Uranium yinto efunekayo chemical: imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa ngokucandeka yenyukliya kunye indlela

Eli nqaku ibalisa xa lwesi sakhi yemichiza wafunyanwa njengoko uranium, yaye yintoni amashishini kule mihla wayesebenzisa lo mgubo.

Uranium - into imichiza kushishino amandla zomkhosi

Ngawo onke amaxesha abantu bazama ukufumana eliphezulu-amandla, kwaye kuhle - ukudala ebizwa ngokuba yi- umatshini motion elingunaphakade kubo. Ngelishwa, ukungakwazi ikhona isondlo eqinisekisiwe kwaye esivakalayo ngenkulungwane XIX, kodwa izazinzulu akazange ithemba ukufezekisa iphupho ezinye uhlobo device eziya kukwazi ukukhupha inani elikhulu amandla "ezihlambulukileyo" ixesha elide kakhulu.

Oku ngokuyinxenye wakwazi ukuyiqonda into ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezifana uranium. Eyona nto imichiza ezinegama elinikiweyo yaba sisiseko sokuphuhlisa reactor zenyukliya, obukhoyo ukunika amandla senzele nesixeko sonke, ngwenya, iinqanawa polar njalo njalo. Liyinyaniso elokuba, i "uhlambulukile" amandla abo ayikwazi igama, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkampani ezininzi asakhasayo ukuba intengiso jikelele compact "neebhetri zenyukliya" ngokusekelwe eziFihliweyo - abanayo ezihambayo, kwaye akhuselekile ukuba impilo.

Noko ke, kweli nqaku siza sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha kwimbali kokufunyanwa ikhemikali element ekuthiwa uranium ngokucandeka reaction kunye imbewu yayo.

definition

Uranium - element yemichiza ine lonyanzeliso-92 kule lwezakhi. amandla enyukliya na ubunzima bayo ngu 238,029. Libonisa uphawu Kaya Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, akukho kwintsunguzi enzima isiliva metal. Ukuba sithethe radioactivity layo, lo uranium ngokwayo - element kunye ubuthi buthathaka. Kwakhona, oko akanayo kumafa layo ngokupheleleyo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezizinzileyo. Kwaye ke iyizinzise le Isotope uranium-338 ekhoyo uthathwa.

Ukuze into eyenza i element, sibonile ukuba, yaye ngoku khangela kwimbali ukufunyanwa yayo.

indaba

Enjalo into, ezifana oxide yendalo uranium, makwazeke kubantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, yaye wasebenzisa iinkosi zaso yamandulo ekuveliseni glazes, ejongana neempahla ezahlukeneyo zomdongwe iyawulwa amanzi kunye nezinye iimveliso, kwakunye uhombiso zabo.

Into umhla obalulekileyo kwimbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa lwesi sakhi kwemichiza yaba ka1789. Kwaba lelo xesha ke ekhemesti kunye noMartin Klaproth German wazalwa-wakwazi ukufumana uranium metalloobrazny yokuqala. Kwaye igama baso into entsha wokuwonga elaa lokuvula kwiminyaka esibhozo eyadlulayo umhlaba.

Phantse iminyaka engama-50 ezifunyenwe ngexesha uranium njengento metal enyulu, Noko ke, ngo-1840 i-yasekhemesti French Eugène-Peligot Melkor akwazi ukungqina ukuba izinto ezifunyenwe yi Klaproth, nangona iimpawu ezifanelekileyo zangaphandle, hayi zesinyithi, neyuranium oxide. Kamva, bonke Kwakunjalo Peligot uranium - elinzima kakhulu izimvi metal. Kwaba ngoko okokuqala ubunzima atomic ukwimo njengesiye uranium. Zemichiza element yafakwa Dmitri Mendeleev kwinkqubo yakhe edumileyo ngamaxesha izakhi 1874, kunye Mendeleev kabini ubunzima atomic ukwimo kabini. Yaba kuphela emva kweminyaka 12 empirically kubonakele ukuba semichiza enkulu akazange babechanile izibalo zabo.

yemisebe

Kodwa umdla wokwenene kule nxalenye ngokubanzi uluntu lwazi yaqala ngo-1896, xa Becquerel wafumanisa ukuba uranium likhupha imitha, leyo igama emva kokuba wamazwe - Becquerel eyingozi. Kamva, omnye izazinzulu ezininzi idumileyo kule ndawo - uMariya Kyuri, wabiza lo mba we yemisebe.

Umhla olandelayo ebalulekileyo ekufundeni uranium uthathwa ukuba ibe ngo-1899: kwakunjalo ngoko uRutherford wafumanisa ukuba imitha uranium ayikho efanayo kwaye yahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini - alpha beta eyingozi. Emva konyaka, Pol Villar (Viyyar) wavula nowesithathu, wokugqibela siyazi of ukuba uhlobo kumhla radiation - ebizwa ngokuba le gamma.

Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, ngowe-1906, uRutherford based imfundiso yakhe radioactivity waqhuba yemifuniselo yokuqala, injongo yayikukuqinisekisa ubudala kwezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zifundo ziye usibekile isiseko, kubandakanywa ukwakheka ngethiyori nokuqhele ukwenziwa uhlalutyo Radiocarbon.

Ngokucandeka of uranium

Kodwa mhlawumbi kuvulwa oluphambili, apho ziye ngokubanzi uranium imigodi nokugaya kuzo zombini iinjongo iliso kwaye zomkhosi - yinkqubo ye ngokucandeka enyukliya of uranium. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1938, elo lungu lwaqhutywa imikhosi zesayensi German Otto Gana kunye Fritz Strassmann. Kamva lo mbono waqinisekiswa kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi zesayensi eziliqela zaseJamani.

