Obude shlyapochnye. Indlela badle amanita?

Njengoko eli hlabathi ezahlukeneyo nomngundo, ezi zidalwa yendalo, sanikwa kwiipropati ezithile kunye nezityalo, kunye nezilwanyana! Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngowe-1970, oososayensi baye bakwazi nabo kummandla okhethekileyo (ekuqaleni, amakhowa ezininzi zichongwe nezityalo). A isayensi ichaza ubomi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo nomngundo, waziwa ngokuba mycology (Botany).

esikhulu esibubukumkani

Sele ukwazi ukuba nje emhlophe, boletus, amakhowa ibhotolo, amakhowa kunye nezinye shlyapochnye fungi into esidibana ehlathini, ukuqokelelwa ukuze zokupheka. Yaye mabangapheleli nje kuphela kwezo amakhowa neenkowane Oyster ukuba isathe komele of ezinkulu. Ubukumkani nomngundo - qela likhulu eziphilayo phezu uMhlaba, kusukela elula yaye ayibonakali ngeliso lenyama ukuba kuhlohlwa-porcini iingxilimbela ezinokunika ikhusi, ngathi ngumntu wasentsomini, izilwanyana ezincinane kunye nezinambuzane. Kwaye amanita - kuphela encinane, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kukho icandelo ebalulekileyo kuluntu enkulu. Malunga into kwaye kuxoxwe namhlanje.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ezi ziquka kuqala makhowa odumileyo zasendle: ezimhlophe Aspen, boletus neenkowane, russula kunye amanita, amakhowa neenkowane kunye nabanye abaninzi. Bona ezikhula emahlathini - ezinamagqabi avuthulukayo coniferous, imigxobhozo, nemiqolomba, kufuphi namanzi. Kwaye kuzo enokufunyanwa iipaki kunye neegadi zoluntu, nemiyezo. Le nto ndiyibhalayo ezinye zezi zamaqhawe izizwe zehlabathi, ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo kakhulu ukutya, njengokuba uninzi lwezi zidalwa yendalo ezityiwayo luncedo ebantwini.

Awafanele nabantu

amanita umdlalo yezabantu ubomi indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Kwindawo yokuqala, ingakumbi ngemihla yamandulo, yenye yemithombo ukutya. Makhowa oluninzi protein, iiminerali neevithamini, nto leyo evumela ukuba athathe kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo eBhayibhileni kwikhonkco lokutya abantu ngelo xesha langoku. shlyapochnye fungi nga eziqulunqwe ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zokupheka. Kunye nenxaxheba yabo ehlabathini yokusebenza ikhitshi phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo Umhlaba, kukho amakhulu izitya emnandi.

ngokuncedisana

Ezibaluleke kakhulu ayifungi shlyapochnye kunye nezityalo eziphezulu. Abaninzi kubo - saprotrophs uphile kuphela kunye nemithi (ngasendleleni, oko kubonakaliswe ezinye izihloko: boletus, boletus, umzekelo). Indlela ukuba badle shlyapochnye awafanele? Le mycelium ke angenziwa nxeba ehlabathini iziponji ingcambu, wenza umsebenzi lokuqala lunwele ingcambu, negalelo ekunikezelweni ngokupheleleyo Umphanda kunye Ukwanda izondlo, izimbiwa kunye namanzi. A amakhowa emthini shlyapochnye walungisa zomgquba Lunga, apho kusetyenzwa ibe iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo, apho asebenze ngamandla izityalo aphezulu. Ngoko, loo nto ibonisa ukuba ngokuncedisana kweendidi eziliqela wentsebenziswano eyinzuzo elinganayo, ebizwa mycorrhiza.

umzimba fruiting

Eneneni, into esiyibiza i mushroom kukuba yinxalenye kuphela yonke ephilayo, umzimba wayo iziqhamo. Enye (aphambili) inxalenye - mycelium - into efihliweyo kwimboniselo emhlabeni, nehumasi-ubutyebi, okanye umthi obolileyo. Uninzi iintlobo ze nomngundo mycelium, lo mycelium ubunjwe hyphae ezininzi. Kwezi, ezinye phantsi kweemeko kakuhle (imvula, imozulu efudumeleyo) kunye namaqumrhu uhlobo fruiting of nomngundo pileate, beze umphezulu. Kaninzi luqulathe iminqwazi nezikhondo (kodwa monovarianty kukho: umnqwazi kuphela).

Tubular ne plate

Kusenokwenzeka sele uyazi into shlyapochnye akadliwa kwindalo? Bona nohlulwe tubular kunye nembasa. In lokuqala - mpikiswano, eyenzelwe zityalwe, ukuze kwakheke kwi emxinwa cap tubules ukuba imilo tubular. Kule yesibini - zeengxabano ibekwe amacwecwe cap.

ifaskoti

iminqwazi yabo kunokuba nenyama, maxa wambi ilastiki, bulishica kunye okwedada. Eyona idumileyo: russula, volnushki, amakhowa, amakhowa, amakhowa, kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi blewits. Syroezhek yedwa, kukho malunga 300 iintlobo! Uninzi lwabo ezidliwayo nangokusesikweni livele ukutya kwabantu onetyuwa, kuphekwa, eqhotsiweyo. Ezinye isongo kakhulu ezinevumba ophela ane nokubilisa. Wazuza uyawathanda ethandwa okhethekileyo, nto leyo iba iintlobo ngeentlobo, uninzi lwazo - ezidliwayo. Amakhowa kwakhona ezinxulumene makhowa lamellar badla ukukhula ngokwemvelo emhlabeni kunye njengomgquba phezu amadlelo kunye emadlelweni. Ixesha elininzi yokuhlala setyhula, leyo edume ngokuba "ring igqwirha".

tubular

Kubo kwindalo, kukho ngaphantsi kancinane iintlobo-250. Ukuba kwenzeka okoko ezinezinga enemozulu kumazwe awohlukeneyo kulo mhlaba. Ingaba komqamelo-umnqwazi, ngeenxa kunye nenyama. Umaleko tubular cap ezimbini nje atyabukile off. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu abaninzi tubular kuza ngokuncedisana izityalo aphezulu - imithi oluthile. Phantse wonke tubular ayinakutyiwa. Elaziwa kakhulu zezi: amhlophe, Aspen, boletus, Mokhovikov, boletus. Ezinye kwimibhobho iqulathe kumafa yabo zifo ukubulala kwamagciwane.

ukukhuliswa lokwenziwa

Ngokwemigaqo kulinywe kunye nokulima artificial amakhowa; kuba baninzi kubonakala tubular malovozmozhnym. Ekubeni lukhona kuphela ngokuncedisana imithi ezithile. Ngenxa yoko, ukuzalisa, umzekelo, amakhowa ezinde kwisikali yorhwebo kuya kufuna ilizwe iBirchwood lonke. Kodwa kulinywa ezinye plate nje kuphela, kodwa kwakhona iye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo ngabantu kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Ngoko ke, amava lweenkomo abantu mushroom iye ukuya kwiminyaka 300. Kwaye ngoku Oyster ethandwa elinywa kwendlu emanzi, kunye nempumelelo enkulu.

polypore

Polypore - infests imithi amanita-amakhalane kunye abakwaziyo ukutshabalalisa imithi yawo. iimeko ezaziwayo yingxubuwa, ubunzima eekhilogram-10. Zidla afumaneka kwi zemithi. Emva kokufa yingxubuwa umthi ixesha elide, baqhubeke bephila, kokulahla iinkuni kwaye lusidla iintsalela ukubola emthini.

amanita esinetyhefu

ngozi ukuze abantu amanita eyityhefu, esinokubangela ityhefu kakhulu. Kwezi, ezibulala kakhulu ingqalelo okona luthuthu. Ukuba bayidle (nokuba akuba welding ngaphambili), oko kunokukhokelela ekufeni.

Muhomori, amakhowa ababuxoki, cholic kunye neenkowane satanical kwakhona zilubeka emngciphekweni abantu. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko ukuba angenakudliwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi akadliwa ezityiwayo kabini, efanayo imbonakalo. Oku ngakumbi kwandisa umngcipheko yokukha obude. Kwaye phambi kokuba uye kwi hunt mushroom, kufuneka ufunde ukuqonda ngokucacileyo iintlobo amakhowa, ukuba ube lixhoba yityhefu ukutya. Abanye shlyapochnye - phantsi kwemiqathango ethile ayinakutyiwa. Ezi ziquka: svinushki, morels kunye nemigca. Kwezi izinto eziyingozi iyasuswa ngokuxuba ngokuphindaphindiweyo nokutshintshiselana amanzi. Kufuneka sikhumbule abavuni mushroom abo basandula kuqalisa, ezinye amakhowa, bade ingqalelo ezityiwayo, kunokuba enetyhefu xa eqokelelwe ecaleni kaloliwe okanye emendweni. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-fungi bafunxa izinto eziyingozi secreted yi zikaloliwe kunye iimoto. Ngoko ke, kuya kuba amakhowa, kungcono lokuhlolisisa ngakumbi ehlathini.

Imixholo yeli nqaku ingasetyenziselwa biology sifundo "amanita" (Grade 5).