Elements lweenkqubo leebhanki. iziseko zebhanki

Uphuhliso ngempumelelo uqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini ixhomekeke ukusebenza kwenkqubo yebhanki lisebenza sikarhulumente. Yintoni Okukodwa wayo? Zeziphi iziqalelo kweziseko kwenkqubo ngokuphathelele kulo mba?

Yintoni inkqubo zebhanki?

Makhe ukufunda essence ukuqala ingqalelo imiqathango. Phantsi kwindlela zogcino ukuqonda wokuhlangana amaziko zemali - iibhanki kunye namanye amaziko credit ezisebenzayo kolawulo zeLizwe. izinto ezifanelekileyo kwindlela zogcino lokuhlela ngokweendidi 3 eziphambili:

• iibhanki kazwelonke;
• amaziko abolekisa yorhwebo kwinqanaba federal;
• ndawo zemali (vula kule mimandla, oomasipala).

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba uninzi lwamazwe mihla, kuquka eRashiya, esisekwe-1 ibhanki yesizwe. Kwilizwe lethu, umsebenzi ahambelanayo lwenziwa yi-Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Kwelinye icala, amaziko abolekisa yorhwebo kweli lizwe kunokuba kakhulu kunene. Kodwa yintoni eyona zombini iintlobo zamaziko zemali, kwakunye nkcukacha ze nokusebenza le miba kwindlela yogcino na? Makhe ukufunda lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Yintoni National Bank?

Makhe sijonge ngubani onoxanduva igolide kunye neemali zangaphandle fund eli lizwe. Bank National okanye yibhanki eyongameleyo, - ilungu ephambili yenkqubo yemali xa uqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi.

Imisebenzi zayo zolawulo kakhulu. Kokuba kakhulu liphathelene:

• nomba lwemali kazwelonke;
• kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ngetyala;
• kunye software ukubala, iqaliswe kumaqumrhu ohlukeneyo yonxulumano zemali;
• ukuphunyezwa kweliso phezu imisebenzi-arhente credit non-governmental;
• kunye ekwenzeni yezemali mboleko sona;
• kunye indlela neemali zangaphandle karhulumente.

imisebenzi Ingxelo Central Bank isenza umsebenzi we-Central Bank. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ibhanki engundoqo Russian - urhulumente, kodwa lubonakala ngokuba iqondo eliphezulu ukuzimela nezinye ii-arhente yase.

iiBhanki ezingoovimba becala zabucala. credit loo mali Fed ekunokuthiwa kwimibutho. Capital yeziko akhiwa iminikelo eyenziwa kwiibhanki zorhwebo. Cinga nkcukacha olu hlobo amaziko zemali iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

Yintoni Bank Commercial?

Kunye ne Central Bank of kwelinye element ephambili kwindlela zogcino kukuba ibhanki yorhwebo, elizimeleyo ngokusemthethweni yabasemagunyeni zelizwe (kodwa inxaxheba urhulumente inokuba ilifa yeziko zemali asethi-bank efanelekileyo). Ngenye indlela, ibhanki kufuneka zizimele ngokoMthetho isigqibo sokulawula ezinkulu.

Uhlobo olufanelekileyo amaziko zibonelela ngeenkonzo zemali ezahlukeneyo. Bank Commercial - i-elementi ngokwenkqubo yesikweliti kunye neebhanki, leyo:

• inikeza mboleko abantu, imibutho, isakhiwo mali, ngamanye amaxesha kwezinye iiBhanki;
• refinance mboleko;
• It uwugcinayo imicimbi ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nentlawulo abanye abantu kunye namanye amaqumrhu asemthethweni zidweliswe kwinkqubo yohlahlo njengoko iirhafu kunye nemirhumo;
• It ivumela ukubekwa yesibambiso;
• yokukhuthaza utyalo-asethi ezahlukeneyo.

