Country Turkey. uqoqosho Turkey kaThixo. Flag of Turkey - photo

Kwinxalenye ntshona we Asia baye kwilizwe elihle. Turkey (ngokusemthethweni ngokuba Republic of Turkey) lasekwa ngo-1923, emva kokuba ngokuwa Ottoman. Ukumkani kwapheliswa kwaye ndawo yaba luhlanga-likarhulumente ngakumbi ubukho bezinto iqela Turkish uhlanga.

Uninzi lizwe uchaphazelekayo kwiinduli Armenian kunye usingasiqithi lia kunye ezincinci - phakathi iMeditera noLwandle Omnyama (kwi kwiiBalkans).

namazwe angabamelwane

Ngokufutshane chaza imida ye Turkey. Ngoko ke, empumalanga karhulumente ezikufutshane Azerbaijan kunye eArmenia, entshona - eGrisi, kumazantsi - Iran, Iraq kunye Syria. Kwaye baphi na umda osemantla Turkey? Imephu ebonisa ukuba yandisa ukuya kuLwandle Black. Lizwe zihlanjwe kweelwandle ezintathu: kwiMeditera, i Marmara kunye Aegean.

imikhosi exhobileyo

umkhosi Turkey kaThixo limelwe iseti umkhosi, esinenjongo ukukhusela inkululeko, isidima sobummandla kunye nokuzimela lizwe. Njengoko ka 2011 abemi baso baba ngamawaka 720. Abantu. Ukongeza, urhulumente inani reserve iPACE 90 lamawaka. Keli., Apho 38.000 ukuba kwisigaba sokuqala kulo myezo.

umkhosi Turkish umsebenzi kwisixokelelwano ukugaya. ixesha enyanzelekileyo inkonzo yasemkhosini zingaqala iinyanga ezintandathu ukuya elinesihlanu. Draft yobudala - iminyaka emashumi mabini. Emva ekubhobhozeni kwakhe bomkhosi, abemi kulo stock ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amane anesihlanu. Ngokutsho komthetho wendawo, ngexesha lemfazwe ingabizwa nje kuphela abantu kwiminyaka 16-60 ubudala, kodwa umfazi iminyaka 20-46.

ulawulo yokusebenza semkhosini lwenziwa phantsi kwesikhokelo uGeneral Staff, otyunjwe nguMongameli. Ke abathetheli owayamileyo imikhosi ilizwe, imikhosi aselwandle, le gendarmerie kunye Coast Guard.

Imeko yezoqoqosho

Okwangoku, eli lizwe esilawulwa neentlobano emarikeni. uqoqosho Turkey kaThixo qho neAfrika: babucala iinkxalabo karhulumente, luvula amathuba amatsha kubatyali angaphandle inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, kukho nengxaki kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Iingcali bayibiza esisinda ukuba ixesha lonke karhulumente lophuhliso imiqathango lokukhululwa ezibanzi. Ngenxa yoko, GDP kwamaxabiso ezisisigxina yawa 9.5%. Noko ke, ngo-2002 kuba ikwazile ukubuyisela ukukhula koqoqosho. Umzekelo, GNP yenyuka nge 7.1%.

ababolekisi Ilizwe eziphambili zezi iBhanki yeHlabathi kunye IMF. uqoqosho Turkey kukaThixo rhoqo iphenjelelwa ngetyala. Ngoko ke, nje ukususela ku-2000 ukuya ku-2005, eli lizwe lafumana-30 ezigidi zeerandi.

Akukho ngaphantsi kwamashumi amabini ekhulwini abantu baphile ngaphantsi kwezinga labantu abahluphekayo. Lo mvuzo uphantsi 2013 ifikelele kwi-405 euro.

mveliso yeli lizwe

umsebenzi esebenzayo kuphuhliso kunye nokwandiswa noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ukutya-processing, imichiza, ubunjineli kunye nezimbiwa olwenziwe Turkey.

kwimveliso ye-oyile kweli lizwe ayikwazi ingqalelo eyaneleyo ekhaya. zaMashishini kaRhulumente, exhaswa eyinkunzi amazwe kwenza umsebenzi iinjini zokuphendla. Obaluleke kakhulu kulo mba kummandla South-Eastern eAnatolia. Ngenxa yokuba iidiphozithi zifumaneka kwiindawo ezikude, iindleko zothutho kunye nemveliso njalo ziyanda.

