Eziphila - eziphilayo ezo zitya eziphilayo oluphakathi ...

Ngokuncedisana, okanye okusoloko kuyinzuzo co-ubukho eziphilayo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, iye lwaziwa ixesha elide. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukutshintsha into yokuba uninzi bokuqonda yale nto ke iye okwangoku kufundwe yaye ayikaqondwa.

Kuba okokuqala le emangalisayo yendalo safumanisa sisazinzulu Swiss Simon Schwendener ngo-1877. Ngelo xesha, yena kanye wafunda ulele. Wathi xa kakhulu kwenzeka ukuba ezi eziphilayo zezona amathanga ukwakha kwakheka nomngundo kwakunye nezityalo kwiseli enye. Igama elithi "ngokuncedisana" kwi ezincwadini zesayensi wabonakala noko kamva. Okunye ngqo, oko ecetywayo ngo-1879 de Paris.

Ukususela imbono yokuba abantu kwakungomnye kunokuthi ngokukhawuleza, kodwa umbuzo uhlala ne trophism. Ifidi jikelele ezinye iintlobo eziphilayo relationship? Kwimeko ye ulele efanayo kwacaca ukuba ulwelwe baphila ifotosinthesisi, kodwa ekufumaneni candelo izondlo mushroom? Ukuba nani awuyazi impendulo yalo mbuzo, sicebisa ukuba ufunde inqaku lethu.

Overview

oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa ukuba eziphila - eziphilayo ezo zitya (ikakhulu) efanayo njengoko eziphilayo lubalaseleyo liyadla. Noko ke, kuya kuba krwada kakhulu kwaye zichanekile kakhulu inkcazelo, kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka bachaze ezinye iimeko ezininzi umdla zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Kufuneka ukwazi ukunika imizekelo embalwa ezizezakho. Umzekelo, iintsholongwane luncedo kubantu ezininzi ziyafumaneka kwi iyogurt acidophilus. Abantu kulinika nje ummandla omkhulu, kwaye iintsholongwane zinika ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo phecana yethu yokwetyisa.

Ngendlela, ukuba alusebenzisa Kutushov ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Eziphila, aluthengisa inkcubeko, zinika ukuphucuka okubonakalayo ukusebenza iphecana zesisu nkqu abadala, abo badla ukubonakala nale ngxaki enkulu.

Ulwelwe njenge eziphila main

Izazi kudala bafumanisa ukuba ngaphandle inxaxheba lona lisiza akakwazi ukwenza nayiphi na isibini enye eziphilayo bokubambisana. Kwaye akukho manzi kuphela, kodwa phezu eziphilayo kuphela ezisentlabathini. Baya ukulawula ukungena budlelwane bentsebenziswano eyinzuzo omnye nomnye kunye iintsholongwane, nomngundo, eziphilayo multicellular. Nceda uqaphele ukuba uluhlu lwe lisiza, leyo bayakwazi ngokuncedisana yi kunokuba kangako.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubudlelwane obuza kulinceda fungi banako ukuseka ezona ngabameli ezintlanu kwisizukulwana ezisixhenxe, kwaye ngokwembali, ukuba eziphila zezi: Nostoc (Nostoc), gleokapsa (Gloeocapsa), stsitonema (Scytonema) kunye stigonema (Stigonema).

Malunga ulwelwe kunye sloths

Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba ehlathini zikude Amazon uhlala iphawuleka kuzo zonke izilwanyana. Babedume ukuba olucothayo kakhulu ukuphumla. Kakade ke, sithetha sloths. Yiloo nje wonke umntu uyazi ukuba umbala kwezi zilwanyana (ezimdaka oluhlaza, omdaka) ivela njenge ngenxa nombala endalo ingubo, kodwa ngenxa ulwelwe oluphakathi.

Aphila okulungileyo uboya of sloths kunye wabapha photosynthesis oluqhelekileyo. Siyonqena ngenxa bamkela yaso imibala emihle. Ngeliphandle, izazinzulu ziye bengakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo ngazwilinye enika yena ulele kulo kwavumela. Kulo mzekelo, eziphila - eziphilayo apho ifumana zizinto eziveliswa bebodwa inkqubo yefotosinthsis.

iimilo Unusual ulwelwe ubudlelwane kunye nezinye izinto

Ulele kunye sloths - umzekelo ubudlelwane bexesha elide ezinzileyo phakathi iintlobo ezimbini zobomi. Kodwa akusoloko eziphila, iintsholongwane kunye nefom algae kunye nezinye izinto ubuhlobo obuhlala ezinjalo. Ngoko ke, bona badla bahlale nje phezu komhlaba a esiphilayo. Kakade ke, malunga ngokuncedisana ngokupheleleyo kule meko lo mbuzo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba epifitirovaniem. INGCACISO ifilimu ulwelwe badla ngokuwufihla nje kweqokobhe ngayo izilwanyana, kodwa kwakhona komhlaba umzimba ezinye iintaka zasemanzini kunye nezilwanyana zasemanzini. Ngoko ke, ulele epiphytic kukuninzi nokuba ngcu iminenga ingxilimbela.

