Ukubunjwa, Imfundo Secondary nezikolo
Halogens: iimpawu ezibonakalayo, iipropati imichiza. Ukusetyenziswa iikhompawundi ze halogens zabo
I-Halogens kwisitheyibhile yamaxesha afumaneka ngakwesobunxele begesi ezintle. Ezi zinto zintlanu ezinobuthi ezingabonakaliyo zibandakanyiweyo kwiQela le-7 letafile yexesha. Ezi ziquka i-fluorine, i-chlorine, i-bromine, iodine kunye ne-astatin. Nangona i-astat i-radioactive kwaye ine-isotop efutshane nje, iziphatha njenge-iodine, kwaye idlalwa njenge-haloji. Ekubeni iindawo ze-halogen zinee-electron ezisixhenxe ze-valence, zifuna enye i-elektronti eyongezelelweyo yokwenza i-octet epheleleyo. Esi simboko sibenza sisebenze ngakumbi kunezinye iindidi ezingekho zinyithi.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo
I-halogens ifom yeemodemu ze-diatomic (uhlobo X 2 , apho i-X yi-athomu ye-halogen) - uhlobo oluzinzileyo lobomi be-halogen ngendlela yezinto ezikhululekile. Ubhonkco bale miloleksi ye-diatomic ayiyiyo, ayikhoyo, kwaye ingatshatanga. Iimpawu zeekhemikhali ze-halogens zibavumela ukuba badibanise ngokulula kunye nezinto ezininzi, ngoko azizange zenzeke ngokungafaniyo kwindalo. I-fluoride yiyona halogen esebenzayo, kwaye i-astat iyasebenza kakhulu.
Zonke i-halogen ifomu zeSety I ngeendawo ezifanayo. Kule mihla, i-halogen zikhoyo ngendlela ye-anion anione kunye ne--1 (umzekelo, iCl-, Br-). Ukuphela -kubonakalisa ubukho be-halide-anions; Umzekelo uCl - ubizwa ngokuba yi "chloride".
Ukongezelela, iimpawu zeekhemikhali ze-halogen zibavumela ukuba benze njengama-oxidants-oxidize isinyithi. Uninzi lweempendulo zamakhemikhali apho i-halogen zibandakanyeka ukunciphisa i-oxidation kwisisombululo esinamandla. I-Halogens ifom edibeneyo kunye ne-carbon okanye i-nitrogen kwiimveliso ze-organic, apho iqondo le-oxidation (CO) li--1. Xa i-atome ye-halogen ithathelwa indawo yombutho we-hydrogen ngokudibeneyo kwi-organic compound, isiqalo se-halo singasetyenziswa ngokubanzi, okanye i-fluoro-, chloro-, bromo, iodode-prefixes zeeholoji ze-halogeni ezithile. Izinto ze-Halogen zinokuqhagamshelana nokuqulunqwa kwee-molecule zamathambo kunye nezibophelelwano zomzimba omnye.
I-chlorine (Cl 2 ) yaba ngowokuqala i-halogen ngo-1774, i-iodine (i- 2 ), i-bromine (i-Br 2 ), i-fluor (F 2 ) kunye ne-astat (Kwakufumene ukugqibela ngo-1940). Igama elithi "halogen" livela kwiingcambu zesiGrike ("ityuwa") kunye -gen ("ifomu"). Ngokubambisana, la magama athetha "ityil-forming," egxininisa ukuba i-halogens, ukuphendula ngeesinyithi, zenza iisale. IGalite ligama letyuwa, inkunkuma yemvelo eyenziwe nge-sodium chloride (NaCl). Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ii-halogen zisetyenziselwa ubomi bemihla ngemihla - i-fluoride ifumaneka kwi-toothpaste, i-chlorine ingakhuseli amanzi okusela, kunye ne-iodine ikhuthaza ukuveliswa kwamahomoni e-thyroid.
Izinto zeMikhali
I-Fluorine iyinxalenye ye-atomic number 9, echazwe ngophawu F. I-Elemental fluor yafunyanwa ngo-1886 ngokuhlukana kwi-hydrofluoric acid. Kwimeko yamahhala, i-fluorine ikhona ngendlela ye-molecule ye-diatomic (F 2 ) kwaye iyona halogen eninzi kuninzi emhlabeni. I-Fluorine yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-table. Kwiqondo lokushisa ligumbi litshintshi ephuzi. I-Fluorine nayo ine-radius encinane. I-CO-1 yayo, ngaphandle kwe-state diatomic state, apho i-degree of oxidation yayo yinto. I-Fluorine ichanekile kakhulu kwaye isebenzisana ngqo kunye nayo yonke into ngaphandle kwe-helium (He), neon (Ne) ne-argon (Ar). Kwisisombululo se-H 2 O, i-hydrofluoric acid (HF) i-asidi ebuthakathaka. Nangona i-fluorine i-electronegative ngamandla, i-electronegativity yayo ayigcini i-acidity; I-HF i-asidi ebuthakathaka ngenxa yokuba ion i-fluor isisiseko (pH> 7). Ukongeza, i-fluoride ivelisa i-oxidants enamandla kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-fluor iyakwenza ngegesi ye-inert kunye ne-xenon kwaye yenza i-oxidant enamandla ye xenon difluoride (XeF 2 ). I-Fluoride ininzi isebenzise.