Ilizwe ngumntu elikhulu chrome ekrwada. Ngaphezu koko, imveliso yenziwe ngobhedu, Tungsten, uranium, kwaye nezentsimbi ekrwada manganese, imetyhuri, isalfure, borates, igolide nesilivere.

Langutana olukhula ngokukhawuleza ushishino lwee-elektroniki eTurkey. Ngoko ke, eli lizwe lamisela ngobuninzi unomathotholo, umabonakude kunye nezixhobo zefowuni, iikhompyutha kwakunye nezinye izixhobo ezininzi. Indawo akhokelayo phakathi iimveliso ezithunyelwa abahlala ithemomitha elektroniki.

Imeko yezopolitiko

Ngokwangoku, le kwezopolitiko kweli lizwe ingabonwa inkqubo eqaqambileyo kwaye inamandla kakhulu yomzabalazo phakathi efuna ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo okuvelelayo amaqela. Bonke sijolise ukufumana ilungelo lokumisela kumda wesangqa-nkqubo yayo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya.

uluntu lwale mihla ezinabantu ilifa Turkish enzulu yembono zokwazisela, leyo ushiye Kemal Ataturk - ngumseki kunye umongameli wokuqala kwiriphabliki. Izintso zinto ezandleni amalungu olawulayo lezoBulungisa noPhuhliso Party (AKP). Baya kuma phezu ukhuseleko imigaqo Islamic uze wenze utshintsho kwi-nkqubo namazwe angaphandle. izitha zazo eziphambili zezi amaqela zilandelayo: Abantu Republican (utsho ngqo imigaqo Kemal Ataturk) kunye kweNational Action Party (likhokelwa Devlet Bahçeli).

nkqubo Turkey kaThixo (olwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle) akukho kuya unomdla uluntu ehlabathini. Isizathu kukuba uRhulumente babawa ubunzima kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele kwaye i kwindawo esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho.

Turkish uMongameli

Ngoku ilizwe ayilawulwa Dzhumuh Abdullah Gul. Yena a Doctor of Sciences Economic. Beyaz wazibonakalisa njenge ngonozakuzaku yimpumelelo kunye wezopolitiko. Eziphatha ngendlela eyiyo, oko ngokukhawuleza safakwa esiguquguqukayo ngokusisigxina komoya kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Ngo-Agasti 28, 2007 Gul - abanyulwe umongameli Turkey. Ngoku ke lizwe ke ukulungiselela unyulo ezintsha kubanjwa Agasti 10, 2014.

iisimboli State

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iflegi yayo, imifanekiso kunye umhobe kwaye eli lizwe enelanga. ETurkey neflegi ebomvu kunye iceba kunye inkwenkwezi leyo uphawu Islam. Imbali ukuvela indwe ayikho ukutyhilwa mnye. Inyani kuphela kukuba eli lizwe njengelifa iisimboli ze Ottoman, nto leyo umbala obomvu. Inkwenkwezi yokuqala ukuvela iflegi kuphela kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Okokuqala, limele kunye iziphelo ezisixhenxe okanye ezisibhozo. Nendlela iflegi Turkish Kubonakala ngathi ngoku? Amafoto ekuboniswa ilaphu elibomvu ngenkwenkwezi-etsolo ezihlanu iceba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngaphambi nje kokuba ngokuwa Ottoman, iinkwenkwezi kwi iflegi waba ezintathu. version Modern savunywa ngo-1923. iminyaka elishumi kamva kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni umlinganiselo we-2: 3.