Epiphytes - eziphila okanye ezidala?

Izazinzulu engavumelani eyakho imbono kufuneka ingqalelo ubudlelwane phakathi epiphyte kunye eziphilayo multicellular. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba le kuthiwa kakuhle kuthathwa njenge nobu-, inguqulelo ephambili ubuhlobo bokubambisana.

Xa ubulungisa, ndivumelana lo mbono nzima. Epiphytes, yaye eneneni musa umonakalo ngqo eziphilayo phezu abaya bahlale, babukele yaye loo nto nje elungileyo (zibonakale kunjalo) ukuba nazo ulandelwe.

Umonakalo evela epiphytes

izinambuzane zasemanzini kunye amangolwane, ogama imilenze ezinabantu olunamathele epiphytes, ziyacotha kakhulu, njengoko ngokukhawuleza kunyibilika nje emzimbeni akakwazi. Ayanda izityalo amanzi, amagqabi apho "phantse ingqalelo" ulwelwe olunye-ezineseli, basweleka nje ngenxa yokunqongophala kwelanga. Phela, nale meko mhlawumbi nazo zonke aquarist. Sinokuthi kule meko eziphila - izinambuzane, njengokuba ngamazwi njengoko kubonakale.

Kodwa! Epifitizma phenomenon wafunda kakhulu, embi kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuba ezi ubudlelwane okunene yingenelo ulele nje kuphela, kodwa eziphilayo multicellular. Riddle namanje elinde umphengululi yayo. Kwaye yintoni wondla eziphila ukuba ubomi ngaphakathi kwiiseli ze izilwanyana ephakamileyo okanye izityalo?

eziphila intracellular

Hayi ke eziphila ezinqabileyo aphile ngaphakathi "inkosi" zaso. Ukuba uthethe lona lisiza enye, zibizwa ngokuba endophytes. Zakha i endosymbiosis, nto leyo nzima kakhulu nesenzeko ngasentla. Phakathi amahlakani kulo mzekelo sele kwasekwa nobuhlobo obuhle, obuhlala njalo. umehluko oyinhloko yabo ixhomekeke kwinto yokuba yatyhilwa eziphila ezinjalo, elula kuphela kwiimviwo ngokwaneleyo eneenkcukacha entsonkothileyo cytological.

Okubalulekileyo! Izazinzulu ziye azidingi kudala kubonakele ukuba organelles ezinkulu cellular - i-mitochondria izilwanyana chloroplasts kwizityalo - benziwa kumaxesha amandulo, ngenxa nobuhlobo bokubambisana. Bathi eziphilayo ezizimeleyo.

Ngaxa lithile, la eziphila intracellular baye bafudukela ngokupheleleyo 'ilungiswe' ubukho phakathi kwiseli ephilileyo, koko babe ngokupheleleyo ixhomekeke, yokudlulisa ulawulo yayo genome kwi core yayo (ngokuyinxenye). Ngoko ke ngokukhuselekileyo sithi ukuba zonke iifom kwaziwe ubomi kufuna onke amathuba ukuba ubukho eyinzuzo elinganayo, kanye ukuba ndibe nabo eziphilayo, ngazo kufuneka ubuhlakani ezikhoyo namhlanje.

Njengoko eziphila ingangena kule seli?

Njengoko eziphilayo zibe kwiiseli izilwanyana ephakamileyo kunye nezityalo? Ezinye iintlobo eyenzelwe ngokukodwa le nqubo. Kwaye kaninzi abanalo kufutshane symbiote, yaye "host lizwe". Kukho omfisi amancinane amanzi - azolla (azolla). Emazantsi em- amagqabi iingxelo emxinwa ezikhokelela nemingxuma, begxininisa kwi yencindi yomlomo. Nantso into la nemingxuma kwaye ufumane lona lisiza Annaba blue-eluhlaza (Anahaena azollae), nto leyo ukudada kuloo ndawo ibinomthwebeba kunye yangoku ngamanzi.

Amajelo UFern ikhula yimimango ulwelwe ahlale bohlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo. Izazinzulu ziye kudala bazama ukwenza le amathanga ngokwesiseko azolla zezinye iintlobo, kodwa nayiphi na impumelelo abazange bafike. Kukhuselekile ukuba kuthi ukuba ukuyilwa nama kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kwenzeka ngokupheleleyo eziliqela parameters. Ukongeza, umfelandawonye onjalo Okukodwa iintlobo ngokukhawuleza ezahlukeneyo.

Ngenxa yoko, eziphila - eziphilayo leyo ukondla ukuya kwiinkqubo zayo ezithile uhlobo (iintsholongwane nitrogen-nitrogen), ekwabelwana izinto ezixabisekileyo kunye neqabane, kodwa kufuneka iimeko ezithile ezinokuthi ukunika kuphela.

Ziziphi iingenelo ezinjalo co-ukhona?

Qaphela ukuba ngaphakathi nemingxuma azolla yi iikhompawundi kakhulu nitrogen. ulwelwe Blue-eluhlaza, leyo singene omfisi umzimba, hayi kuphela inxaxheba ukuyifunda kubo, kodwa silahlekelwe ngokupheleleyo ukukwazi self-nitrogen ye nitrogen. Eziphilayo oluphakathi okufanayo ngokunika omfisi ioksijini kunye nezinto ezithile organic.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ezi eziphila musa akayi phantse akukho utshintsho kwintlangano yayo yangaphakathi. Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izinto azisoloko Intracellular ngokuncedisana. Amaninzi, ezo ulwelwe singene intsebenziswano zokuxhamla ngokufanayo namanye eziphilayo, ukuncitshiswa ezahlukeneyo olupheleleyo yeseli ndizayo. Umzekelo, oku kwenzeka lona lisiza eziluhlaza-eluhlaza, apho benza nama iintlobo ezithile ze iziponji zaselwandle.

Ziintubi kunye eziphila intracellular

A ixesha elide kakhulu, zonke izazinzulu e abakakholwa, ukucinga malunga ukugaywa isiduli. Njengoko iintlobo zebhayoloji ukulawula ukuze bakhule, lusidla amaplanga enye kuphela? Kakhulu kutshanje ke nangoku bafumanisa ukuba xa kusingathwa ngqo beenkuni yintlama izinto eziphila uxanduva incinane, iintsholongwane, elibangela izinto eziphila ezihlala ethunjini ziintubi ngokwabo. Leyo ke scheme inzima kodwa esebenzayo kakhulu.

Yiloo nto nje abaphandi azikabi ukuqonda indlela izinambuzane thatha imali eyaneleyo yegunya, emva konke, zecellulose na kwenzeka nesondlo kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, baye kufuna eninzi initrogen. Lo mqulu entshinyeleni yehlathi zifunxe imithi akukho lula ukuqinisekisa ukuba. Kutshanje, izazinzulu waseJapan ziye kufika kwiziphumo ibingummangaliso ukuba baye efunyenwe isifundo ngenyameko zofuzo lwe flagellates oluphakathi abahlala wokugaya ziintubi.

Yintoni wajika ngaphandle ufuzo yabo?

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinomdla. Ngokukodwa, abaphengululi bakwazi ukubona kuphela zofuzo banoxanduva ukuvelisa i-enzayim ukuba isile iselulosi, kodwa abo banoxanduva nitrogen nitrogen. Le yokugqibela yinkqubo inzima kakhulu nitrogen ukwenza i ezibophelelayo iifom zawo leyo agxile nesityalo okanye isilwanyana ephilayo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu, ekubeni i-nitrogen ukuzithengela esetyenziswa ongena kunye flagellates neeprothini yokuqaphela.

Ngamafutshane, kule eziphila kwimeko yangoku - eziphilayo leyo ukondla phezu kweenkuni sokudliwa ziintubi. Eziphila eziphila (nitrogen-ukulungisa iintsholongwane flagellates) bajongene nitrogen nitrogen, ngaphandle apho awukwazi kuphila okanye isiduli, okanye bakhe 'iindwendwe. "

Imidumba kunye eziphila

Ekubeni nto besithetha ngayo iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa, akunakwenzeka ukuba uthini legumes. Ziye ke wakhumbula bonke ababefunda Botany, ziyahluka isiqulatho ngokuphawulekayo ophezulu protein yemifuno. Oku kukade icangcisiwe, oosonzululwazi bamangaliswa kunene. Iimbotyi bakwazi ukwenza imali eyaneleyo protein, nkqu kwezo meko apho phantse akukho nitrogen emhlabeni!

Ndafumanisa ukuba kokungeniswa ukunikezela eziphila ephilayo. Ewe, kwaba zonke iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa okufanayo, ubomi obutofotofo maqhuqhuva ingcambu kwezidumba. Ukuba luthathe nitrogen esixabisekileyo esivela emoyeni, siwenze ube uhlobo kakuhle ukutya.

ukusetyenziswa Commercial of eziphila

Akumangalisi ukuba oogqirha kudala hlakulela iintsholongwane ziyinzuzo abantu. Okokuqala, kwaba kwimo yemveliso iyogurt kunye nezinye iimveliso zobisi, kodwa namhlanje isifundo kweza kwinqanaba entsha lonke.

Ngakumbi kakuhle ezaziwayo umhla baye baba eziphila Kutushova. Yintoni na? Okwangoku, phantsi kwalo uphawu ithengiswa inkcubeko enegwele eziphilayo ukuphucula ekugayeni.

Zonke eziphila Kutushova (ngakumbi ngqo, inkcubeko yabo) zisekelwe kuphela zokupheka Mongolian iimveliso zobisi yamandulo. Ukuze ngokwenene abanako ukuphucula impilo yakho iyonke kunye nenkangeleko.

Waba imfundiso yabo Kutushov. Eziphila namasiko zikhethwe ngononophelo, zinika umzimba womntu nee-asidi ezixabisekileyo acid siphande izinto. Kungenxa oku, yaye iphumelele iziphumo ezihle.