I-chlorine yinto ehamba nenombolo ye-athomu kunye ne-symbol yeChimpiki. Efunyenwe ngo-1774 ngokuluhlula kwi-hydrochloric acid. Kwimeko yayo yokuqala, yenza i-molecule ye-diatomic, i-Cl 2 . I-klorine ineCI eninzi: -1, +1, 3, 5 no-7 Ekubeni ukukhonkxa okwenziwa phakathi kwee-athomu ezimbini ze-klorine kubuthakathaka, i-molecule ye-Cl 2 inekhono eliphezulu kakhulu lokujoyina. I-klorine iphendula ngeesinyithi ukwenza i-salts, ebizwa ngokuba yi-chloride. I i-klorine ions yizona iones eziqhelekileyo, ziqulethwe ngamanzi olwandle. I-chlorine nayo ine-isotopi ezimbini: 35 Cl kunye no- 37 Cl. I-chloride ye-sodium yindawo eqhelekileyo ye-chloride.
I-bromine iyinxalenye yeekhemikhali eneenombolo ze-athomu 35 kunye nesimboli Br. Kwakuqala ukufumaneka ngo-1826. Kwifom yayo yesiseko, i-bromine i-diatomic Br 2 i- molecule. Kwiqondo lokushisa lokubanda, ngumlambo obomvu obomvu. I-CO yayo i--1, + 1, 3, 4 kunye no-5. I-bromine iyasebenza kakhulu kune-iodine, kodwa ingaphantsi kune-chlorine. Ukongeza, i-bromine ine-isotopi ezimbini: 79 Br no- 81 Br. I-bromine ifumaneka kwifom ye- bromide salts echithwa ngamanzi olwandle. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kwe-bromide yehlabathi kuye kwanda kakhulu ngenxa yokufumaneka kwayo kunye nobomi obude. Njengezinye i-haloji, i-bromine iyinkampani enxilisayo kwaye inetyhefu.
Iodine iyinxalenye yeekhemikhali eneenombolo ze-athomu kunye nesimboli I. Iodine ine-oxidation ithi: -1, +1, +5 kunye +7. Kukho ngohlobo lwe-molecule ye-diatomic, I- 2 . Kwiqondo lokushisa ligumbi liyinto eqinileyo ye-violet. Iodine ine-isotope esisisigxina - 127 I. Kwafunyanwa kuqala ngo-1811 ngoncedo lwe-acidwewe ne-sulfuric acid. Njengamanje, ion iodine ziyakwazi ukuxhomekeka kumanzi olwandle. Nangona iodine ayigqubuthe kakhulu emanzini, ukunyunwa kwayo kungakhula kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeodides. Iodine idlala indima ebalulekileyo emzimbeni, ithatha inxaxheba kwimveliso ye-hormone ye-thyroid.
I-Astat iyinxalenye yomsakazo onombolo ye-atomic 85 kunye nesimboli. Iimpawu ze-oxidation zayo ezinokwenzeka zilandelayo: -1, +1, 3, 5 kunye no-7. I-halogen kuphela engekho i-molecule ye-diatomic. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo yomeleleyo yombane wombala omnyama. I-Astat yinto engabonakaliyo, nto encinci iyaziwa malunga nayo. Ukongeza, i-astatine ine-half-life-short short, ayikho ixesha elide kuneeyure ezimbalwa. Ifunyenwe ngowe-1940 ngenxa ye-synthesis. Kukholelwa ukuba i-astatine ifana ne-iodine. Ihluke kwiimpahla zayo zetsimbi.
Itheyibhile engezantsi ibonisa isakhiwo se-halogen i-athomu, isakhiwo sendawo yangaphandle yee-elektroni.
Halogen | Ukucwangciswa kwe-electron |
Fluoride | 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 |
Chlorine | 3s 2 3p 5 |
Bromine | 3d 10 4s 2 4p 5 |
Iodine | 4d 10 5s 2 5p 5 |
Astat | 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 5 |
Isakhiwo esifanayo sendawo yangaphandle yee-elektronon ibeka iipropathi zezinto ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zeeholoji. Ngexesha elifanayo, xa kuthelekiswa nale miba, ukwahlukana kwaphawula kwakhona.
