I-hydrogen. Imbali sendalo isixhobo esinamandla

Ngasekupheleni imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela EYurophu imithetho iyantlukwano ukubola esafunyanwa imichiza element uranium, hydrogen ukusuka kudidi yintsomi lwaba yimpumelelo. Imbali kuphuhliso amandla enyukliya umdla kwaye nangoku kukhuphiswano umdla phakathi amandla yenzululwazi lizwe: lwamaNazi eJamani, eSoviet Union kunye United States. Ezabo kakhulu ezinamandla, ngubani amaphupho okuba nasiphi State eye ayizizo kuphela, kodwa sisixhobo esinamandla yezopolitiko. Welizwe lakhe isixhobo yayo, eneneni baba onamandla onke nokwaziyo balawule imithetho.

I-hydrogen unembali yendalo, nto leyo esekelwe phezu imithetho physics, ezizezi inkqubo nokumanyana. Ekuqaleni yayibizwa enyukliya ngokungachanekanga, kwaye isizathu kuba bengazi. Ngowe-1938, enye ingcali yenzululwazi Bethe, owathi kamva waba kaNobel Nobel, babesebenza kumthombo wamandla ngumntu - uranium ngokucandeka. Eli xesha, kwaba kwincopho yomsebenzi lwenzululwazi zesayensi ezininzi; waye imbono iimfihlakalo zenzululwazi kufuneka ayisekho kwaphela, ukususela ekuqaleni imithetho nesayensi ngamazwe phakathi kwabo.

Enyanisweni, lo hydrogen kwemoto, kodwa ngoku yena waba nayo ngoncedo abayili bamajikazi ukuba afumane iindlela zobugcisa. Yaqhubeka kuphela zokupakisha kuyo kwiqokobhe ethile kunye namava amandla. Kukho Izazi amabini amagama ngonaphakade iya kuqhagamshelwa ekuyilweni izixhobo ezinamandla; eUnited States - Edward Teller, kwaye i-USSR - Andrei yiSakharov.

Kwi US mbawula ngxaki kwasekuqaleni 1942 waqalisa ukufunda yamachiza Edward Wemali. Ngokomyalelo Garri Trumena, ngexesha sikaMongameli US, kulo mba izazinzulu ilungileyo lizwe, baye babumba isixhobo ngokwesiseko esitsha bekhaliswa kukwaphulwa. Ngaphezu koko, umyalelo karhulumente ukuba kuqhunyiswe amandla hayi ngaphantsi kwe-toni zee-TNT. Wemali hydrogen wadalelwa kwaye alubonisa isintu iHiroshima Nagasaki, akhe yayo, kodwa ubuchule ukuze atshabalalise.

Kuye iwiswe kwi Hiroshima ukuqhushumba, leyo emalunga neetoni 4.5 Umxholo uranium ka-100 kg. Ukudidiyela kwakuhambisana phantse 12.500 neetoni TNT. Isixeko Japanese of Nagasaki neplutoniyam iibhombu ukuba wonakaliswa ubunzima efanayo, kodwa ezilingana 20 000 neetoni TNT of.

Future academician yiSoviet Andrei yiSakharov ngo-1948, ngokusekelwe kuphando lwakhe, thaca uyilo lo hydrogen phantsi igama RDS-6. Uphando lwakhe uye emasebeni ezimbini: eyokuqala wabizwa ngokuba "kutsala" (RDS-6), kwaye kwakuyinto intlawulo atom ojikeleze kunokudala ukukhanya izinto ezisindayo. Isebe yesibini - "umbhobho" okanye (RDS-6t) kuyo neplutoniyam iibhombu kweli deuterium engamanzi. Kamva, a ukufunyanwa ebaluleke kakhulu inkqubela eyenziweyo ukungqina ukuba ulwalathiso "umbhobho" sisiqalo sesiphelo ofileyo.

Le yokusebenza Umgaqo le hydrogen limi ngolu hlobo: ngaphakathi iqokobhe lokuqala uqhuma HB ntlawulo leyo abakhwetha indlela fusion kwenzeka ngenxa neutron flash. Xa le nkqubo sikhatshwa kokukhutshwa ubushushu apho kuyimfuneko kuba ezinye nokumanyana. Neutron ukuqala ukuba bombardment nqanawa evela lithium deuteride, kwaye nazo uphantsi kweempembelelo ngqo neutron ke lahlulwe laba izinto ezimbini, eziFihliweyo kunye helium. Njengoko kusetyenziswa fuse enyukliya kusekwe amacandelo ayinqwenelayo njini iibhombu sele kuxhaswe. Nantso umgaqo nzima loo le hydrogen. Emva koku amanyathelo lokuqala uqala ngqo indlela yenyukliya kwindawo umxube deuterium kunye eziFihliweyo. Ngeli xesha kwi ezabo ngakumbi kwandisa amaqondo obushushu, kwaye ehlaziya kubandakanya ukwandisa umthamo hydrogen. Ukuba ulandela ikhondo ezi khemikhali, isantya kwabo amanyathelo kungachazwa ngokukhawuleza.

Kamva, izazinzulu ziye Akayisebenzisanga Yindibanisela eziba nokwahlukana kwabo. Xa ngokucandeka ka ithani uranium eyenziweyo amandla alingana 18 Mt Loo ukuqhushumba inomthamo elikhulu. Ezabo kakhulu ezinamandla, wadala eyiyeyabantu, yaba eSoviet Union. She even bangena Guinness Book of Records. udubulo yayo wayelingana 57 (malunga) TNT megatons kweziyobisi. It yasha ngo-1961 Nqabakazi kummandla Novaya Zemlya.