kunye nokucacisa (pronunciation zentetho izandi ngokuvakalayo). Fumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nokuqeshwa ngqo eziba luvo cranial, bakwazi ukufunda kunye nomsebenzi izikhondo ebuchotsheni.

ingqondo ashukunyiswe yintoni?

Brain stem inenani lwemizimba oluncedisayo kunye namalungu, eliza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi ngamnye kuthi. Ngoko ke, Bulelani kuye, sifumana ithuba lokuba babone livumba iintyatyambo, pick up umsindo nokuqonda intetho yabantu, ukujongana nemiba ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni iingcinga, bona i hlabathi kwaye azive touch yakhe.

Inxalenye enkulu iimpawu isiqu, njengoko iingcali, iqaphelwa ubukho eziba neziphelo imithambo-luvo kuyo. Abaninzi kubo alawulwa ezikhalayo, izinto ezibonwayo bezwe amathupha. Ekubeni le spinal intambo kunye nobuchopho esiqwini, sibe nolwalamano olusenyongweni nabanye, eyona njongo iphambili yokuqala uthathwa ukuhlawula zonke imiyalelo yenkqubo luvo zonke ezinye imizimba. Oko kukuthi, isiqu ingqondo umqhubekekisi kunye ngocingo bekuza umbane. Ngenxa yokuba kubalulekile ukubeka esweni intsebenzo yayo. Kungenjalo, inkqubo yonke ziya kucinywa, eyenza zombane idluliselwe kwi ndawo lokugqibela.

Brain (stem ubuchopho): Iingxaki kunye nezifo

Enoba isimo, ilungu elithile emzimbeni banokusilela kakuhle. Kaninzi oku kungenxa ubukho nasiphi na ukwenzakala okanye Amahlathi okungaqhelekanga, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ke yoko into eyingozi ngakumbi.

Ngoko ke, kukho izifo ezininzi yanxulunyaniswa nomonakalo iseli okanye iindawo icandelo izikhondo ubuchopho:

• nobetho, isiqu ingqondo;
• Ithumba uluhlu kwindawo yomqeshi;
• chordoma;
• ischemia;
• kwemithambo;
• epidermoid;
• malformation yegazi;
• meningioma;
• cysts.

Xa linenxeba lalo brainstem kunokwenzeka?

Amaxesha amaninzi kukhokelele kwiingxaki imivimbo imithambo yegazi. Ke ukuba umntu esempilweni (ingakumbi eselula) ukuba elastic womelele, kunye neminyaka neendonga zawo zibe ezingcakacileyo, kudla legqunyiwe uhlobo bathintele.

Umfutho Ukuxinana imithambo yegazi unokuba uxinzelelo drop elibukhali emzimbeni wakho. Ngenxa yoko, abakwazi ukumelana umthwalo, kucocwe, kwaye kwezinye iimeko bade komsipha. Ngenxa yoko, intshukumo eliqhelekileyo igazi kube nzima, kwaye kukho ngokoyiswa izikhondo ebuchotsheni.

indlela Ebonisa inyathelo kule meko yenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kuqala, omnye iimpahla occluded yobuchopho, ngoko yozigqabhuza udonga inqanawa, kwaye kukho uyopha, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukuyilwa haematomas. kwakubonakala Yena amvalele unezilonda semithambo kwabanye kwaye akavumeli kuye oksijini. Okulandelayo, ukubetha kwentliziyo ka eneji akasinikanga Isiqu ingqondo, kukho ukusilela, kunye namanye amalungu azikwazi ukusebenza kakuhle.

Njani na i-stroke kobuchopho?

stroke kobuchopho kugqalwa uhlobo kakhulu yingozi kwezifo iimpahla zobuchopho. Ngokutsho oogqirha, ingxaki na ukuphazamiseka yondele nokuhamba kwegazi kunye umonakalo omkhulu isicwili sobuchopho. Ngaloo ndlela igazi awukwazi ukungena kwiindawo ezithile alawulayo, kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho yesakhiwo (razmyakanie), nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ngokupheleleyo inyama ukufa. Oku kulula lakho.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezifana imiphumo ephambene ischemia, esa seswekile, rheumatism, lwegazi okanye yegazi.

Ngoko ke, ukuze uphephe iziphumo ezibi, kuyimfuneko ukuba babone ngexesha nokunyanga Isiqu ingqondo, kwaye kananjalo kukuphelisa izifo ezinxulumene enokukhokelela ischemia.

Ziziphi iintlobo yamathumba stem zobuchopho?

Zonke yamathumba Isiqu ingqondo lungohlulwa lube iintlobo ezilithoba. Zezi:

• Isiqu ephambili (buti kuvela kwinyama sisifo);
• exophytic-isiqu (kwenzeka kwiCerebellum okanye ventricle imifinya uze wandise ukuya umphanda);
• zamabanga-isiphunzi;
• cerebellar (ubonakala wabo kummandla kwiCerebellum kubonakala iinyawo uze ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba kuye kwanwenwa buti);
• Kwelozenji (kukho kummandla izikhewu diamond ezimile);
• parastvolovymi;
• deforming (kukhokelela ngokutshintsha imilo izikhondo ubuchopho).

Kwakhona wafumana Ukudumba ehlasela isiqu ingqondo, untreatable kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ekhokelela ekufeni. Khumbula ukuba ukudumba lwenzeka xa iiseli zomzimba baqalisa ukwahlula kakuhle.

Yintoni glioma?

Gliomas zithathwa ngamathumba amabi. Ngamanye amazwi, xa ufunyaniswe oogqirha ngokuqhelekileyo kwafunyaniswa ukuba "umhlaza CNS" (inkqubo luvo). Ezi ndidi yamathumba zinqabile kubantwana abakwiminyaka zabasakhasayo.

Noko ke, babizwa ngokuba iintlobo ezininzi ngxwaba zomhlaza ezikhokelela ukwanda kokuziswa umonakalo kunye nokonakaliswa ephilile. Kule Ithumba ethile iiseli yahlula ngokukhawuleza yaneka phezu umgama kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo kwimfundo yabo yamabanga.

Ingozi enjalo lamatywina okunxamnye nemvelo kuba thumba iqalisa ukukhula ngqo esiqwini ebuchotsheni, kuthintele igazi neoksijini kwamanye amalungu. Kamva, ithumba isiqu zobuchopho abantwana abafikisayo abafikelele kubudala bokuhamba isikolo okanye abadala kungakhokelela angaboni kahle, nokuva, intetho, kunye nokukhubazeka.

Yintoni ithumba Ukwakheka ehlasela?

yamathumba ebubonisayo ebulalayo kufuneka izinga lokukhula ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko yokuqala, nangezilonda nga ukukhula kule minyaka uze ungambuyiseli okubi abanini bazo. Okwesibini, ngokuchaseneyo, ikhula ngokukhawuleza.

Kwaye ke, kuxhomekeke iintlobo ithumba sifo, nethumba inokuba operably okanye hayi (abawuthobeli ungenelelo ngotyando). Ngayo ukuba izinto ezinjalo kunye Ukudumba ehlasela isiqu ebuchotsheni. Lubonakala kukungabikho epheleleyo izahlulelo phakathi sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi kunye Medulla. Kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ke sobufundisi kangaka kunye salo bhulorho, ukuba nje ayisuseki ngokukhuselekileyo, ngaphandle kokonakalisa ingqondo.

Sesikolweni xa engakanani ngobudala ntoni nangezilonda Isiqu ubuchopho kwenzeke ebantwaneni?

Ngokutsho iminyaka emininzi iingcali zophando, nangezilonda angenzeka abantwana kunye nabantu abadala. Ngaphezu koko, ingozi yesifo eyingozi ukufumana wokugqibela kwenzeka kwixesha ephakathi emithathu neminyaka esithoba. Yiyo le akhawunti yobudala malunga 7-11% amatyala lwezigulo zabantwana.

Kuxhomekeke apho amalungu omzimba abe ithumba kuvela umntwana, ukuze aphuhlise asymmetry yobuso kunye strabismus, isiyezi kunye nezinye iimpawu, apho siza kukuxelela kungekudala. Ngoko ke zintoni na iimpawu eziqwalaselweyo izigulane nangezilonda nokuphazamiseka esikhondweni ingqondo, yaye kutheni na ukuba zenzeke?

Izinto ezibangela izifo stem ingqondo

Esinye sezizathu eziphambili leyo ukuze abonakale kunye neempawu ezithile izifo esikhondweni ingqondo, zezi zilandelayo:

• izifo ezahlukeneyo yegazi;
• trauma isebe cranial;
• umonakalo vasospasm (kukhokelela ekuphazanyisweni kwenkqubo yokumpompoza kwegazi);
• ukutshaya kunye notywala ukusetyenziswa;
• breakdowns Wayesoyika ntshikilelo;
• ngokwenene uhlobo kakhulu lobomi;
• ukutya okungekho mpilweni yokuphila;
• ukusetyenziswa rhoqo amanzi angcolile.

Kwaye ke, esinye isizathu uphuhliso izifo (omnye wabo - glioma ubuchopho baphuma) uthathwa ukuba anomaly naso. Nangona ikhona, kwaye ngeke wazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko lingaqonda kuphela ngoncedo leekliniki olulodwa uphando.

Ewe, kwaye oko ndinikhathaze ngakufuna nto kuni kwaphela. Kodwa xa ufumana esigingqini owenzakeleyo okanye encinane phezu kwentloko, njengoko iya kuba sisiqalo kwi ukusabela chain, ekugqibeleni kukhokelele kuphuhliso isifo esiyingozi.

Indlela kubonakale ithumba Ukwakheka?

Ukuze ubone ukuba kukho ithumba ukubunjwa kunokuba ube ezahlukahlukeneyo iimpawu. Umzekelo, iingxaki brainstem nga kwenzeka xa nayiphi nesiyezi engalindelekanga kunye syndromes enamandla intlungu.

Ukongeza, izigulana bakholisa ukuba iingxaki emehlweni noququzelelo iimoto, ukuva. Kananjalo utshintsho kwimo Inokwenzeka, nokudideka esithubeni kwaye inkangeleko kwezandla nongcangcazelo kunye nentloko.

Indlela ngokukhawuleza ukuchonga ithumba?

Indlela elula ukubhaqwa zomhlaza - otsalayo livakale umfanekiso ebuchotsheni. Ngokutsho kweengcali, oku indlela esebenzayo, hayi ethwele no-brainer, nkqu nabantwana vo. Le ndlela luhlobo bahlolwa ubuchopho kumatshini okhethekileyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba inikeza, - ukukwazi ukubona noba ithumba encinane kakhulu.

Le ndlela yesibini kukuba ukuqhuba ikhompyutha Itomography diagnostic. Kwakhona ibonisa umphumo kwikhusi kwaye unika umfanekiso ocacileyo abameli imeko yempilo malunga nesigulane eso.

Indlela yokuphatha ingqondo stem ithumba?

Xa efumanise kumagqirha ithumba ukumisela unyango olufanelekileyo. Ngokukodwa, neoplasms nabungozi, ukuba esingxotyeni salo ezahlukileyo ekudibaneni kube lula asuswe uqhaqho. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, isigulana ubani ayeke nethumba, kwaye uyaqhubeka ukuze aphile. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nangezilonda kwenzeka nama-19-25% kwizigulane. Kwiimeko ezininzi, bafumana nangezilonda amabi, ukuba akanakuba kuphungula kagqirha.

Njengoko enye indlela yonyango isigulane uyakwazi ukunikeza unyango radiation. Inika kakhulu ukusebenza ithumba X-reyi. Ngokutsho kweengcali, it ikuvumela ukuba ukwehlisa ukukhula yamathumba, ukuba bahlukane likakade nezolo, kwaye maxa wambi ukulungiselela isigulana ukuba uqhaqho.

Olunye uhlobo unyango - unyango stereotactic. Le yenye yeendlela ezintsha, ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa iintlobo ithumba zokukhanya. Ngokukodwa, sebenzisa "Gamma Knife" yaye "Cyber-imela." Kwimeko yokuqala, isigulana unxiba isigcina eyodwa phezu kwentloko yakhe, kwaye phantsi radiation radiology. Ngaphezu koko, le nkqubo ngokwayo sikwazi ukugxila ngqo kwi nombindi nangezilonda. Kwimeko yesibini, izixhobo zithwala imisebe. Le yunithi umisela pamo kunye nokubona ixesha.

Xa usebenzisa unyango stereotactic, izigulane idla phantse musa zintlungu. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ekuqhubeni isabelo izigulane Itomography kunye nonyango ekuvakaleni kwelizwi ngemagnethi.

Enye indlela ukujongana iindwendwe ezingafunekiyo emzimbeni wakho ichemotherapy. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa arhente ezithile cytotoxic ekhuthaza ukubanjwa ukukhula kunye nokususwa yamathumba.

Ukuphumeza kunempembelelo enkulu xa efumanise iingcali Oncology Ungasebenzisa inkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ekuphulukenwe nalo yomguli nga iquka iintlobo ezininzi nokudla unyango, kuquka utyando.

Yintoni na le protocol UKUBETHA-HGG 2007?

Unyango lwabantwana lidla olawulwa yimithetho ethile. Ngokukodwa, oogqirha ungasebenzisa ekuthiwa-HIT-HGG 2007 ukulungiselela ukusebenza ngaxeshanye kunye neendidi ezimbini unyango ngenxa umntwana (chemistry radiation) protocol. Xa ngelo xesha, umzekelo, esi sicatshulwa wosana okanye ichemotherapy elivisayo kuthatha iiveki hayi ngaphezulu kwe 5-6.

Eyona njongo iphambili kunyango ukunciphisa nangezilonda yokuqala. A therapy radiation kulo mzekelo udlala indima ekulawuleni obethe kwaye ishenxisa iintsilelo unyango emibini edlulileyo kunokwenzeka.