Iipropati zexesha eliqhelekileyo kwiqela le-halogen
Izinto eziphathekayo zezinto ezilula ze-halogen ziyahluka ngokunyuka kwinqanaba le-athomu lento. Ukuqonda okungcono kunye nokucaca ngakumbi, sikunikezela ngeetafile ezininzi.
Amanqaku ancibilikayo kunye abilayo ekwandeni kweqela kunye nobukhulu be-molecule (F Itheyibhile 1. Iimpawu zeHalogens Iipropati eziphathekayo: indawo yokuqhafaza kunye nenqaku lokubilisa Halogen Iqondo lokuxuba (˚C) Indawo yokubilisa (˚C) Fluoride -220 -188 Chlorine -101 -35 Bromine -7.2 58.8 Iodine 114 184 Astat 302 337 Ubungakanani benucleus buyanda (F Itheyibhile 2. iHalogens. Iipropati eziphathekayo: i-atomic radii Halogen Raval cous (pm) Ionic (X - ) irediyo (ntambama) Fluoride 71 133 Chlorine 99 181 Bromine 114 196 Iodine 133 220 Astat 150 Ukuba ii-electron zangaphandle zeevenkile azikho kufuphi ne-nucleus, ngoko ukuzisusa kuyo, ayithathi amandla amaninzi. Ngaloo ndlela, amandla afunekayo ukukhupha i-electron yangaphandle ayikho ephakamileyo kwinqanaba elincinane leqela, kuba kunamandla amaninzi apha. Ukongeza, amandla aphezulu e-ioni enza ukuba iqela libonise iimpawu ezingezantsi zetsimbi. Iodine kunye ne-astat ibonisa iimpawu zetsimbi, kuba amandla e-ionization ancipha (Kwi
Itheyibhile 3. iHalogens. Iimpawu zenyama: amandla e-ionization Halogen Amandla e-ionization (kJ / mol) Fluorine 1681 Chlorine 1251 Bromine 1140 Iodine 1008 Astatine 890 ± 40 Inombolo yee-elektronni ze-valence kwi-athomu iya kwanda ngamanqanaba okwandisa amandla kumanqanaba aphantsi. Iifoni zihamba ngokuthe gqolo kwi-nucleus; Ngaloo ndlela, i-nucleus ne-electron ayithandwanga. Ukwenyuka kwesikrini kuyabonwa. Ngoko ke, i-electronegativity iyancipha ngokunyuka kwexesha (Kwi
Itheyibhile 4. iHalogens. Iipropati zezinto eziphathekayo: ukhetho lolawulo Halogen I-Electronegativity Fluorine 4.0 Chlorine 3.0 Bromine 2.8 Iodine 2.5 Astatine 2.2 Ekubeni ubukhulu bee-athomu banda ngexesha elikhulayo, ukuxhamla kunye ne-electron, njengomthetho, kunciphisa (B
Itheyibhile 5. Ukubambisana kweehaloji ze-electron Halogen Ubunye be-electron (kJ / mol) Fluorine -328.0 Chlorine -349.0 Bromine -324.6 Iodine -295.2 Astatine -270.1 Ukusetyenziselwa kwama-halogen kunciphisa ixesha lokunyuka (Nge
I-halide yenziwa xa i-halogen isabela kunye nomnye, into engaphantsi kwe-electronegative yokwenza iqela elibini. I-Hydrogen ithatha i-halogen ukuze ifake i-halides yohlobo HX: I-hydrogen halides iyanqamuka ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroodic acid). Iipropati zee-acids zinikezelwa ngezantsi. I-acids yenziwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: HX (aq) + H 2 O (l) → X - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq). Zonke i-hydrogen halides zenza i-acids ezinamandla, ngaphandle kwe-HF. I-asidi ye-hydrohalic acid iyanda: HF I-Hydrofluoric acid iyakwazi ukufaka ingilazi kunye ne-fluoride engaphelelanga ixesha elide. Kungabonakala kungenangqiqo ukuba i-HF ibuthakathaka kakhulu i-hydrohalic acid, ekubeni i-fluorine ine-electronegativity ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, isibopho se-H-F sinamandla kakhulu, ngenxa yoko i-acid ebuthathaka kakhulu. Ubhonkco obuqinileyo buboniswe ngobude bombutho obufutshane kunye namandla ahlukeneyo. Kuzo zonke i-hydrogen halides, i-HF inexesha elifutshane elisondeleyo kunye nobukhulu bentsebenziswano yokudibanisa. I-Halogen oxo acids i-acids nge-hydrogen, i-oksijini kunye ne-athomu ye-halogen. Ubuncwane babo bunokumiselwa ngokuhlalutya kwesakhiwo. I-Halogen oxo acids zidweliswe ngezantsi: Kwi nganye yala ma-asidi, iproton ixhamle kwi-atom ye-oksijini, ngoko ukuthelekisa ubude beebhondi ze-proton akusizi nto