Ingonyama amatakane: iifoto, ulwazi, inkcazo

Qwalasela imbali ye Earth lathatha kwizigidi zeminyaka, izigaba ezithile embalini. Hi xikombiso, le babungabandi ekuqaleni, phakathi kwexesha, Miocene xesha, i Pliocene, സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe - ezi kunye nezinye isigaba kuthatha isixa esikhulu amawaka eminyaka uphuhliso kunye nokusekwa ukuphila emhlabeni. Kweli xesha wakhula iintaba, amazwekazi enkulu bahlukana, ngokudala ecosystem entsha nokwakha indlela ekhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo ubomi.

Lithethe ityala namhlanje, umntu mihla ungakwazi kuphela sibulela umsebenzi paleontologists. Izazinzulu ukufumana amathambo yezilwanyana ezifana Dinosaurs, ngoko batshintsha ezidla yokuqala enkulu kwaye inani elikhulu uhlaza, aveze ukulandelelana zazivelela yezilwanyana ezikhoyo emhlabeni.

Oligocene esiqaphelekayo

Eli thuba yophuhliso Umhlaba wathabatha ixesha ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-25 ukuya 38 yezigidi eyadlulayo. It ibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso iintlobo ezintsha ebomini, njengoko kwakunjalo ngeli xesha imozulu baba ngokuthe ngcembe lupholile, kunye nendawo kwezityalo ihlathi elinemvula ababeze zikhetha sezulu.

Kule kwizigidi zeminyaka eSouth Pole ngendlela glacier omkhulu, kuba indalo leyo wathabatha amanzi olwandle, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni shallowing ezilwandle kunye ukubhentsiswa iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Kwathatha amahlathi ezintsha kunye ntlango inkulu, apho siqala zengca.

Ngeli xesha, India wenze uhambo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya entla, sabetha phezu ikhweyitha, kwaye iye yaba ummelwane Asia kunye Australia umphelo kude wahlukana Antarctica. Ngoko, xa eziphila iyonke izahlulelo yenziwe kwi luya esitsha ngasinye umhlaba izimvo zabo ezizodwa. Umzekelo, kunye Australia, "ngomkhombe" marsupials, ziye zaphuhliswa kule lizwekazi. Kulapha kwixesha Oligocene kade, kwakukho umhlaseli inkulu ixesha - ingonyama amatakane. Photo umfanekiselo werhamncwa umoya, wadalwa zizazinzulu amathambo akhe inokubonwa kwiMyuziyam yase kwesayensi. Ngokutsho kwakhe ibonisa ngokucacileyo indlela nzima isilwanyana anayo. Imbonakalo kulo irhamncwa wayengekho ngengozi. Ukuze lwaveza utshintsho kubunjani.

nomzingeli yokuhlala

Njengoko ngaphezulu ndanda ngaphezu ummandla ilizwe lazaliswa emaqeleni, oko kuye kwabangela ukuvela kukho inani elikhulu iintlobo ezintsha uhlaza, phakathi leyo yokuqala ukuvela yinyongo. Baba iinkamela perboterii. Ngaphandle kwazo kubekho iintlobo ezifana ezincancisayo ezifana kweehagu, lomkhombe isigebenga, iinyathi, amaxhama kunye nabanye.

Ukuvela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-25 eyadlulayo, uhlobo olutsha izityalo - ingca, oko kwabangela ukuba kokunwenwa okunobakho ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini. Yena, xa kuthelekiswa neyezingaphambili, amagqabi ongakhange akhule phezulu izikhondo nasezantsi. Oku wamvumela ukuba ukubuyisa kwaye sikhule ngokukhawuleza kakhulu emva amahlumelo ayo yokuqala wadla utyani. Oku wandisa imfuyo yawo. Ngokwendalo, kumxholo yentabalala yokutya, kunye zazivelela lwabo baye ngamarhamncwa.

Kwaba ngexesha Oligocene zamva izinja kuqala kunye neekati, kwakunye ingonyama amatakane. Esi sidalwa unique anazo amandla amakhulu ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukunqongophala inani elikhulu okhuphisana kukhokelele ekwandeni endalo labantu bayo.

