Esi sakhiwo - a ... izakhiwo zokuHlala. izakhiwo zolawulo. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo

Esi sakhiwo - isakhiwo esekelwe emhlabeni, nto leyo eye isithuba lwangaphakathi. Yenzelwe Inkonzo live okanye umsebenzi, kwakunye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile eluntwini.

umyalezo weimeyile

Igama elithi "isakhiwo", mhlawumbi isuka isenzi "zdati" mandulo Russian. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba 'Yakhani "ngemihla yamandulo. Used in isenzi intetho yamandulo "zdati", nayo, weza evela isibizo "zD". Ngaloo mihla gama lithetha "nodongwe" (yayisebenza nezinto eziphambili zokwakha). Ukususela Isenzi kukholelwa ukuba kwenzekile, yaye amagama afana "ukudala" kunye "wezakhiwo".

Oko akusebenzi zakhiwo zingaka?

Eli gama ayiyi kusebenza kwizakhiwo emhlabeni ezingenawo izithuba zangaphakathi. Oku, umzekelo, flyovers zothutho iibhulorho, iinqaba zokupholisa, njl Musa mandingaweli kudidi izakhiwo, abaninzi kolwandle kunye nezakhiwo komhlaba. uluhlu lwabo kuquka amadama, imigudu, njl Zonke ezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuba izakhiwo zobunjineli okanye izakhiwo nje. Phakathi izinto ezifana nazo ezo ngokusesikweni ezifana sakhiwo. Oku, umzekelo, inqaba amanzi. Njengoko unokuba kunye nokwakhiwa nokugcinwa amashishini loo mveliso, eyenzelwe ulondolozo kwezixhobo, njl

izinto zobugcisa

Isakhiwo - ngesiphumo umsebenzi wokwakha. Yesakhiwo isambuku kokuba ngentla-komhlaba kunye iinxalenye komhlaba. Ukongeza, naluphi na ulwakhiwo ke ngaphakathi, uthungelwano kunye neenkqubo yobunjineli inkxaso. sites yokwakha ziyilelwe umsebenzi othile zabantu. Ukuba zisetyenziswa zokuhlala, ngoko esi sakhiwo zokuhlala. Izakhiwo singayilwa ukugcina iimveliso kunye leemveliso indlu kwakunye umxholo yezilwanyana. Nganye kwezi zinto kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba "isakhiwo non-zokuhlala."

Elements of isigqibo isithuba Ukucwangciswa lolwakhiwo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Izakhiwo. Bona baziqhaqhe yonke ngaphakathi into ethile. Ingxenye ethile umqulu zolwakhiwo injongosenzi - oku na igumbi. Esi sakhiwo, njengoko umthetho, yahlulwe yaba izithuba (amagumbi, iipaseji njalo njalo. D.), Ukuba ucingo macala onke. Zizo zonke ezi ndawo, Umgangatho apho ibekwe phezu komnye umgangatho, ebizwa emgangathweni.

2. kwesakhiwo. Le womgangatho wesakhiwo, apho ibekwe ngezantsi uphawu komhlaba.
3. Umgangatho ophantsi (ongaphantsi). Oku kuquka indawo ebekwe ngezantsi kummandla oyimfama (kodwa hayi ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha ukuphakama kwayo).
4. Phantsi phezulu esitholeni. Le isethi amagumbi ibekwe ngaphezu amanqaku komhlaba.
5. eliphezulu. Kubo igumbi ngentla silingi kumgangatho ophezulu ngaphantsi kophahla kunye nolwakhiwo.
6. eliphezulu. Ngoko ke ukubiza gumbi, nto leyo yaba sisiphumo ulwabiwo ngaphakathi kwisithuba imbala. eliphezulu Owadala wamisa uphahla kwaye siyilelwe lwezindlu okanye podsobok.
7. floor Technical. Esi sithuba ilungiselelwe ukuba kufakwe izixhobo zobunjineli, kwakunye nokwakhiwa konxibelelwano eziyimfuneko ukuze isikolo sisebenze kakuhle endlwini. Ngamana kuba phantsi kwinxalenye asezantsi kwesakhiwo (ngaphantsi zobugcisa) kunye (umgangatho zobugcisa) eliphezulu. Maxa wambi yanelisekile ngqo ngaphezu iindinyana. It zingafakwa, kwaye kumgangatho wokuqala indlu yokuhlala ukuba injongo yoluntu.

