Ubushushu Utywala: isishwankathelo abenzi best kunye neemodeli

Ngoku zonke ezaziwayo ithemomitha utywala. Njengoko ke, yintoni iintlobo zezixhobo ezikhoyo okwangoku yaye ukuba zisetyenziswa njani?

Umatshini we ithermometer lwangoku

Kukholelwa ukuba uyise wakhe ithemometha UGalileo Galiley. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI, wadala ezinye okwimo isixhobo ekuthiwa thermoscope mihla. Kwakugcwele ikhowuni kunye ityhubhu iglasi, yaye yenzelwe ukumisela ukuba ingaba utshintsho lobushushu lamanzi. Isikali kule fowuni wayengekho. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukufumanisa kangakanani ngayo itshintshiwe, oko akwenzeki.

Ke isixhobo ngcono, ukudibanisa isikali amaso, umoya isusiwe, kwecone-ibhola wajika phezulu. Ekugqibeleni, amanzi indawo ethyl utywala. Asizange sale Torricelli. Le ezintsha uvumele ukwenza imilinganiselo kwi imozulu yingqele. Emva kokuba amanzi ngethuba ebandayo akukho kuphela kushukunyiswa ecaleni isikali. Ngokwakhe kudume inqanawa iglasi bawa azisalungiseki. Ukongeza, ubushushu utywala waba elizimeleyo womoya. A ezimbalwa ithemomitha ezindala sale basindileyo kwaye kwi uGalileo myuziyam.

Division zadipozithwa kwi ityhubhu lashushu lwawo, kwabuzwa emhlophe, enye emnyama. Ngokuqhelekileyo leseli ukusuka -10 ukuya +40. Ityhubhu izaliswe utywala kwaye atywinwe elityatyekiweyo. kwiithemometha utywala inkosi omnye wabonisa amaxabiso efanayo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa hlula inkosi nganye eyahlukileyo. Xa uzama ukuba bahlule abasakhasayo amaqhosha 100 nangaphezulu ukuze ixabiso efanayo akuphumelelanga.

Gcwalisa mercury ubushushu ceba G. Fahrenheit. Wawunika isikali phezu qhwa anetyuwa, 32 °, degrees 96 - iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni, 212 qhwa amanzi. Esi sikali kusetyenziswa de kwinkulungwane XX phakathi, kwaye eUnited States iyaqhubeka ukusebenzisa namhlanje.

ngcono sikali

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII Gilyom Amontons ukutshintsha inkqubo womlinganiselo. I engumFrentshi owasungula ithemometha utywala, landela utshintsho luthambe lomoya, ukukhathaza ingcinezelo. Kulo mzekelo, esi sikali iye lobushushu zero, ngoku ekuthiwa zero epheleleyo. Enye ingongoma njalo ithemometha kuye elenza amanzi. Kodwa engumFrentshi ceba ubushushu utywala, akazange acinge impembelelo womoya ngomhla lokubila lamanzi.

Xa imbonakalo kwaba siphon Barometer idolo evulekileyo phezulu. Ngezantsi yaba isisombululo of potash, kwaye phezu yeoli. Itanki kokuvalelwa.

zilinganiso lobushushu Scale

Esi sixhobo ayikho efana kakhulu ithemomitha umoya mihla ukulinganisa iqondo lobushushu. Ngeli xesha, izazinzulu ezininzi wasebenza indalo okanye ukuphuculwa models ekhoyo.

isixhobo Ukuphuculwa elinye engumFrentshi. ubushushu Utywala Reaumur waba isikali ukusuka degrees-0 ukuya kuma-80. Umkhenkce ukuba zinyibilika kwi-0 degrees, yaye amanzi ikuphekwa 80. Waqonda ukuba mercury kunye notywala owandayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngenxa isikali for ithemomitha kufuneka ibe efanayo. Kodwa ithemomitha bakhe ezinkulu ubenetloni ukuyisebenzisa.

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XVIII kwinkulungwane XX inani yezinto ezibaluleke zenziwa. Swede Anders Tselsy kanye echazwe ebila point zero, kunye neGauteng yayo - point 100. Kwaye kwafumaniseka ukuba kuphela ubushushu ice ukubila kuxhomekeke womoya, kwaye ebandayo oko awuchaphazeli. Ngako oko, ukwahlulwa lalikhona kanye.

data ngqo kwi ngqo uguqule isikali "phezu kwentloko yayo" hayi. Abanye bathi ukuba yenze ngokwayo Celsius. Abanye abaphandi wothulelw ukutshintsha ulwalathiso kwisikali Carl Linnaeus okanye Morten Shtremer.

Isazinzulu IsiNgesi Kelvin (Vilyam Tomson) kudale isikali lobushushu elililo ukusuka kwiqanda ngokupheleleyo kwi kwisikali Celsius yi degrees -273,15.