Indlela yafunyanwa ngama kwawo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuba kernel okufakwe neyuranium-235 Isotope neutron, ngoko sicacelwe neutron free, uqala ukwahlukanisa. Ke, njengoko ngoku siyazi sonke, le nkqubo sikhatshwa isixa kakhulu amandla. Oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngenxa yamandla agciniweyo ye-radiation, iziqwenga ngumongo. Ngoku siyazi indlela ngokucandeka of uranium.

Ukufunyanwa kwalo mechanism kunye neziphumo zayo; kwaye njengesiqalo ukusetyenziswa uranium kwi iinjongo umphakathi kunye nomkhosi.

Ukuba sithethe ukusetyenziswa kwayo iinjongo zomkhosi, okokuqala ingcamango ukuba ukudala iimeko inkqubo enjalo, njengoko iziphumo esiqhubekayo uranium ngokucandeka (njengoko ukujongela phantsi ibhombu yenyukliya kufuna amandla omkhulu), abangqine zesayensi Soviet Zeldovich kunye Khariton. Kodwa ukuze udale eso simo, lo uranium kufuneka uyatyetyiswa, njengoko imeko yakhe eqhelekileyo mihlaba ndikunqwenele angenayo.

Ekubeni imbali yale element siye sifunde, siya ngoku ikhululwe, apho isicelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kunye nohlobo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo uranium

Emva kokufunyanwa loonkqubo, njengokuba indlela uranium ngokucandeka, zezinto baqalisa ukuthandabuza apho ukulusebenzisa?

Okwangoku, kukho iindawo ezimbini eziphambili apho ukusetyenziswa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo uranium. Kuyinto ngoxolo (okanye amandla) kushishino kunye nabezomkhosi. Zombini yokuqala kunye yesibini isebenzisa indlela ngokucandeka enyukliya neyuranium-235 Isotope, kwahlukile kuphela ngamandla kwimveliso. Ngamafutshane, kwindawo reactor yenyukliya akuyomfuneko ukwenza nokuxhasa le nkqubo efanayo amandla njengoko kuyimfuneko ukwenza kukuqhushumba ukuqhushumba yenyukliya.

Ngoko ke, zaba zezona kumashishini aphambili ezisebenzisa indlela uranium ngokucandeka.

Kodwa ukwenza i Isotope uranium-235 - kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza ingxaki zeteknoloji, hayi zonke welizwe bakwazi ukwakha izityalo yokwenza. Umzekelo, ngokuba iitoni amabini amafutha uranium, apho umxholo uranium 235 Isotope liya kuba phakathi 3-5%, oko kufuna ngaphezu kweetoni 153 kwezakhi zendalo, uranium "ekrwada".

uranium-238 Isotope busetyenziswa kakhulu inkqubo yokwakha kwezixhobo zenyukliya ukunyusa umthamo wayo. Kwakhona, xa sitsala neutron kulandelwa inkqubo ibeta ukubola yale Isotope ukuze ekugqibeleni ibe neplutoniyam-239 - sisibaso eqhelekileyo kuninzi kubenzi benyukliya namhlanje.

Nangona zonke iintsilelo zamandla ezinjalo (iindleko eziphezulu, ukuntsonkotha woncedo, umngcipheko yengozi), umsebenzi wabo ohlawulela ngokwayo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye wamandla esiveliswa obungako mkhulu ngamandla classical wobushushu okanye ngamanzi.

Kwakhona, i-uranium ngokucandeka reaction uvumelekile ukuba ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zenyukliya zokubulala abantu abaninzi. Lubonakala ngamandla amakhulu Ngokomzi kakhulu yaye loo nto iyakwazi ukwenza umhlaba ukua ukuhlalwa ngabantu. Noko ke, ngo izixhobo zenyukliya mihla zisetyenziswa neplutoniyam kunokuba uranium.

uranium olusele

Kukho kwakhona uhlobo enjalo uranium olusele. Lubonakala yi amazinga aphantsi kakhulu radioactivity kwaye ke ngoko akukho ayingozi ebantwini. kwakhona isicelo kwinkalo lomkhosi, umzekelo, idityaniswa sonke isikrweqe "Abrams" itanki American ukuba ayinike ngaphezulu inqaba. Ukongeza, phantse yonke imikhosi ophezulu zobugcisa unokumelana iindidi imijukujelwa kunye uranium sona. Ukongezelela ubunzima phezulu, kusafuneka inomnye umsebenzi umdla kakhulu - emveni kokutshatyalaliswa kutyunyuzwa lakhe iqokobhe kunye nemigubo yesinyithi phemba izenzekele. Waye endleleni, owokuqala kukho enomjukujelwa xesha sasetyenziswa ngexesha Second World War. Njengoko sibona, uranium - izinto eziye zasetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

isiphelo

Izazinzulu ukuqikelela ukuba malunga 2030 ediniwe ngokupheleleyo zonke iidipozithi uranium ezinkulu, ze aqale uphuhliso nzima-maleko yayo, kwaye ixabiso baya kuvuka. Le ndlela, i- ore uranium akuyongozi ngokupheleleyo abantu - ezinye mgodini abasebenza imveliso yayo ukuze ngezizukulwana. Ngoku saqonda imbali kokufunyanwa imichiza, kwaye sebenzisa ngokucandeka reaction yayo nuclear ngayo.

Hi ndlela leyi, ulwazi olunomdla waziwa - iikhompawundi uranium kudala isetyenziswa ipeyinti ukuze imveliso yephondo kunye negilasi (ebizwa ngokuba yi- iglasi uranium) de 1950.