A nomzingeli unique

Igama lwenzululwazi esi silwanyana - Thylacoleo carnifex, gama elo elithetha "sumkolev unosilarha" (umxhomi). Akumangalisi wavuka igama lakhe, njengoko ukubamba amaxhoba, le esihamba iye ungavumeli yamgxotha zilingane lalo elibanga ukufa. Oku kungenxa ngesakhiwo zalo ngaphambili. Ngokukhula 80 cm kunye ubuyele 170 cm ubude, azilinganise kg 130 ukuya 165, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba phezu kwindawo yokuqala phakathi Australia ngamarhamncwa. Nangona emaqeleni isiphango, izalamane zakhe nokuba nohlobo kunye koalas, possums kunye cuscuses.

Izazinzulu ziye okwangoku anikangeni kwisivumelwano, kuba akukho kucacile imvelaphi amazinyo ezidla ezingaqhelekanga. Dvureztsovoe ahlelwe ifuze imihlathi kweempuku, nto leyo engaqhelekanga kakhulu, kuba ingonyama amatakane (ifoto ngezantsi ibonisa) ebibanjwe kuphela ukutya inyama. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezifana izixhobo zamazinyo azalwa izilwanyana ephelisa feed imifuno. Ngenxa yoko, i ingonyama Australian amatakane - oko kunokuba Kwimeko ongasetyenziswayo kuyo lo mgaqo njengako apho kucacile ukuba isiseko canines zakhe esidla nto తీసివేయి Susa herbivorous.

Inkcazelo amathambo entloko ingonyama amatakane

Kuphela yahlala yafunyanwa paleontologists onokugweba njani yingozi ukuba sisilwanyana. Ukuphonononga isakhiwo sayo, oosonzululwazi baye bafunda ukuba siphile ngayo, ukuzingela yaye yintoni iintlobo abenaso ingonyama amatakane. Indlela silwanyana ithi ukuba ummeli dvureztsovyh kwecala, eziquka abasebuthathaka. Ezi zilwanyana ababini enye into esifana - umsila. Xa sikhangela amathambo efumaneka Australia, ingonyama amatakane wayisebenzisa ukuze kubekho uzinzo, xa wahlala phantsi haunches zakhe.

Amathambo entloko umhlaseli ibonisa ukuba ukubambelela elinamandla, yaye xa lifika yemveliso glares amazinyo akhe, mihlathi yayo enamandla ebambe yaye akazange avumele ixhoba de kuwuyeka ukopha.

Kwemvelo ezidla yaqala iintlobo ubungakanani elincinane, ezifana pristsileo, nayo lalo umyalelo marsupials babehlala imithi yaye zezitya konke. Amathambo ezifumaneka yezi zilwanyana ingalandwa, ukutshintsha indlela ubume emihlathini yabo, ebonisa notyekelo ukwandisa kunye kungoluka ezo siphume ngaphambili. Ivela kubo, njengoko izazinzulu zikholelwa, kwakukho Pleistocene tilakoleo ingonyama amatakane, nto leyo eye iperi amazinyo abukhali ngaphambili.

inkcazelo ngamathupha

Kangangexesha elide, paleontologists akukho lwazi malunga waba ngemilenze isilwanyana. Zonke zamathambo kwafunyanwa inxalenye ephambili kakuhle alondolozwe kwaye ngamathupha, ezazikade nobhontsi enye zishiyane. Oku ukuba ingonyama amatakane ukugcina imveliso engaphezulu ubukhulu bayo.

wayesaziwa ukuya ku-21 ekhulwini njengoko edlula ngeenxa nokuzingela esi silwanyana. Iinzululwazi kusekelwe kwingqikelelo yokuba isakhiwo yayo liyafana amathambo ezidla yamandulo ngwe. Found ngo-2005, yonke amathambo lubonise ukuba akunjalo, bagqiba wakhangela ingonyama amatakane. Ulwazi ezifike emva kokuba imbonakalo isilwanyana wachacha, wabonisa ukuba aba ngemilenze waba isakhiwo efanayo linjengebhere. Yesiqephu zaye ajikelezwe kancinane izibilini, yaye bebekwe isaphetha umnwe kunceda amasebe imithi isilwanyana.