apha. Inxaxheba ebalulekileyo apha i-electronegativity. Umsebenzi we-acid ukwanda ngeenombolo ezikhulayo zee-athomu ze-oksijini, ezibophelelwe kwi-atom ephakathi. Iipropati eziphambili zezinto ze-halogen zingafingqwa kwitafile elandelayo. Umbuso wexabiso (kwindawo yeqondo lokushisa) Halogen Kubonakala Uzinzile Iodine Ezimhlophe Astatine Omnyama Utywala Bromine Ubomvu obomvu Gaseous Fluorine Umbala obomvu Chlorine Oluhlaza Umbala we-halogeni ngumphumo wokubamba ukukhanya okubonakalayo ngama-molecule, okubangela ukuxolisa kwama-electron. I-Fluorine ithatha ukukhanya kwe-violet, kwaye, ngoko, ibonakala ibalaphu. Iodine, ngokuchaseneyo, ithatha ukukhanya okwesibhakabhaka kwaye ibonakale ibubende (imibala eluhlaza kunye ne-violet). Umbala we-halogens uba mnyama njengoko ixesha landa. Kwizikhuni ezivaliweyo i-bromine ye-liquor kunye ne-iodine eqinile inomlinganiso kunye nemipuphu yawo, engabonwa njengegesi enemibala. Nangona umbala we-astata awunakwazi, kucingwa ukuba kufuneka kube mnyama kune-iodine (okuyiyo, emnyama) ngokuhambelana nexesha eliqhelekileyo eliqhelekileyo. Ngoku, ukuba ucelwa ukuba: "Uhlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo ze-halogen," uya kuba nento into yokuthetha. I-degree of oxidation isetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa endaweni yombono we "valence of halogens." Njengomthetho, iqondo le-oxidation li--1. Kodwa ukuba i-halogen inamathele kwi-oksijeni okanye enye i-halogen, inokucinga ezinye iitshi: I-CO yomoya-mpilo i-priority. Kwimeko yee-athotho ezimbini ze-halogen ezihlangene kunye, i-athomu yokukhetha i-electronegative iyabamba kwaye ithatha i-CO-1. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-chloride ye-iodine (ICI), i-chlorine ine-CO-1, kunye ne-iodine +1. I-chlorine iyona ndlela ikhethiweyo ngaphezu kwe-iodine, ngoko i-CO yayo i--1. Kwi-bromic acid (i-HBrO 4 ), i-oksijini ine-CO-8 (-2 x 4 i-atom = -8). I-Hydrogen ine-oxidation state ye +1. Ukongeza ezi xabiso kunika i-CO-7. Ekubeni i-CO yokugqibela yenkomfa kufuneka ibe yinto, i-CO ye-bromine i -7. Ukwahlula okwesithathu kulo mgaqo yinqanaba le-halogen kwifom yequmrhu (X 2 ), apho i-CO yayo iphela. Halogen CO kwiimveliso Fluorine -1 Chlorine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 Bromine -1, +1, +3, +4, +5 Iodine -1, +1, +5, +7 Astatine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 I-Electronegativity iyanda ngokukhula kwexesha. Ngenxa yoko, i-fluorine ine-electronegativity ephezulu ukusuka kuyo yonke into, eqinisekiswa yindawo yayo kwitheyibhile yamaxesha. Ukucwangciswa kwayo kwikhompyutha kuku-1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 . Ukuba i-fluorine ithola enye i-electron, i-p-orbitals ephezulu izaliswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye yenza i-octet epheleleyo. Ekubeni i-fluorine ine-electronegativity ephakamileyo, inokuthatha kalula i-electron kwi-athomu esondelene nayo. I-Fluorine kule meko i-isoelectronic kwi-gas engenayo (kunye nee-electrion ze-valence), zonke i-orbitals zangaphandle zizaliswe. Kulo rhu lumente, i-fluoride iyomelele ngakumbi. Kwimvelo, i-halogeni ziseburhulumenteni, ngoko i-halogen zamahhala zifumaneka nge-oxidation yi-electrolysis okanye ngoncedo lwee-oxidizers. Ngokomzekelo, i-klorine iveliswa yi-hydrolysis yesisombululo setyuwa yetyuwa. Ukusetyenziswa kweehaloji kunye namaqumrhu abo ahlukeneyo. I-chemistry engaqhelekanga. Hydrogen + halogens
Halogen Oxoacids
Ukubonakala kunye nemeko yezinto
Inkcazo yokubonakala
Iqondo le-oxidation ye-haloji kwiimveliso
Kutheni i-CO ye-fluorine isoloko -1?
Ukulungiselela nokusetyenziswa kweehaloji
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