Kwinkulungwane XVIII ithemomitha utywala sele zisasazwa eYurophu. Baqala ke ukuba athengise kunye nezinye iimpahla. Nangona esikalini ubushushu sele lwaziwa 19. Ngoko ke, M. Lomonosov wanikela bakhe, 150, kunye Lambert - isikali ngokwamaqela 375, iyileyo wayelingana yenkulungwane zezulu ukwanda.

ngekhulu XVIII kuphawulwa ezifunyaniswe ebalulekileyo entsimini kwendalo kunye nophuculo lezixhobo, kuquka ithemomitha utywala.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX yaqala ukuvela, izalathiso ezintsha kunye nezixhobo esekelwe kwimigaqo ezahlukeneyo amanyathelo.

iintlobo kwiithemometha

• Ulwelo.
• Mechanical asebenza kuyo lo mgaqo, kodwa endaweni yokusebenzisa ulwelo strip bimetallic okanye saya.
• metal Electronic kusetyenziswa ukumelana utshintsho phantsi kwempembelelo lobushushu. Njengoko kusetyenziswa platinum wire umqhubi okanye wazaleka kwi yodongwe. Kulinganiswa ukusuka -200 ° C ku 850 ° C.
• spectrum Optical kususelwa kwinqanaba yotshintsho okanye nezinye iparameters. Ezi ziquka infrared yokulinganisa iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni ezisebenza ngaphandle qha yabantu.
• Manometer, ukwanda kwiithemometha, pyrometric, thermoelectric.

kwiithemometha technical

Ezi zibandakanya izixhobo ngokusekelwe zonke iintlobo imilinganiselo. Bona ebalasele ukunyuka bhetyebhetye yimiqathango ukusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke ezolimo, kunye ukungcangcazela-bodwa ngenxa nizkogradusnye spetskamer iimveliso oyile kunye elabhoratri. Zisetyenziswa ukuba ufakelo kwindawo igiza, amatanki ezahlukeneyo iikhemikhali kunye nokutya namashishini, ingakumbi processing sugar beet.

Sebenzisa nabo, kwaye kumakhaya abazalwana ukuze esweni ubushushu ngokwezikhundla ezahlukeneyo.

Iiplastiki nkqo emboxo. Igama ixhomekeka kuhlobo inxalenye ephantsi: kuyo ngqo okanye yomumo.

Umgaqo esebenza ngayo ithemomitha utywala technical isekelwe kwinto yokuba sisombululo yokusebenza iyavuleka okanye unciphe phantsi kwempembelelo lobushushu.

Phambi kokuba uthenge le isixhobo yokulinganisa kuyimfuneko ukuba baqhelane iimpawu zayo.

ubushushu utywala Technical awulinganise i lobushushu ukususela -70 ° C ku 600 ° C.

Utywala ithemometha degrees 100 olubalulekileyo kodwa lokunkonkxa. Ngenxa yoko, i-jam uthathwa ukulungele xa iqondo layo lifike 106 ° C. Nceda umlinganiselo ubushushu bayo utywala lokulondolozwa TK-1 iliTK 110 kwi qokobhe lenkcenkce.

ukugcwalisa kwiithemometha

kwiithemometha ulwelo osetyenziswayo uzaliswe mercury kunye notywala. Kodwa umphunga mercury ziyingozi kakhulu emzimbeni. Bona wabumba, ukuba kwaphula ithermometer. Ngoko ke, ithemomitha imetyhuri azisetyenziswa.

kwiithemometha yangaphandle

Ngoku ithemomitha utywala isitalato enkulu iya ethandwayo. ubude yabo ukufikelela kuma-80 cm kunye nangaphezulu. Baya bayihombise iindonga ze-ofisi, ivenkile okanye ebhankini. Isakhelo zomthi onqabileyo kakhulu, iplastiki okanye wentsimbi ukhangela osisityebi yokuqala. Scale lenyengane yodongwe nemixawuka oluthembekileyo.

Amanyathelo ubushushu utywala Loo iqondo lobushushu ngaphandle kwi -53 ° C 51 ° C.

Sikali "Mdiliya eshiya" iinkampani German TFA Dostmann GmbH yenziwe usebenzile yentsimbi. Ingasetyenziswa njengento zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi. Ubude 385 cm.

inkampani German zingabizwa Moller-Therm GmbH. Yakhiwa ekumgangatho ophezulu ithemomitha angaphakathi. Le waranti phezu kwabo - kwiminyaka emi-2.

Kakhulu wayedla ithemomitha ekhaya ngaphandle zincinane. Bona incamathele kwi window okanye Velcro ukuya kwezona oqingqiweyo ka iifestile neengcango kunye ngezikhonkwane. Popular ngaphandle ithemomitha Velcro utywala kabini-inxenye isikali, apho kubonakala ngefestile yeglasi. Ngapha koko, ukuze ukwazi ubushushu esitratweni, musa ukuba ushiye indlu. Enye umenzi - Penosil (Russia).

Kukho iindlela lwezindlu ngeplastiki.

Ukulinganisa lokubanda kwamanzi

ubushushu Utywala umlinganiselo ubushushu yamanzi sokuhlambela ukuba ngentlambululo usana. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ibe zapapayan kwityala yeplastiki.

Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba ubushushu utywala sokulinganisa iqondo lobushushu amanzi, nto leyo amathumba? Hayi, ngenxa yokuba utywala amathumba kubushushu obusezantsi kunamanzi. Kodwa kukho ithemomitha ngokukhethekileyo uphawu nge anokuyenza ngayo. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kotywala ithemometha degrees 100 Celsius. Kwaye amaqondo sub-zero ilungelana ngaphezu mercury. Emva mercury ngumkhenkce kwi 39 degrees Celsius. Nangona utywala balinganise iqondo lobushushu ukuya degrees 70 Celsius.