Ngenxa yoko, kwacaca ukuba isilwanyana wabeka ngemilenze yayo yangasemva kumphezulu ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo wamvumela ukuba nokukhwela imithi kunye namatye. Emva kolu lwazi, umhlaseli savanna izityholo kwaza kwakho abantu abahlala zizazinzulu emahlathini, kumda kunye emaqeleni. Kuyabonakala ukuba, imbaleki ingonyama amatakane wangenwa yingevane, ngoko ke ukufuna, elinde ixhoba layo emthini.

umzimba Inkcazelo

Telakolev waba musculature kakhulu. Ingakumbi bawabulala ibhanti lakhe egxalabeni, baxhotyiswa ngamathambo enamandla nepeni. amathambo enamandla ifomu echanekileyo kwafunyanwa phakathi lwamagxa abo, ukuya kuyo, mhlawumbi, nokuqinisa izihlunu. Enkosi kubo, zilingane wakhe yingozi ukuba ixhoba, njengoko ikhefu ngaphandle ayenzekanga kuba nasiphi na isilwanyana, exhobele nkqu amazinyo ezibulalayo abukhali okanye inzipho. Nangona izazinzulu ziye ndimnikile igama ingonyama amatakane, ubume umzimba wayo kunye nendlela ekuzingeleni kwenza kube ngakumbi njenge nengwe. Yena, njengokuba ummeli cat, waba nako ukukhwela emithini nje kuphela, kodwa kwi ematyeni. Oku kungqinwe imizila iinzulu iinzipho zayo, afunyanwa emqolombeni e-Australia. Le isilwanyana ngobuchule kunifumana imilenze ngaphambili endisiqhuba ngokugabadelayo.

Sumkolva indlela yokuphila

Ngokusekelwe isakhiwo amathambo lesilwanyana, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba sandibulala amaxhoba ngemizuzu usebenzisa siphume elide mandibular uze baziqhawule imihlathi bukhali. Kuthathwa ukuba amaxhoba ephambili yale irhamncwa baba DIPROTODON. Loo amatakane likhulu owakha waphila emhlabeni. Baya bachuma kwisithuba ukususela kwiminyaka 1.6 yezigidi ukuya-40,000 eyadlulayo. I inkulu kubo igqithe ubukhulu imvubu mihla yaye aba-3 m ubude ne-2 m ukuphakama.

Sisazi ukuba ingonyama amatakane ukuphakama ifikelela cm 70-80 kuphela, kwaye ubude - ukuya kwi-170 cm, oko zixhotyiswe yonke into kufuneka ukubamba, ukubamba simbulale umdlalo omkhulu onjalo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, kwerhamncwa wakhetha ixhoba elikhulu kakhulu kodwa kade-ezihambayo, kuba ilifa ukukwazi yogqithe ngokukhawuleza wakhe ekufuneni. Walinda ukuba ixhoba ehleli kulalela engceni okanye amasebe emthini.

indawo ezidla

Ukuba sikholelwa iziphumo paleontologists, ingonyama amatakane, phantse zizigidi 2 iminyaka yaba umhlaseli inkulu yaye inamandla Australia. angazisebenzisa ngayo amazinyo ezibukhali neenzipho, izihlunu yamandla inkqubo ithambo evumela ixhoba lula ixesha elide kangaka. Ngenxa ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nophuhliso uhlaza, kukhokelela ekwandeni kwemfuyo, le irhamncwa akabanga okhuphisana kwi nendalo. Le menu ibe procoptodon Goliath - kangaroos giant. Bafikelela 3 ubude yaye ixhoba nzima ingonyama amatakane abangakwaziyo ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni.