isakhiwo

Esi sakhiwo - isakhiwo has a iqokobhe eziphathekayo, nto leyo lisebenza indima iindawo ezahlukeneyo eyahlukileyo - .. Isiseko, iindonga, uphahla, njl Ezi zinto zezakhiwo. Nabo ke, eyakhiwa iinxalenye ezincinci olwalusele - zigaba kunye neemveliso zokwakha, Iizilebhu precast, etc ...

Zonke izinto noshowo isakhiwo azizahlulo ekukhuseleni nokuxhasa. Isabelo uhlobo echazwe injongo ethile kunye nemiqathango ukusebenza kula kulwakhiwo kwesakhiwo.

Ukuhlelwa isakhiwo njengoko yenethiwekhi kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ukwamkelwa kwabo zonke iindidi zemithwalo umbane ngethuba lokusebenza kwesakhiwo ezivelayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, emvulophini isakhiwo eyenzelwe ekwahluleni isithuba ingaphakathi wesakhiwo ukusuka ngaphandle kunye kumahluko eyakhelwe kwindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Iziqalelo zenkxaso ezingundoqo izinto zokwakha ziquka: iziseko, imihlathi, imiqadi, kunye nezahlulo ezifanayo. Ukukhusela iindawo - iingcango neefestile, ngophahla nangeendonga. Kukho kwisakhiwo kunye nezinto oludibanisa imisebenzi (umzekelo, iindonga zangaphakathi) zokusebenza kunye non-noshowo.

Ukuhlelwa izakhiwo by injongo

Yamkela elandelayo ukwahlulwa izinto zokwakha ukuba izakhiwo komhlaba kunye umqulu engaphakathi:

1. izakhiwo Residential. Zizo ezi izinto zenzelwe ukuba zisetyenziswe zokuhlala. Ezi ziquka iihostele kunye neehotele. Okuqukiweyo kuluhlu kwezindlu kunye nezakhiwo kunye amagumbi nasemakhaya, izindlu zamabhoda, njl
2. izakhiwo zikaRhulumente. Ezi ziquka iimyuziyam, zemiboniso, kwizikhululo zikaloliwe, iindawo zentengiso, amathala eencwadi, amaziko, njl
3. izakhiwo Industrial. Le mveliso amandla.
4. izakhiwo Agricultural. Ezi ziquka izitora, iifama, imfuyo, njl
5. isakhiwo Administrative. Oku izakhiwo, ezenzelwe ukulungiselela ii-ofisi.

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo lwenziwa ngokwesiseko amaqondo nokuqina, leyo isniphu P-A.3-61 yahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine. Umzekelo, ezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko-embali (amabhotwe zemiboniso, izitishi engaphantsi, njl) kufuneka alondolozwe ngaphezu kwekhulu. Ngelo xesha linye ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kule klasi lwenziwa ngokuthobela ngokungqongqo neemfuno ezithile lwezakhiwo, iyawulwa umlilo, njl kufuneka balandele SNP "Izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo 'ekwakheni amaziko. Olu xwebhu incwadi eyenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo kunye neemfuno abathengi bemveliso kweshishini lokwakha.

zokwakha yokuhlala

izakhiwo ezinjalo kuba kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ingakumbi, ukuba non-ezorhwebo (iihotele ezikolweni okanye imizi-mveliso, zokulala, enqabeni yomkhosi, yaye, ke, izindlu) kunye nezorhwebo (izakhiwo zokuhlala, iihotele zorhwebo kunye neehostele).

izakhiwo zokuhlala zihlelwa inani imigangatho. Zezi zilandelayo:
- ephantsi (omnye ukuya kwemibini imigangatho);
- eziphakamileyo (3-5 imigangatho);
- eziphakamileyo (imigangatho phezu 6);
- nge inani elandileyo imigangatho (imigangatho-11 ukuya ku-16);
- eziphakamileyo (ngasentla imigangatho 16).

izakhiwo Udidi A elungiselelwe abantu bahlale, kwaye inani kubo ezindlini. izakhiwo ezinjalo kungaba:

--usapho olunye (umntu);
- semi-yaxobuka (bafundelane ngezibini);
- yokuhlala.

