Neentsholongwane eziphilayo phantsi neemicroscope (iifoto)

Into yokuba singqongwe ziintsholongwane, wavula sisazinzulu Leeuwenhoek Dutch. Kamva, Pasteur wakwazi ukuseka ikhonkco phakathi kwabo kunye nezifo ezininzi. Kwamagciwane ukuvela eMhlabeni ezinye wokuqala yaye bakwazi ngokugqibeleleyo siphile ngokuvisisana ngoku, akuba esiyi phantse kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba. Bona afumaneka kwale migodi eshushu mlilo kunye permafrost ezinkqantosini eziyimiqwebedu emanzini olwandle ehlabathini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba kusingathwa kakuhle kwezinye izinto eziphilayo zihlume khona, maxa wambi leyo inkosi yakhe ukuba afe.

Njengoko amagciwane bafumanisa?

Antoniy Levenguk wasungula neemicroscope nangoncedo omthandayo ukujonga oko kungabonwa ngeliso lenyama. Kwaba 1676. Xa abaqambi isigqibo ukuze afumanise oko wayekubizelwa pepper tincture yokutshisa ulwimi, wakhangela phantsi ngemicroscope, kunye neqhinga ndabanda. Xa nethontsi kwento, ngokungathi kwezinye uhlobo hlabathi iingcinga, ujikeleza, igliding, ukutyhala okanye walala phantsi amakhulu yeentsasa, iibhola, ahamba, amahaki. Yiloo nto iintsholongwane ngemicroscope. Leeuwenhoek waqala ukuhlola ngemicroscope yonke efumanekayo naphi, yaye yonke oluboniswe phambi amakhulu izidalwa ezingaziwayo, koko wathi animalkulyami. Scientist ukhuhleka ukusuka ukubola zabo zamazinyo kwaye wamjonga ngesixhobo. Njengoko wabhala kamva nebhodi animalkuley yaba ngaphezu abahlali emhlabeni UK. Ezi zigaba zophando elula waqalisa yonke inzululwazi ekuthiwa eziphilayo (sokubumbela isonka ifoto).

Kwamagciwane - ngubani na le nto, nalaa nto?

Kwamagciwane ebizwa iqela elikhulu lenyama, ukumanyanisa abantu nuclear-free (iintsholongwane, archaea), yaye ukuba core (fungi). On Earth, ukuba ezingenakubalwa. Ezinye iibhaktheriya, kukho malunga nezigidi iintlobo. Iqela iimpawu bengabakho eziphilayo. Abaninzi look umdla ngathi eziphilayo phantsi ngemicroscope. Bajonga kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Imilinganiselo amagciwane ziyahluka ukusuka microns 0.3 ukuya 750 (1 micron ilingana sewaka ndlela). Xa uhlobo yokuba ngeenxa njengebhola (cocci), intonga-ezimile (eletha kunye nabanye), uwenze zibe ezijikeleze (spirilla, vibrio), ezifana neetyhubhu, iinkwenkwezi bublichki. iintsholongwane amaninzi misila kunye villi ukuze intshukumo ngempumelelo. Inkoliso yabo awutshatanga ezineseli, kodwa kukho multicellular, umzekelo, umngundo, iintsholongwane kwakunye nezityalo blue-eluhlaza (iintsholongwane photo umngundo).

Impiliso kanye yokuhlala

Kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuba zikhona namhlanje eziphilayo a amaqondo ngokulinganisela eshushu. 40 degrees phezulu, baya kugcinwa ngeyure ngaphezu, yaye xa kuphekwa bafa ngoko nangoko. Kwakhona ezi radiation eziyingozi kwelanga ngqo. Noko ke, phakathi kwabo kukho iimbaleki kakhulu ukumelana nokuba + 400 ° C! Bacterium flavobaktin uhlala stratosphere, akoyiki nayiphi radiation yengqele okanye yesiqalo.

Zonke iintsholongwane nokuphefumla. omnye kuphela mpilo kufuneka, kunye nabanye - carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen kunye nezinye izinto. Ekuphela kwento ufuna zonke iintsholongwane - ulwelo. Ukuba akukho manzi, baya sihambelane nkqu yencindi yomlomo. Ezi amagciwane ezihlala umzimba kwezilwanyana nabantu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngamnye kuthi malunga 2 kg ziintsholongwane. Bona apha esiswini, amathumbu, imiphunga, ulusu, emlonyeni. Kakhulu iintsholongwane ezininzi phantsi nakwiinzipho (ngaphantsi neemicroscope kucacile ngokupheleleyo). Emini, senza izandla phezu ezahlukahlukeneyo izifundo, tywa iintsholongwane ezikhoyo phezu kwabo, izandla zabo. isepha Ordinary ubulala ezininzi iintsholongwane, kodwa ngaphantsi lezikhonkwane, ingakumbi elide ukuba zihlale phuma ngempumelelo (ifoto eluswini iintsholongwane).

ukudla

Kwamagciwane, ezifana ebantwini, iiprotheni ukutya, iikhabhohayidrethi, kunye neeminerali, amafutha. Uninzi lwabo "like" iivithamini.