ingonyama amatakane akazange umhlaseli kuphela xesha. Kunye kuye eMiokini laze i devil, ongukhokho yamandulo ngenzala yakhe eponymous evela Tasmania. Ngokungafaniyo tilakoleo, uMtyholi likwazile ukuze sisinde kule yanamhlanje, kodwa njengabantu, engadlulanga kwi ubungakanani inja avareji. Phakathi amaxhoba ingonyama amatakane nesifumaneka zygomaturus - owayehlala xesha Iinye ezanyisayo, ezifana iimvubu pygmy banamhla palorchestes, paleontologists bafumene igama "tapir amatakane giant". imilinganiso yalo ayalingana ihashe mihla. Uninzi izilwanyana ufile kwexesha, kodwa amanye aye aguquka aza asinda kule mini.

Unobangela lokutshabalala

Yokuduka izazinzulu ingonyama amatakane nangoku zichasene elide njengeentshaba kwindawo yayo yendalo, nto ayizange nentlekele yehlabathi nayo hayi phantsi umngcipheko ngokutshatyalaliswa Australia. Inguqulelo ithandwa kakhulu kukuba ezi zilwanyana eziphelele emoyeni ngenxa yokuba kwiminyaka 30,000 eyadlulayo kule ndawo waqalisa ukuphuhlisa abantu bakudala.

Isibakala sokuba umhlaseli wayesaphila ngelo xesha, ndisithi imizobo umqolomba, apho ikhoyo. Abantu baqala ukuzingela izilwanyana, ukunciphisa kakhulu inani lazo. Ukongeza, batshabalalisa ingonyama, kuquka yayo ephambili Amathafa. Ekubeni abantu shwaka ebusweni bomhlaba, phantse zonke megafauna amatakane Australia.

ezisanda

Enkosi ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu, kwenziwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21 emiqolombeni akhiwe kwi Nullarbor Plain, inzululwazi wakwazi ukuba sihlole ngakumbi kulo irhamncwa. Kulapha kwafunyanwa amathambo yengonyama amatakane, apho sakwazi ukubuyisela umfanekiso walo. Esi silwanyana uwa ngo kwenye emiqolombeni wafela apho, ukuba angabi nako ukuphuma siye endle. Ngaphandle kwakhe, iye efunde ezininzi izilwanyana abahlala kweli xesha, nto leyo ukunika ufifi abo babemphahlile, yaba utshaba kunye lixhoba.

incwadi abamnyama

Ukususela ngo-1600, ngexesha eendawo olufunyanisiweyo, ukuba le ncwadi wathwala izilwanyana okanye extinct yi ixesha okanye zisemngciphekweni yokutshabalala. Oku kuquka mastodons, mammoths, lomkhombe ezinoboya, umqolomba ibhere, kaDodo, MOA kunye amatakane ingonyama. Black ncwadi bazukiswa ngokuba inani lezilwanyana zanyamalala emhlabeni, lowo ufana kunye nenani dinosaur extinct.

Ngelishwa, iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-1000 zezilo zenzeka kule minyaka 500 yokugqibela kuphuhliso lwabasebenzi, nto leyo mhlawumbi azitshabalalise okanye abatshabalalisa ukungcolisa indalo yazo.

Ngokomzekelo, kwiminyaka nje 27 iye kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo olu hlobo izilwanyana zasemanzini njengokuba inkomo elwandle, eyafunyanwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Kuba ingeniso zezilo ezo zatshatyalaliswa, nangona oku angahlala kangangamawaka amaninzi eminyaka. Ekuqaleni edume Red Book ichaza izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zisemngciphekweni wokuphela.

Ukuba irhamncwa yamandulo wayesaphila

Ezinye iinzululwazi hypothesize, ngubani ukuwina umlo, ukuba kukho ingonyama amatakane uyaphila wadibana nokumkani mihla naweenkomo. Ukuze ufumane impendulo, kuya kufuneka abale amandla silume umntu okanye esinye irhamncwa yamandulo uthelekise kunye data engonyama. Nangona ezi zibalo kwenziwa ukuba iikati saber-sengathi.