Umqhubi esigangeni electrostatic. Abaqhubi, semiconductors, dielectrics

A into kokuba yamasuntswana sesisa kwentlawulo ezihamba umzimba yintshukumo esigangeni yombane ngendlela ngocwangco, ebizwa umqhubi esigangeni electrostatic. A call amacala ezamahala yamasuntswana. Dielectrics, kwelinye icala, musa ukuba nazo. Abaqhubi kunye insulators badalwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neepropati.

umqhubi

Le intsimi electrostatic abaqhubi - ngesinyithi, obrak, izisombululo emuncu kunye saline, kwaye irhasi insimbi. Abathwali umrhumo kuyo iintsimbi - nto electron simahla.

Xa ukufunyanwa kwintsimi efanayo zombane, apho iintsimbi - abaqhubi ngaphandle kwentlawulo, uza kwicala sakhangelana ombane endle kumda wesangqa. Lokwandisa kwicala elinye, electron iya kuseka intlawulo ezingakhiyo kwelinye icala mali lwabo abubungqina obungaphelelanga aya kubangela imbonakalo kwentlawulo kwemfuneko ezintle. Kubonakala ukuba candelo izityholo. kuvela amacala Uncompensated ezahlukeneyo phantsi kwempembelelo esigangeni lwangaphandle. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba aqhubela, yaye umqhubi kwintsimi electrostatic umrhumo kuhlala.

amacala uncompensated

Ugesi, xa zimali lisasazwe phakathi kwezahlulo zomzimba, kuthiwa induction electrostatic. Uncompensated iindleko zombane zenza umzimba, amaphaphu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle malunga omnye komnye. Nowakwakho uze inokuqokelelana kumacala ahlukeneyo ngumqhubi, intsimi lwangaphakathi amandla ukunyuka. Ngenxa yoko, kuba zero. Ke kubuyekezwe elungeleleneyo.

Ngaloo ndlela yonke intlawulo uncompensated ungaphandle. Le nyaniso isetyenziselwa ukufumana ukhuseleko electrostatic, awukhusele kwimpembelelo emasimini. Bona wabekwa grid okanye izindlu yesinyithi ibhola.

dielectrics

Substances ngaphandle kwentlawulo ezamahala zombane nemiqathango yomgangatho (ngamanye amazwi, xa ubushushu ayikho phezulu kakhulu nezisezantsi) zibizwa ngokuba insulators. Amasuntswana kulo mzekelo engakwazi ukuhamba ngawo umzimba kwaye kwatshintsha kancinane kuphela. Ngoko ke, iintlawulo zombane zinxulumana.

Dielectrics bohlulwa babe ngamaqela kuxhomekeka kubume molecule. Le molecule dielectrics iqela lokuqala azilingani. Ezi ziquka amanzi yesiqhelo kunye nitrobenzene, kunye notywala. iintlawulo zabo akhabayo kunye navumelanayo musa idibana. Benza njengoko dipoles zombane. molecule anjalo zithathwa ezibandayo. mzuzu lwabo lombane lixabiso ezisikelwe kuzo zonke iimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Iqela lesibini iqulathe dielectrics, ogama iimolekyuli kuba nesakhiwo macala. Le iparafini, ioksijini, initrogen. izityholo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ukuba linentsingiselo efanayo. Ukuba akukho mhlaba lwangaphandle zombane, kwaye dipole mzuzu yombane naye engekho. Oku molekyuli non-ezibandayo.

Ngokungafaniyo iindleko molecule e endle lwangaphandle ziye offset amaziko ejoliswe kumacala ahlukeneyo. Bona similise dipoles ufumane omnye umzuzu yombane.

Dielectrics eqela lesithathu kufuneka isakhiwo crystal le ion.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iziphatha ngathi dipole esigangeni yohlobo olunye lwangaphandle (kuba molecule eliquka dielectrics nonpolar ezibandayo).

Nayiphi dipole isigxina sanikwa igunya, nganye eneyazo enye kumnqongo efanayo, kodwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo (ephambene). Senziwe imikhosi emibini ukuba torque phantsi ngesenzo dipole okwakha ukuguqula ukuze zithwala indlela idibana. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ufumana endle lwangaphandle.