Turkey ingubo iingalo de kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini amelwe isangqa eluhlaza kunye ngenyanga kwisiqalo le nkwenkwezi. Phantsi wokugcina ikhaka ezihonjiswe kunye nenyanga ngegolide kunye neenkwenkwezi, kwakunye sithsaba sultan ngesigqubuthelo sentloko - elunkontshweni. Kumacala omabini kophawu ezandla amalaphu anomyalezo. Omnye wabo - obomvu (ubukhosi Ottoman), enye - green (Islam). Ukongeza, ingubo lwesizwe kuboniswe neembasa Empire geni emfazweni.

Njengoko kuba Turkey namhlanje, i Umfuziselo karhulumente esemthethweni, futhi engazange. Endaweni yoko, ukuba sele amaninzi basebenzisa omfuziselo - a elimbhoxo ebomvu kunye nkqo amalungiselelo iceba emhlophe kunye nkwenkwezi. Olu phawu zincediswe igama esemthethweni lizwe ebhaliweyo in Turkish.

Ke yona umhobe othi "Istiklal Marsi" ( "Independence Matshi"), oko yathatyathwa ngokusesikweni njenge yesizwe ngo-1921. Amagama abhalwe yimbongi Mehmet Akif ersoy. Ekuqaleni, nombhali womculo Ali Rifat Kagatay. lwengoma kwakhe yayisetyenziselwa iminyaka esibhozo. umculo yaguquka kamva. Okwangoku, ukusebenza iculo nomculo Zeki Ungor - umbexeshi likaMongameli Symphony Orchestra.

Le umqondiso ke ayeze kakhulu abemi. Kubhaliwe ebekwe hayi kuphela kumaziko abucala kunye noluntu, kodwa ezindlwini abemi.

umthetho

Ukuya kwi ekhefini, qiniseka ukuba ukubuza, yintoni malunga nezithintelo kunye neemvume eyabelwe le lizwe. Turkey - ezweni onobubele, kodwa umthetho elinye bonke. Ngokomzekelo, kutshanje umlomo ukutshaya kwiindawo zoluntu kunye nezothutho (nkqu iteksi, singasathethi iibhasi). Ngokwaphula kwalo mthetho kuya kuba lohlwaywe kwimali ezingamashumi amathandathu anesibini liras Turkish (malunga namashumi amathathu eerandi).

imithetho Turkey kunye ngokuphathelele ukugcinwa, ezothutho kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi yeyona engqongqo. Ngoko ke, kuba waphula umthetho nezithintelo zingafumaneka emva kwezitshixo isithuba ezine ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesine.

Akavumelekanga ukuba ukurhweba evela kwakudala lizwe. Eyona ngozi esingundoqo abakhenkethi eziqhelekileyo kukuba le mbono qatha. Indlela yokukhusela wena? Kucetyiswa ukuba athathe nkqu izinto zincinane ukuya iziza zakudala kwaye ukuthenga njengezikhumbuzo kuphela kwiindawo egunyazisiweyo. Ukuthengwa naziphi iimveliso ezinjalo kufuneka sikhatshwe kunikezelo isiqinisekiso efanelekileyo. iphepha ekhoyo kuya kufuneka ukuba ubonise amagosa umda xa eshiya lizwe. Akukho siqinisekiso bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, ukuya kutsho elishumi iminyaka entolongweni, kohluthwa ezilula akwanelanga.

Xa ulwaphulo-mthetho eTurkey lifike nokutyhola iflegi yesizwe, umonakalo imali zasekuhlaleni kunye indelelo imifanekiso owasungula eli lizwe, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

Naphi na, kufuneka ukuba awuthwale ukuchongwa ifoto. Musa ukoyika ngenxa ukhuseleko maxwebhu Kuyaqondakala, ke ngoko, bavunyelwe ukuba niyinikele, umzekelo, hayi yokundwendwela kunye ifotokopi yayo.

Ngaphambi nokufotwa abantu basekuhlaleni, kufuneka ufumane imvume yokwenza oko. imithetho yelizwe abazidubi ukulawula ukuba indlela onxiba ngayo, kodwa ukwaphula imithetho akufunekanga kuqiniseka kangangeenkulungwane. Ayikhuthazwa ukuvula imilenze namagxa.

