Impembelelo alloying iielementi kwiipropati ngentsimbi. Types, brand ukuqeshwa kwaba

Steel - enye yezinto ezininzi bafuna-emveni ehlabathini namhlanje. Ngaphandle kube nzima ukuqonda nasiphi na isiza ezikhoyo ukwakha, amashishini umatshini-isakhiwo, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi, kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kwangaxeshanye, ingxubevange ngentsimbi carbon yahluke gqitha, kuba sohlala kweli nqaku sihlolisisa ifuthe lweziqalelo alloying kwiipropati ngentsimbi, kwakunye neentlobo zayo, brand iindawo.

ulwazi jikelele

Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi brand baye baba ngokubanzi zisetyenziswa phantse zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba kule intsila ngokupheleleyo indibanisa lonke uluhlu ngomatshini, ngokwasemzimbeni, iikhemikhali kunye netheknoloji iimpawu, ecingisisiweyo nayiphi na enye into. inkqubo steelmaking qho kuphuculwe yaye ngenxa yayo nomgangatho kuvumela ukufumana umsebenzi wacela onesiphumo ngenxa iindlela, amacandelo kunye noomatshini.

Ukwahlukanisa ngu injongo

steel nganye, kuxhomekeka injongo yayiyilwe, qho mandatory nga ubalwe kwelinye lala macandelo alandelayo:

• Kwesakhiwo.
• Instrumental.
• injongo ezizodwa ngokweempawu ezizodwa.

Iklasi kakhulu ezininzi - zokwakha, eyenzelwe iintlobo zezakhiwo zokwakha, izixhobo, oomatshini. brand Construction wayo ekuphuculeni, carburized, intwasahlobo-intwasahlobo, amandla aphezulu.

yodidi Isixhobo umahluko kuxhomekeke ingaba eveliswe ngesixhobo: ukusika, umlinganiselo, njalo njalo Ayisafuni nakucaciswa yona into yokuba ifuthe izinto alloying kwi iimpawu nawo eli qela kwakhona elikhulu ...

yodidi ezizodwa abe kwisahlulo zabo, ebandakanya amaqela alandelayo:

• insimbi (eyaziwa ngokuba umhlwa).
• Ubushushu ezingatshiyo.
• Ubushushu ezingatshiyo.
• Electrical.

Iqela steel kumafa khemikhali

Wavakalisa Ukuhlelwa steel kuxhomekeke amacandelo yemichiza wabavoti woluntu:

• amabakala carbon steel.
• Doped.

Ngoko ke la maqela mabini sahlulwe ngenani noba kwaye carbon equlathwe kulo ukuba:

• onekhaboni ephantsi (ngaphantsi kwe 0.3% carbon).
• Of eliphakathi (abasuka ikhabhoni 0.3 - 0.7%).
• High-carbon (ngaphezu kwe-0.7% carbon).

Yintoni na steel ingxubevange?

Phantsi kwale nkcazelo, kufuneka kuqondwe intsimbi equlethe, xa ngaxeshanye kunye ubumdaka ngokuzingisileyo, nokuba nezongezelelo lwaqaliswa isakhiwo ingxubevange ukwandisa iimpawu mechanical ye kubangela ekugqibeleni komama.

A amagama ambalwa malunga nomgangatho ngentsimbi

Le parameter unikwa ingxubevange ukuthini iseti izakhiwo, nto leyo zibangelwa inkqubo yayo imveliso ngokwayo. Kuba iimpawu ezinjalo, nenokuthi maxa wambi ichaphazeleke kunye yodidi isixhobo exutyiweyo zezi:

• kuqamba Chemical.
• Sifane sakhiwo.
• Processability.
• iipropati Mechanical.

Umgangatho nayiphi intsimbi ixhomekeke kwindlela ioksijini eninzi iqulethwe kuwo, hydrogen, initrogen, isalfure phosphorus. Kwakhona hayi indima lokugqibela edlalwa indlela yokuvelisa ngentsimbi. Inembe kakhulu ngokoMthetho olifunayo uluhlu ukungcola popadniya into soposob kwi yamaZiko steelmaking.