I Heating intsimi yombane lwangaphandle ezingezo-polar akakho. Ngoko ke, molecule abalwaziyo mathuba zombane. Isindululo Heating polar thermal abunjwe zidlakadlaka. Ngenxa yale mathuba zombane kufuneka iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye bawadibanise kumda wesangqa - zero. Oko kukuthi, yokwambathisa ine mzuzu yombane.

Heating entsimini yombane ofanayo

Heating wayifaka entsimini zombane efanayo. Kakade ukuba dipoles - molekyuli yi dielectrics polar and non-polar, ezilungiselelwe, kuxhomekeke endle lwangaphandle. zithwala zawo odwa. Ngoko ke inani zithwala ayikho zero, kwaye yokwambathisa ine mzuzu yombane. Ngaphakathi kuyo, kukho zombini izityholo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga leyo vzaimokompensirumy kwaye zikufutshane omnye komnye. Ngoko ke, lo yokwambathisa hayi ntoni kufumana ityala.

imiphezulu abachaseneyo amacala nokwehlukana uncompensated ukuba bayalingana, oko kukuthi, i-Heating yi ngamaza.

Ukuba uthatha i yokwambathisa ionic kwaye ibekwe esigangeni yombane, ngembonakalo yikristale emkhusaneni of ion, oko asuswa kancinci. Ngenxa yoko, a ionic Heating ukufumana mzuzu yombane.

Izityholo nokwehlukana kuba lentsimi yayo yombane ene kwicala malunga ngaphandle. Ngoko ke, intsimi electrostatic into eyenziwe iintlawulo zibekwe yokwambathisa endibufumeneyo ngaphantsi kwe kwi vacuo.

umqhubi

A umfanekiso owahlukileyo enabo ngababhexeshi. Ukuba izinikezeli zombane kongeza endle electrostatic, kuvela ngoku eliyincopho, obambeleyo ngamacala ezamahala amandla ombane kuya kuba negalelo ekuveleni motion. Kodwa akwabizwa wonke umthetho ntuthuko thermodynamic, xa nayiphi na inkqubo elikhulu-isikali kwinkqubo evaliweyo kunye nentshukumo kufuneka ekugqibeleni iphele, kwaye equilibrate inkqubo.

Umqhubi esigangeni electrostatic - liqumrhu ngesinyithi, apho electron uqale ukususa nxamnye imigca amandla iqale ukuba yande ngasekhohlo. Umqhubi balahlekelwe ilungelo elektroni kwaye ufumane imali entle. Esekungcoleni izityholo uya kufumana lentsimi yayo yombane. Oku kubizwa ngokuba induction electrostatic.

Ngaphakathi umbhexeshi wekwayara electrostatic amandla intsimi ngu zero, oko kulula ukuba Zibonisa ihamba umva.

Iimpawu yokuziphatha kwentlawulo

Intlawulo emalunga kumphezulu umqhubi. Ngaphezu koko, oko isasazwa ukuze lexinene isigxina swi ugobile komhlaba. Apha kuya kuba ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo.

Abaqhubi kunye semiconductors babe ugobile phezu kakhulu etsolo engile ezinemiphetho kunye ajikelezayo. Kukho wabuye wabona ityala loxinano enkulu. Kunye indima yayo nokunyusa ngezikhondo apho. Ngoko ke, oku kudala intsimi eyomeleleyo yombane. Kuyabonakala umrhumo corona, ngenxa kuso iintlawulo ukusuka nombhexeshi.

Xa sijonga umqhubi esigangeni electrostatic, owasusa ingxenye engaphakathi, iya kubonisa lweHo-. Ukususela kule nto iya kutshintsha, kuba intsimi ukuba akunjalo, yaye akasoze. Eneneni, em- akukho ngokwenkcazelo.

isiphelo

Siye kwakhona izinikezeli kunye dielectrics. Ngoku uyakwazi ukuqonda iiyantlukwano zabo neempawu iimpawu bonisa kwiimeko ezifanayo. Ngoko ke, benza into eyahlukileyo kwintsimi zombane efanayo.