Ibhanki esembindini, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, owenza umsebenzi enxulumene nakuphunyezo lolawulo phezu imisebenzi kumaziko zemali yorhwebo. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi yesibini ngokwaneleyo kulawulwa ngokungqongqo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ekuqalekeni kwibhanki zorhwebo kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ilayisenisi ekhutshwe yi-Central Bank kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kokugqitywa ngempumelelo ebehlola lemfundo engundoqo mali karhulumente.

Ngoku ukuphanda ngeenkcukacha ezithe vetshe ukuba ziintoni na iimpawu eziqalelo yenkqubo neebhanki, siye ingqalelo. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba sinikele ingqalelo kwimisebenzi yabo ngokunxulumene kuqoqosho Russian.

Imisebenzi amasuntswana necandelo leebhanki le Russian Federation

Russia zonke izinto ezisisiseko kwindlela yogcino-mali: yibhanki eyongameleyo, amaziko abolekisa yorhwebo kwinqanaba federal, ngokunjalo namaziko ngokwezimali. Umbutho eliyintloko na uluhlu inkulu igunya na Central Bank of the Russian Federation. imisebenzi yayo engundoqo siye sabona. Phakathi kwabo ukuphunyezwa kwe-nkqubo ungcoliseko, ulawulo utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle kuqoqosho, ulawulo kobudlelwane zemali, ukusekwa kwemimiselo yezomthetho kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza kwamaziko abucala ngetyala.

Le miba ilandelayo iphambili noshowo kwinkqubo yogcino Russian - amaziko abucala-bank federal. Phakathi brand ezinkulu, ezifana Sberbank, VTB, "Rosselkhozbank". umsebenzi wawo ukuba ukuthatha izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kwicandelo logcino Russian, ezinxulumene ikakhulu mboleko kunye nezinye iinkonzo ze kwamashishini amakhulu, amaziko, inkqubo yebhajethi, iiprojekthi ngamazwe.

brand zesizwe ezinkulu-ofisi zemimandla ukuba baqhube imisebenzi kwimimandla Russian kunye noomasipala. Ukongeza, le mimandla ukuze amaziko zabo zemali, Musa ukubheka-arhente federal. Le mibutho yenze imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. bank Regional, nokuba abe ngummeli federal brand okanye umbutho kusekwa kwinqanaba le iqumrhu okanye umasipala, usombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene, kube ngokulandelelana, ukuboleka inkonzo amashishini kunye nabantu esebenza kummandla eyahlukeneyo.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kwimimandla eRashiya yaye lenze imisebenzi ye-Central Unit. Bazimisela kakhulu iingxaki enxulumene nokugcinwa imicimbi yemali yeebhanki, ukuba esweni imisebenzi kumaziko ngokwezimali.

Imigaqo-siseko ukusebenza kwenkqubo yogcino-

Ekubeni ingqalelo uhlobo imiba kwindlela yogcino-mali, siya ukuhlola-siseko engundoqo imisebenzi yayo. Iingcali ukuchaza uluhlu ethile kubo. Ngoko ke, kukho imigaqo:

• zomthetho;
• zeziko;
• ukusebenza.

Siza kufunda iimpawu zazo ngokweenkcukacha.

Imigaqo zomthetho kweenkqubo zebhanki

Imigaqo ezisisiseko uhlobo efanelekileyo:

• komgangatho imicimbi yemali;
• ekuqinisekiseni Ukufihla yesibambiso kwaye intengiselwano;
• ukukhuselwa iidiphozithi kunye neentlawulo.

Komgangatho nemisebenzi eyenziwe zibhanki, ngokusekelwe ummiselo olumisiweyo zezinto ezenziwa kumaziko zemali. isihloko wayo, njengoko sele uyazi, ibhanki yesizwe lizwe. It iphuhlisa imilinganiselo kunye nemimiselo njengoko apho imfuneko yokwenza imisebenzi, federal nezakhiwo zabucala zengingqi.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukufihla yesibambiso kunye imicimbi yemali - umgaqo isitshixo ngawo maziko inkqubo zemali liyasebenza. Umxhamli yeziko zemboleko kufuneka babe nelungelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba yimfihlo ulwazi malunga ngokwabo malunga iidiphozithi zazo kunye nezinye iintengiselwano, umzekelo, kwasekwa inkqubo iinkonzo akhawunti lweziko ukuhlola.