Ngeenjongo zokusombulula iingxaki zentlalo nokudala iimeko zokuphila ezifanelekileyo labemi, kufuneka wenze isigqibo esisiso kwinani imigangatho yezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nesakhiwo lwabo isithuba-ucwangciso.

Kwiidolophu ezinkulu ukwakhiwa lixhaphakileyo izakhiwo multi-ezinemigangatho. It is a kwezigqibo ngengqiqo, ukuba ufuna ngokuyila isakhiwo zokuhlala. Isniphu inika iimfuno ezithile beengxenye zezakhiwo, kwakunye ukusebenza kunye umhombiso yezindlu. Ngokutsho imiyalelo zokwakha, izakhiwo ezinemigangatho kufuneka zakhiwe izakhiwo ezomeleleyo. Ukongeza, i-isniphu udlulisela imfuneko ekwazi ukumelana nomlilo bezinto ezinjalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto izindlu bade kunathi imigangatho emihlanu ukuxhasa isakhelo kufuneka zenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngezinto eziphathekayo, ikhonkrithi kunye wamatye lwesamente.

Luyilo izakhiwo ezinemigangatho uneempawu zawo. Isakhelo yenethiwekhi kwezakhiwo ezinjalo ngokuqhelekileyo eludongeni.

izakhiwo zolawulo

It is a isakhiwo common task bokwakha - ukudala imeko ukusebenza eqhelekileyo-ofisi. Oku ungaquka izakhiwo, nto leyo likwaneklinkhi intonga olawulo amaziko oluntu kunye karhulumente kunye nemibutho.

izakhiwo zolawulo, njengoko umthetho, kufuneka isicwangciso zeselula. amagumbi zokusebenza kuzo zibekwe kwi zombini okanye kwelinye icala epasejini. Umgangatho wokuqala yenzelwe ngubo kunye elisekungeneni. indawo kuyimfuneko izakhiwo zolawulo zithi meeting facilities. Bona kubekwa imigangatho ephantsi, liququzelela umthamo kwesakhiwo. Izixhobo ze ibandla kwaye ibe phezu imigangatho aphezulu umzimba omkhulu.

izakhiwo zolawulo ukwakha imizi abayenzela ngakumbi izafobe, bokwakha bezobugcisa. Njengomgaqo, bebekwe ezitratweni eziphambili kunye nezikwere. Uninzi lwezi zakhiwo embindini sisincoko ethile bokwakha.

Iimfuneko izakhiwo ofisi

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ukulungiselela iinjongo zolawulo lineqela iimpawu. Kuqala kwinto zonke, kwezi zakhiwo kufuneka kubekho inani elikhulu emnyango kunye window imingxunyana kunye nobude eliphakathi. Ukongeza, izakhiwo zolawulo - izakhiwo kunye nesakhiwo isakhelo esimbaxa. indawo zazo zangaphakathi eyenzelwe eselula banzi. Ngexesha ulwakhiwo ofisi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ngaphandle into ukuthini. Ekhethwayo i esipilini Injengokubengezela eqhubekayo, yezitena ugqatso, kwakunye embodiments ezidibeneyo kunye nobuchule kuyilo ezahlukeneyo izinto.

SNP yenza neemfuno zalo ekwakhiweni kwamaziko ukwenzela iinjongo zolawulo. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

- ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo, ukuthobela kunye nemigangatho ye-EU;
- ukuthobela yonke imithetho yokhuseleko;
- ubuhlobo kokusingqongileyo izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo;
- ergonomics;
- ukhuseleko lomlilo;
- ukufuma, ingxolo kunye nokugqunywa kobushushu;
- ukufakelwa kwenkqubo umoya onamandla;
- ukuxhathisa uvuswe imvula nobushushu ukwahluka;
- ubukeka;
- ukumelana zenyikima.