Amasiko namasiko

Nangona ukuba iRussia kunye eTurkey ngokobume zibekwe kufutshane omnye komnye, phakathi kweenkcubeko ezi mazwe eweni. Ngaloo ndlela, uninzi lwabantu bendawo (hayi ngaphantsi kwe asibhozo ekhulwini ngalinye) Muslim. Le Usiko ngokoqobo lizele zonke iinkalo zobomi. Unqulo ichaza iimpawu yobomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nonxibelelwano.

Into yokuqala ukumangaliswa abakhenkethi bamanye amazwe, nto umgca ngaphantsi unxibelelwano nangokuthobeka. Turks abasabambelele iimbono zesiNtu kakhulu elithi isimo sengqondo intlonelo kwabanye. Uya ndokuva kwidilesi eninzi izincomo, kwaye aphendule ngcono kubo imbuyekezo, musa sinayo ngamazwi amnandi.

Turkish amasiko wedding mangaza yabakhenkethi ubungangamsha bayo komthendeleko. Imikhosi kuxhulumano iintliziyo ngothando ezimbini ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kukhatshwa ukuthandana kunye amale. Kulo mbhiyozo ithatha ubuncinane iintsuku ezimbalwa. Ezinye izithethe zamandulo, Turks mihla walandela kude kube ngoku. Phakathi kwazo kukho "Le Night sekofere" (izandla umtshakazi xa wambu ngeepateni ezimangalisayo, esebenzisa Ikofere ipeyinti) kunye "ebuntombini Belt" (uyise lomtshakazi ubopha top ilokhwe yomtshato ebomvu iribhoni).

Nam holide Turkish akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso ngaphandle iintshukumo ezinesingqi phantsi imiculo yesizwe. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini ntlobo zemidaniso. Kuxobekeka kwezo ngingqi, zahluke kunye nesinxibo, kwaye komnyhadala nesingqisho.

isiko

Phawula iindawo ezifana uncwadi, izakhiwo, yeqonga, umculo,-intanethi kunye cinema.

Iingcambu uncwadi Turkish ubuyela kudala. Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi yokuqala ngokuchanileyo umhla na indalo Ahmeda Fariha, wabonakala kwinkulungwane weshumi elinesithathu. Akumangalisi ke, uncwadi Ottoman ubhalo zonqulo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulandela ngqo iimfuno Islam. Abaphandi uqaphele ukuba isicwangciso sophuhliso ngexesha nempembelelo kakhulu izithethe Arabic kunye noncwadi wasePersi.

Kuyinto uhlobo ekhethekileyo ngokwenene wenkundla kwisihobe ixesha Ottoman. Phakathi iimpawu uphawu Turkish alphabet bodwa amasiko esizwe. Ingakumbi kule nkalo, phawula zamaqhawe Nasreddin Hodja kunye Epos zobuqhawe (kokubini ngomlomo nangokubhala). Njengoko uncwadi Turkish mihla, yenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo ngasentshona.

bokwakha

Imbali lwezakhiwo Turkish yohlulwe ezintathu: Seljuk (XII-XIII cc.), Ottoman (XIV-XIX iinkulungwane.) Yaye mihla. Ngomhla isiko ngokwakha izakhiwo ngelo xesha lwaphembelela sesakhiwo Iran, Byzantium neYiputa. Okwangoku indlela iimpawu eziphambili indlela Turkish elula kunye nokusebenza. Uninzi izakhiwo kwakhiwa indlela kwimpucuko. Phakathi wabaseki isikolo mihla lwezakhiwo bekela Clemens Holtsmayera Sedat Onat kunye Hakim Eldema.

theatre

Ngenkulungwane elinesithandathu abemi Ottoman wafunda oko yeqonga of izithunzi. Lo mdlalo iye yaphinda yathandwa kakhulu. Kule imidlalo kusetyenziswa oonopopi kuphela kunye neenkokeli, kodwa ubuhle kunye neziphumo ukukhanya ezizodwa. Zonke ezi ndlela kuvumela ukwenza wento engekhoyo wokuba isithuba isigaba yoyilo. Ukususela yemidlalo kwinkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba liphuhlisa nempembelelo ebanzi yamazwe aseNtshona. Owasungula le idrama Turkish bakholelwa Ibrahim Şinasi yeqonga - Güllü Agop.