Umgaqo zebhanki ukufihla lusekiwe kwinqanaba imithetho ezisesikweni zomthetho. Kule meko sithetha imithombo umthetho, ukuba amandla omthetho ephakamileyo. ERashiya, imithetho yase na. Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo mbuzo, ekhuselwe inani Federal Umthetho 395-1, esamkelwa kwi 02.12.1990 ngonyaka. Kolawulo lomthetho kuphela kuqwalaselwa iimpawu kwiinkqubo zebhanki, kodwa amanye amaziko asebenza kwicandelo zemali. Umzekelo, i-Deposit Insurance Agency, isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zophicotho.

Omnye umgaqo obalulekileyo yomthetho kwindlela zogcino - ukhuseleko iidiphozithi neentlawulo kubathengi yekhredithi kunye namaziko zemali. Umntu okanye umbutho usebenzisa iinkonzo ezinikezelwa, umzekelo, omnye okanye kwenye ibhanki yengingqi kufuneka baqiniseke ukuba imali yabo ngokohlobo idibhozithi okanye intlawulo ziya kukhuselwa kusebenziso olungavumelekanga. Indlela apho iibhanki banyanzelekile ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwalo iingongoma, njengoko ilawulwa ngumthetho federal.

Ukongeza, urhulumente kunye yibhanki eyongameleyo unokukhupha imimiselo ukongeza kwimithombo yamazwe, ukuba esweni imisebenzi kumaziko mboleko ngokoMthetho ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko iidiphozithi zoshishino. Le nkalo ukusebenza kweebhanki phakathi izinto ezibalulekileyo ukukhuphisana kurhwebo. Umthengi ukhetha ukusebenzisa kwi kwiziko lamatyala elikwaziyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwiintengiselwano zezimali.

Eyona ndlela iphambili yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko iidiphozithi kunye neentlawulo kwimigangatho - ukuchongwa iinkonzo. Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho oko kwenziwe. Ngenxa kuphuhliso esebenzayo unaniso intanethi kule nkalo ubudlelwane zabathengi kunye neebhanki National Bank of umbuso anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo zombini ngokwemiqathango esweni imisebenzi yamaziko abucala, kunye inkalo kulawulwe umsebenzi imibutho echaphazelekayo.

Imigaqo yeziko kwiinkqubo zebhanki

Iqela elilandelayo kweenkqubo zebhanki ezisebenzayo imigaqo - Institutional. To ezo ziquka:

• ulawulo level-ezimbini ngetyala kunye nenkqubo-mali karhulumente;
• ngokwenzela kulawulo lwamaziko zebhanki eli lizwe.

Umgaqo lokuqala, efana nabanye abaninzi, ukuze siqinisekise ukusebenza kwenkqubo zemali Russian, kwinqanaba komthetho federal. Uthi kucalulo yeebhanki Russian kumanqanaba 2: normative kwaye zisebenza.