Ingxubevange zentsimbi kunye Ukutshintsha iimpahla zayo

Yenza ingxubevange steel leyo iqulathe kwi brand ekuphawuleni izihionipho yayo ileta ezilawulwa ngenkani element litshintsha iimpawu zayo, hayi kuphela kwezi arhente zangaphandle, kodwa amanyathelo yabo phakathi kwabo.

Ukuba ingqalelo ngokukodwa le carbon, iziqalelo alloying kwi nobudlelwane kunye nabo zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini ezinkulu:

• Iziqalelo leyo benza ikhemikhali kunye carbon (khabhayithi) - molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, Tungsten, manganese.
• Iziqalelo musa ukwenza khabhayithi - lesilicon, aluminiyam kunye nickel.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ziintsimbi, apho doped izinto karbidobrazuyuschimi abe lukhuni eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye nokwanda ukuxhathisa banxibe.

Ingxubevange steel ephantsi (brand: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU kunye nabanye). Singene indawo ingxubevange ekhethekileyo 13X, apho kunzima ngokwaneleyo ukuze imveliso kotyando wakhe, ngentlabo, izixhobo izacholo, iireyiza.

yombhalo

Umxholo leziqalelo alloying kwi intsimbi nga kumiselwa ukusuka kwileyibhile yayo. Ngalinye kula macandelo eyaziswa ingxubevange na incwadi yesazisi sakhe. Umzekelo:

• Chromium - Cr.
• Vanadium -V.
• Manganese -Mn.
• Ukrweco - yesiqephu.
• Tungsten -W.
• Titanium - Ti.

Ngamanye amaxesha ekuqaleni kwisalathiso kwelo bakala ngentsimbi ke oonobumba. Ngamnye kubo kuthetha. Ingakumbi, le leta "P" kuthetha ukuba sobhedu ngesantya esiphezulu, "W" libonisa ukuba ball-ngokuzala, "A" - automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical njl yodidi umgangatho High na ukutyunjwa kwazo exube ekugqibeleni ileta "a" nomgangatho ethile ziqulathe unobumba "W" ekupheleni nokumakisha.

Ifuthe izinto alloying

Okokuqala kufuneka wathi carbon ifuthe esisiseko okukuchaphazela ngeempawu ngentsimbi. Yiyo le nto inika ukwanda eyavela kunye ukwanda ngamandla, nobulukhuni kwi viscosity aphantsi kunye plasticity. Ngaphezu koko, le carbon xi ukwanda iqinisekisa ngokonakala machinability.

Umxholo chromium kwi intsimbi kuchaphazela ngqo nokumelana wayo umhlwa. Le imichiza element phezu ingxubevange kwimeko ndlongondlongo oxidizing, a obhityileyo protective oxide film. Noko ke, ukuze kuzuzwe esi ukusebenza chromium ngensimbi kufanele ubuncinane 11.7%.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ibe aluminiyam. Kusetyenziswa inkqubo alloying for kokususa ioksijini ne-nitrogen, emva kuhlambulula, ukuze enze igalelo ekunciphiseni ingxubevange wokwaluphala. Ngaphezu koko, aluminium iphucula kakhulu kobulembu kwaye fluidity ayiphilise phosphorus isiphumo deleterious kakhulu.

Vanadium - yinto alloying elibalulekile, apho isixhobo ingxubevange intsimbi ukufumana ngokuba lukhuni eliphezulu namandla. In nokuncipha ingxubevange okuziinkozo kunye nokunyuka mninzi.

Yenza ingxubevange steel, apho amanqaku eziqulathe Tungsten, sanikwa ngokuba lukhuni ophezulu, nobulukhuni ebomvu. Tungsten Kuhle kuba ishenxisa brittleness ye ingxubevange ngexesha leeholide ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ukwandisa ukumelana ubushushu, iimpawu Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye ukumelana elibonakalayo imithwalo impembelelo steel exutyiweyo kunye ayibe. Ke kaloku omnye wabo izinto Awuveli unayo nayiphi impembelelo ebalulekileyo ngentsimbi, i lesilicon. Noko ke, kwezo yodidi, ezo zilungiselelwe metal nge welding, uyazikhomba lesilicon kufuneka nakanjani babe phakathi 0.12-0.25%.

Ngokuphawulekayo uphucula iimpawu mechanical ngentsimbi nezinki. Ithi isetyenziswe njenge arhente desulfurization kwimeko ngokusebenzisa vnedomennoy desulphurization.

Ingxubevange steel ephantsi (yimake iqulathe izinto alloying ngaphantsi kwe 2.5%) ngokufuthi iqulethe manganese, ebonelela ngayo kunye nokwanda kukho imfuneko lukhuni, ukumelana lingonakali, lo gama kugcinwe plasticity kangangoko. Kodwa, ukufumaneka lwesi sakhi kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kwe-1%, okanye angabi nako ukufikelela kwezi zakhiwo.

Carbon steel grade fusible ngenxa yokubhuqiswa imibutho yenkxaso ibe nobhedu, ebonelela iipropati anticorrosion eliphezulu.

Ukwandisa lukhuni ebomvu, luthambe, uqine kunye nokumelana eqine ukuba umhlwa kwi intsimbi molybdenum ngokuyimfuneko elawulwa, nayo leyo eyandisa ngakumbi kwinkcaso igcwala nentsimbi xa lashushu iimpawu lobushushu eliphezulu. Kwelinye icala, cerium kunye neodymium, ezisetyenziswa zokunciphisa porosity le ingxubevange.

Ukuqwalasela isiphumo lweziqalelo alloying kwiipropati ngentsimbi ayikwazi izakulahlwa kwaye nickel. Oku kuvumela metal ukwamkela hardenability zentsimbi kunye namandla kakhulu, ductility kunye nokumelana nefuthe ukwandisa kunye umda esezantsi brittleness abandayo.

Kakhulu Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi dopant, kunye ukrweco. Ayithandi kumaxesha 6-10 ubuninzi efunekayo carbon prisutsvtuyuschego kwi ingxubevange, ishenxisa umhlwa intergranular yodidi engatyiwa kwaye ikhusela amalungu weld ekutshatyalalisweni ezingathandekiyo kakhulu.

Titanium ikuvumela ukuba ufumane ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo amandla kunye ductility, ngokunjalo nokuphucula nokumelana. Abo steel, leyo iqulathe additive, baboniswa kakuhle kakhulu izixhobo ehlukileyo, injongo eyodwa izixhobo kumatshini mihla.

Ukuqaliswa zirconium ingxubevange yesinyithi sikwazi ukufumana ubungakanani okuziinkozo efunekayo xa kuyimfuneko kwaye ukuba nempembelelo ngayo ekukhuleni okuziinkozo.

elimsulwa zobu-

izinto kakhulu kunganqwenelekiyo ukuba kakubi kakhulu kuchaphazela umgangatho ngentsimbi zezi iarseniki, itoti, kwistibhiya. ukuvela kwazo ingxubevange njalo ngentsimbi uba nkum kakhulu kwi imida iinkozo zabo, ingakumbi xa ngezithandelo yentsimbi ukubuyisela kwaye ngexesha annealing yodidi onekhaboni ephantsi.

isiphelo

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, ngezinto alloying kwiipropati kwaziwa kakuhle. Iingcali zihlalutywe ngocoselelo ifuthe additive ngamnye ingxubevange. Ulwazi senkolelo yenza metallurgists abe kwisigaba odolo ukwenza umzobo oganogram steelmaking, ukubala inani zobugcisa ezifunekayo kunye nezinto eziphelayo (esikrwada, gxila, iingqalutye, kunye nezinye nezongezelelo). Uninzi steelmakers badla chromium, vanadium, ayibe, kunye nezinye izinto alloying ezo zibiza kakhulu.