umculo

Imvelaphi yamasiko zomculo ukuba kufunyanwa kumaXesha Aphakathi kusasa, xa Seljuk Turks, ekusukeni Central Asia, lo usingasiqithi peopled. Ngokwendalo, imimandla entsha inkcubeko ukuzibandakanya ne-Armenian nangesiRoma. A phawu uphawu izithethe zengoma xesha kwisikali - inkqubo ekhethekileyo pyatistupennaya lokuphumla. Zonke izandi kokuba zibekwe kwi ufaka net kunye / okanye iilitha.

Ngethuba le Ottoman oko kwasekwa uhlobo entsha - i okhestra emkhosini, zikhatshwe abaninzi ukunyuka intaba kunye nephulo ndlongondlongo. umculo inkcubeko Modern of Turkey uphantsi kweempembelelo Zasebhofolo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaselula ingxondorha athandwa kwaye pop ngokunjalo jazz. iimvumi ezininzi Turkish eyaziwa ngaphandle kweli lizwe, phakathi kwabo ngokukodwa bekela Mustafa wembadada, Hande Yener, Tarkan kunye Sertab Serdar Ortaç Ernera.

World Wide Web

Ukusasazeka Internet ludlale indima ebalulekileyo kubomi benkcubeko lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, abantu beedolophu ezincinane, ezilalini amaphondo ezisemaphandleni ukufumana ulwazi lemfundo kunye nokuzonwabisa. On sites ezininzi uyakwazi ukufumana imisebenzi ngababhali Turkish kunye iimbongi, amaphephandaba nazo izixhobo zabo elektroniki. Inani labasebenzisi Internet kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo iye yakhula ngokuphindwe-10. Okwangoku, amathuba of the World Wide Web bazizigidi 26.5 Turks.

cinema umhlaba

Malunga cinematography e Turkey mihla wayesaziwa phambi ngokuwa Ottoman. Ngoko ke, lo documentary film yokuqala yanikezelwa abaphulaphuli ngowe-1914. Umbhali walo - Fuat Uzyknay. Le films ezimfutshane zibonisa ukutshatyalaliswa olusondeleyo lesikhumbuzo, efakiweyo kwihlomela kweConstantinople imbeko San Stefano uxolo sivumelwano. Ukudubula ifilimu yokuqala olulongezo ( "Ukutshata of Himmeta Aga") yagqitywa ngo-1918.

Ngoku, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba Turkey uye waphumelela kuphela cinema kodwa endle kamabonakude. Ukudluliselwa eyenziwe kule meko, athandwa kakhulu nangaphaya.

ukudla Local

I umdla kakhulu lizwe umbuzo? Turkey ubetha abahambi izithethe engaqhelekanga zokupheka, nabo bonke ngenxa yokuba inkqubo ukupheka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo baphenjelelwa kwaye Turks, Armenia, amaGrike, Arabhu Italy.

Izitya idumileyo asekuhlaleni - kababpchis kunye shish-kebab (ithole kwi atshicelwe). Ukongeza, Turkey i pizza ethandwa kakhulu. Ebalulekile kwizifundo ze izitya ezininzi amafutha omnquma. unyango olulodwa ukusuka balapha ukuba dessert kunye neelekese. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi okukhona nizele weminoti, kunye neziqhamo. Phakathi kweziselo becala kukhutshwe ikofu Turkish. Akukho ethandwayo kangako na iti, newayini kunye nebranti (yomdiliya brandy kunye anise incasa).

isiphelo

Turkey - lizwe ibangel 'umdla kunye nembali enzima. Itsala izigidi abahambi nabathandi kudala. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba izibonelelo ezizodwa zolonwabo, kunye iisayithi ezininzi zembali.