Osemhlabeni kwinqanaba leziko, inkqubo yezimali yibhanki eyongameleyo nezakhiwo zawo ilawulwe yengingqi. umsebenzi wakhe, njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, kukuba ukwenza ummiselo olumisiweyo amanye amaziko credit asebenza kweli lizwe. Le yokugqibela, ke ngoko ibekwe kwinqanaba lesibini. Ba, xa kusenziwa, ukuphumeza imisebenzi esisiseko ukuba okufana iibhanki: eboleka nokugcina abemi kunye namashishini. Enyanisweni, lo mba we okunene kuxoxwe ngasentla, elibonisa indlela nga zihlelwe izinto lweenkqubo leebhanki.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba Central Bank kwakhona ugqiba imisebenzi ebalulekileyo olusebenzayo. Noko ke, umongo zabo, kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu kude kwezo okuluphawu umsebenzi kumaziko mboleko kwinqanaba lesibini. Ngenxa yoko, i-Central Bank eboleka ukuba iibhanki zabucala ukuze refinance kubo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukubhalisa iibhanki, federal, yengingqi, ikhuphe kubo ilayisenisi. Le misebenzi engaganwanga ngazo kumaziko orhwebo. Kolawulo lwamaPhondo ngaphandle ye-Central Bank kwakhona inani lemisebenzi na enxulumene ngqo ukusebenza necandelo leebhanki. Phakathi kwabo: ummiselo ka kwamaxabiso, ungcoliseko, umgaqo wolawulo-mali. Ezi ubuchule ziquka CBR kuye, enyanisweni, ukuba imigaqo ezisebenzayo lweenkqubo leebhanki. Cinga iimpawu zazo.

imigaqo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zebhanki

Phakathi siseko engundoqo ekuthethwa ngokunxulumene necandelo leebhanki of Russia:

• bodwa ukuya CBR ukuba akhuphe imali;
• wedwa credit kunye nemisebenzi zemali imibutho ilawulwe Central Bank.

Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yokuba kuphela Central Bank unalo igunya enxulumene namalungiselelo uqoqosho karhulumente eziinkozo, waqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kunye nozinzo kwindlela yokugcina imali. Oku kunegalelo yokuba amaziko zebhanki ukusebenza eRashiya, benza kuphela kwimisebenzi kwi profile, zisebenze kuphela nemithetho elawula imisebenzi zemali kunye namatyala. Ukusebenza kweebhanki ikhutshwa phandle ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yezibonelelo ezizodwa. Cinga Okukodwa yayo.

Zeziphi ezi nkcukacha ka kweebhanki izibonelelo?

Izibonelelo Banking - iseti imithetho zomthetho, namthabatha amagunya karhulumente kunye nezentlalo amaziko ukusebenza kwamaziko zemali, kwakunye nezinto zeteknoloji, ngenxa apho imicimbi yemali ezahlukeneyo.

Owayesakuba Izinto ziquka imigaqo yomthetho elawula imisebenzi ye-Central Bank kunye namaziko iibhanki zabucala, izithethe zolawulo, eyenziwe ngaphakathi kolawulo amaziko azimeleyo zemali, imithetho yendawo, ukuba izakhiwo ezithile zemali kwinqanaba amasebe kunye neeofisi.

amaziko ephambili lwentlalo ezixhasa ukusebenza kukarhulumente inkqubo yogcino-angamelwa:

• amagunya elawula iinkqubo kwezoqoqosho kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo;
• amaziko emfundo kunye namasebe zabasebenzi, athi abenoxanduva lokulungisa leengcali abanobuchule kwimisebenzi zebhanki;
• uphando kunye nengcali nemibutho inxaxheba kuphononongo nokwandisa iinkqubo zoshishino ezahlukeneyo kwinqanaba necandelo leebhanki.

imithombo kwezobuchwepheshe eyenza izibonelelo zemali angamelwa kuluhlu olubanzi izisombululo:

• computers kunye software ukugaywa lwemisebenzi zebhanki;
• imigca unxibelelwano;
• imali eziziiprayimari Bank - izakhiwo, amaziko, izithuthi.

Into yokuba izibonelelo zebhanki ngempumelelo, inzala yabo bonke abadlali yemeko kwenkqubo zemali - enyanisweni, abasemagunyeni ye-Central Bank, amaziko abolekisa abucala. Le iphande ukuba uzinzile, esebenza kunye netheknoloji, ikakhulu kugqiba inqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho, intsebenziswano ezinzileyo phakathi ezikhoyo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho. Inkqubo zebhanki kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba urhulumente. Makhe sifunde kule nkalo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Ixabiso kwindlela yogcino-mali kurhulumente

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga izinto ezisisiseko noshowo kwindlela yogcino-mali yombuso, ezo nkcukacha kwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo kunye nemisebenzi kwizifundo eziphambili yobudlelwane zemali kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo. Yintoni ixabiso le nkqubo ukuze ilizwe?