Xa ujonga ezi ntsholongwane ngemicroscope kunye zoom elungileyo, uyakwazi ukubona ubume babo. Baye DNA ukugcina nucleoid, ribosomes, iiprotheni ukuba kuhlelwe ukusuka asidi acid, kwaye inwebu okhethekileyo. Ngokusebenzisa amagciwane zakhe ukufunxa ukutya. Kukho iintsholongwane autotrophic befunda ukuba kufuneka zingangeni iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo. Kukho heterotrophic, ukuba ibeluncedo kuphela iikhompawundi esele zenziwe organic. Le igwele emangalisayo, ulisebenzisa, iintsholongwane ukubola. iimveliso zokutya Human kuninzi awayesibawela ngoLwesithathu wabo. Kukho paratrofnye iintsholongwane ezikhoyo kuphela xa ngeendleko into ephilayo nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka zonke iintsholongwane. Isambuku eziphilayo ngaphandle halophiles, akakwazi ayisekho kwindawo kunye ingqalelo eliphezulu ityuwa. Olu phawu isetyenziswa pickling ukutya (iintsholongwane photo: ukuvuza ngaphantsi).

buphindwe

Okumangalisayo kukuba, ezinye iindidi iintsholongwane ezikhoyo inkqubo ngokwesondo, nangona ifomu bakudala kakhulu. Ihlala ekudluliseni zemfuza ilifa kumzali kwiiseli inzala. Oku kwenzeka ngokuqhagamshelana "ngabazali" okanye nokufunxwa omnye komnye. Ngenxa yoko, mikroby- "kids" ilifa iimpawu ngabazali bobabini. Kodwa ke uninzi iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya lokuyivelisa ngokwahlula yi constriction ezinqamlezayo okanye amagqabi. Ukuqwalasela amagciwane ngemicroscope, ungabona indlela abathile kubo kwelinye icala kukho njengehlumelo encinane (bud). Yena kwanda ngokukhawuleza, ke wahluliwe eziphilayo koomama kwaye iqala kubomi elizimeleyo. Amagciwane "umama" ngale ndlela unako ukuvelisa i-4 ukuya inzala, emva koko afe (ifoto Helicobacter pylori, ebangela izilonda emathunjini, umhlaza).

Ezi amagciwane ezahlukeneyo kwamagciwane?

Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya - iyafana. Kodwa into engalunganga. Amagciwane, ukuba iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi, izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuphela ngokuxhaphaza abanye. Ukuba ungabona amagciwane ngemicroscope okanye khulu iglasi, iintsholongwane ukuba ngaphantsi kwe ezilikhulu izihlandlo le ntsholongwane, unako kuqwalaselwa kuphela iimikroskopu electron ezinamandla. Yonke intsholongwane single - izinambuzane ezibangela izifo ebantwini, izityalo, izilwanyana kunye iintsholongwane. Laba kuthiwa bacteriophages. On Earth, ukuba ezinkulu kakhulu iintsholongwane. Umzekelo, amanzi olwandle ukhamba malunga 250 million. Ulwandle ke ngoko luncedo ukuba iqulethe iintsholongwane ngokubulala bacteriophages. Xa eqhotyoshelweyo umzimba iintsholongwane, konakalisa iqokobhe layo uze ngaphakathi. Kukho amagciwane avelise ngohlobo lwazo, ngenxa yoko, i iseli siyafa. esiziphethe virusofagi. Le propati kusetyenziswa amayeza ekuveliseni-ntsholongwane (kwifoto - bacteriophages).

Zamagciwane-abahlobo

Okumangalisayo kukuba, kuphela seshumi zezigidi zethu iiseli - Okunene yabantu. Abanye bangamalungu iintsholongwane ezincane. Le ifoto iintsholongwane phantsi izigidi bifidobacteria. Isisiza ukwetyisa ukutya, ukukhusela ulele, ukuvelisa acid. amagciwane zethu zesisu ziluncedo kakhulu. Noko ke, kuphela logama nje inani labo elungeleleneyo ngokungqongqo. Kamsinya nje amagciwane kuba ngaphezu kuyimfuneko, umntu iintlobo zezifo, ukususela dysbiosis ukuya izilonda esiswini.

Ukuze ube luncedo kwaye iintsholongwane acid lactic, "icandelo lemveliso" iyogurt kuthi, nezonka zamasi, iyogurt. Neentsholongwane ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso yewayini, igwele, imichiza yendalo, izichumiso kunye nangaphezulu.

iintshaba zethu

Ukongeza iintsholongwane "elungileyo", kukho umkhosi omkhulu "embi" - izifo. Ezi ziquka Yersinia pestis, igciwane isifo somqala, negcushuwa, isifo sephepha, umhlaza njalo njalo. Iintsholongwane "olubi" abasingqongileyo zezigidi. Yokuba yonke indawo, kodwa ingakumbi ezininzi kwiindawo zoluntu - on izibambo kwezothutho zoluntu, phezu imali leyo, zangasese zikawonke-wonke. Iintsholongwane kwi izandla zakho phantsi neemicroscope, xa sijonga emva kokubuya evenkileni, lubanzi nje. Ngoko ke, izandla kufuneka ihlanjwe rhoqo, kodwa ngaphandle kukuyibaxa. Sebenzisa izinto antibacterial ayinqweneleki, njengoko kukhokelela kome nesikhumba buthathaka amajoni omzimba.

Le emehlweni esothusayo unobangela kunye ziintsholongwane amazinyo ngaphantsi ngemicroscope. Baya kuza kuthi emlonyeni kunye nokutya, ezanga kakhulu, lo gama uphefumla. Bangaphi kubo emlonyeni, kunzima ukuxelela, ukuba kuphela ibhrashi yamazinyo unako ukubala ukuya kwi-100 lezigidi izinambuzane. Ingakumbi ukuba ibhrashi yamazinyo igcinwe gumbi elifanayo kunye yangasese. Eziphilayo emlonyeni ezinye abaqambi of yidityaniso, isifo periodontal, isifo esosulelayo. Msebenzi ukuthintela ukucocwa lwabo rhoqo kwamazinyo kunye neelwimi, emva kwesidlo ngasinye - amalungiselelo antibacterial acoce.