Ngelixesha kwakusakhiwa izakhiwo zolawulo kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezongezelelweyo. uluhlu lwabo kuhlanganisa:

- ukuziqambela isicwangciso;
- ukufumaneka yokupaka kumgangatho ongaphantsi kwesakhiwo;
- network kweentambo olubanzi, eyenza kube lula ukudibanisa inani elikhulu izixhobo ofisi.

Kwakhona, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ulwakhiwo amaziko olawulo kufuneka abe ikontraki ethembekileyo kuphela.

Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo zoshishino

Ngelo iqonga yokuyila, ukuceba kunye ngezimali nokwakhiwa kubaluleke kakhulu inkcazelo kwezibonelelo kuyo. Kwakhona udidi ebalulekileyo ikomkhulu yayo.

isakhiwo Industrial injongo eyenzelwe yona yohlulwe kulandelayo:

- Ufakelo eyenzelwe imveliso engundoqo;
- abangabancedani, izitora izakhiwo eluncedo-mveliso, ezo izinto ngeenjongo zolondolozo (amaziko ezempilo, iivenkile ukulungiswa, iivenkile, iilebhu, njl);
- ukwakhiwa kunye nokwakha amaziko amandla (boilers, umbane negesi, compressors, njl);
- ukwakhiwa yonxibelelwano kunye nezibonelelo zothutho (iigaraji, amaziko zonxibelelwano, izitishi ulawulo nkqubo, njl);
- nezindlu zangasese iinjongo (umjelo kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi izibonelelo, gasification nobushushu ubonelelo, njalo njalo).

Iimfuneko izakhiwo industrial

imithetho yokwakha abeke phambili iimfuno ezisisiseko ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ngexesha uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo kwezibonelelo mveliso.

Okokuqala, kufuneka iimeko zeteknoloji yenziwe. Zibandakanya umbutho eyiyo inkqubo imveliso kwisakhiwo esitsha kwakhiwa nazo zonke izigaba zenkqubo imveliso evela ukuthutha zezibonelelo iimveliso imveliso. Ukuzalisekisa le mfuneko kufuna uphuhliso ubukhulu kunye nokumila kwesakhiwo apho imizekelo yoyilo nemihlathi kwegridi amandla bekungayi kuyakukuqhwalelisa intshukumo simahla indawo kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa. Lo mba kubalulekile, njengoko igalelo kuphuhliso imveliso kunye nokwandisa uphume yayo.

Kwinqanaba loyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo mveliso kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo iimfuno unesimilo sanitary-zisempilweni. Baya kuthetha ekudaleni iimeko zokusebenza ezaziza ukwanelisa iimfuno zekhaya kunye nococeko kwabasebenzi. Ukuze nezi mfuno kwi sakhiwo kwindawo mveliso kufuneka kugcinwe kwinqanaba elifunekayo zonke iimeko, ezifana ubushushu, ukufuma, intshukumo umoya, kunye esimsulwa. Ukungqinelana neemfuno nezithethe zococeko kufuneka ibe kwinqanaba intlokoma, kwemitha kunye ingxolo.

Ngelo xesha kuyilo kunye ukhetho yokwakha izinto kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo iimfuno omlilo. Baya ubilisa phantsi ukumelana nomlilo kwezakhiwo, kwakunye izigqibo zokwakha kunye nesicwangciso, nekufuneka ukunciphisa inani imigangatho, izithintelo umlilo enikiweyo, ukuze ubone inani kunye nobukhulu zokuphuma ngexesha likaxakeka kunye kwezitulo, zokuphuma kwiipaseji. Isakhiwo kufuneka kwenziwe ufakelo lwamanzi lomlilo.

izibonelelo Production kuqingqelwe ukuba kube nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zoqoqosho, nto leyo bancipha ukunciphisa iindleko kuphela lolwakhiwo kodwa ukusebenza ziko. Ukulungiselela le njongo, zobugcisa kunye nezalathisi zoqoqosho.

I isixa samaxabiso zokuqala kungancitshiswa ukuba isetyenziswe ekwakheni yokwakha yoyilo ezifanayo kunye neenkcukacha nokuveliswa, izinto zokwakha atshiphu, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa ubengo izisombululo zokwakha kunye nocwangciso.