Iibhanki amelwe kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba, ukususela Central Bank ukuya kumaziko zemali yebhanki zasekuhlaleni, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ezininzi ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho sikarhulumente. Isimo ibhange inani eliqingqiweyo amaziko zemali. It iveliswa kuphela ezo mibutho bazifezekisayo iinqobo kunye neemfuno emiselwe ngumthetho. Kuthathwa ukuba iziko yesikweliti, aya kuba nako ukwenza mboleko, ukwamkela iidiphozithi abakhusele, enze iintlawulo, yaqalwa ngabantu kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni.

Inkqubo logcino phakathi izinto ezingundoqo kuqoqosho. Esitalini ngakumbi na, kokukhona uya kuphumelela iza kuphuhlisa uqoqosho karhulumente. Impefumlelwano iziqalelo inkqubo yebhanki, eyasekwa yi ngurhulumente, sibonisa, ke ngoko, i-nxaxheba ngabemi, amashishini, amaziko lwabiwo mali, amaqumrhu amazwe.

ubudlelwane zemali zenziwe kuqoqosho eneneni rhoqo. Umntu uhlawula ukuthengwa evenkileni, ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ye kwindlela zogcino - imali ekhutshwe yi-Central Bank, okanye ikhadi zeplastiki, leyo, kuqala, ikhuphe iziko mali labucala, leyo isebenza ngokungqinelana nemithetho kunye nemigaqo ye-Central Bank of the Russian Federation, okwesibini, esebenzisa ukufumana isibonelelo, nelawulwa yi-ibhanki efanayo okanye umbutho iqabane. Nabathengisi evenkileni ukuze ahlawule ukuziswa kwempahla evela iikontraki nge-akhawunti yebhanki, kwakunye olwenziwe ezinye iintlawulo zakhe ngohlobo kwemivuzo, iintlawulo zentlalo, iirhafu ezahlukeneyo.

Ngoko ke, izinto kwindlela yogcino mihla njalo ukunxibelelana nabanye. ukusebenza kwawo lilawulwa kwinqanaba kule mithombo olusemthethweni zomthetho, imithombo yendawo. Elements of iinkqubo zeentengo zemboleko kunye zebhanki isebenze wenze nosetyenziso lwamaseko olulodwa, nto leyo limelwe uluhlu olubanzi amacandelo. UMbuso kufuneka sibe nomdla esisebenza ngokomgangatho kuqala. Oku kuthetha ukuba iimfuno abasemagunyeni - ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso ngempumelelo kulwakhiwo eyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zezimali. Kakade ke, kule meko ke sithethe inxaxheba kule nkqubo namaqumrhu abucala.

isishwankathelo

Ngoko safunda izinto ezingundoqo kwindlela yogcino-mali, ingqalelo imisebenzi yazo engundoqo, kwakunye nkcukacha zonke izibonelelo, nolusebenza ngabo. EyiNtloko iziqalelo olungqamelanayo kwi uqoqosho ezininzi ithi mihla - yibhanki eyongameleyo. Njengomgaqo, yena sinikezwe kuluhlu olubanzi kwamagunya ukuba akhuphe lwemali, ulawulo kwamaxabiso, nokumiswa kwemisebenzi yamanye amaqela eziphambili izinto kwindlela zogcino - ushishino amaziko ngetyala. Le yokugqibela kwakhona ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho karhulumente, ukubonelela ethwele ngaphandle kwemali ezahlukeneyo kunye nxaxheba abemi, imibutho, kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente.