Additive Technology: inkcazelo, inkcazelo, kwaye isicelo features amanqaku. ubugcisa additive kushishino

technology 3D-shicilelwayo yaqaliswa ngo-1986, xa inkampani 3D Systems yaqulunqa umshicileli lokuqala ezikhethekileyo - umatshini stereolithography, ezithi zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwishishini wokhuselo lo. Oomatshini okuqala imali eninzi kakhulu yaye ezikhethiweyo ukuba nokudalwa iimodeli ezibonakalayo kuphela. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo wokuprinta-ntathu yaqala kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa yoyilo (CAD), izibalo kunye Ukulinganisa (rahman) kunye machining (CAM). Kwaye namhlanje kunzima ukufumana indawo yemveliso, zazingathandanga ukuba kusetyenziswa 3D-abashicileli :. Sebenzisa ukuba ukuvelisa iindawo moya, iziphekepheke, ngwenya, izixhobo, zitho kunye nokufakelwa, nezacholo, njl ithemba izicacele - technology additive kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba yinto ephambili kobuchwepheshe obunjineli boomatshini .

Amazwe aphambili ehlabathini babandakanyeke 3D ezibalekayo. Ngoko ke, ngo-2012, Yangstoune, eOhio, wavula National Innovation Institute additive lokuvelisa NAMII - iziko yokuqala iiteknoloji additive elinesihlanu ekuveliseni eUnited States. Machine park Institute sele 10 koomatshini additive, ezintathu kuzo oomatshini eziphuhlileyo ukudala iindawo yesinyithi.

Lwesigama ngezigaba

Undoqo kobuchwepheshe additive kukuba ukudibanisa izinto ukwenza izinto data evela 3D-model umaleko yi umaleko. Oku kwahlukile ukusuka ubuchule yokuvelisa yeyeemeko eqhelekileyo kuthetha machining - ekususeni izinto ukusuka workpiece.

technology additive ihlelwa:

• yi izinto ezisetyenziswayo (elulwelo, kwamaqondo eparticulate, polymeric, umgubo wentsimbi);
• bubukho i-laser;
• yi indlela ukulungisa ukwakhiwa umaleko (isiphumo thermal, zokukhanya kunye yiultraviolet okanye ukukhanya ezibonakalayo, ubume Umatshini);
• yi indlela ukuyilwa esibekwa.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini wokusungula umaleko. Eyokuqala kukuba iqonga lokuqala kwayena lo mbandela lomgubo, oko ingxolo okanye mqengqeleki imela ukwenza i nokuba inwebu ubukhulu olufunwayo eziphathekayo. Oku kwenzeka uyakhetha processing laser olungumgubo okanye enye indlela amasuntswana lomgubo compound (yokunyibilika okanye kuncanyatheliswe) ngokungqinelana kwicandelo langoku CAD-imifanekiso. Plane Construction aliguqukanga, yaye inxalenye powder ayitshintshanga. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kuyondelelaniswe bakhethe kwakunye uyakhetha laser sintering, ukuba ambaxa sisixhobo a laser. Indlela yesibini sikuko isimemezelo ngqo zokufunda amandla UPawulos ngongoma.

Umbutho ASTM, leyo iphuhlisa imigangatho yomzi-mveliso, yahlula ubugcisa 3D-additive zibe ziindidi 7.

1. Extruding eziphathekayo. Ekwakheni indawo extruder osuke ndaziqhekezela umbandela paste, umxube Umatshini kunye nomgubo metal. imodeli crude ndiyakhileyo kufakwa kwiziko ukususa Umatshini kunye sinter powder - ngendlela efanayo njengoko yenzeka kubuchwepheshe bemveli. Le technology additive kuphunyezwa phantsi lokuthengiswa MJS (Multiphase Jet Uqiniso, multiphase jet Ukuqinisa), FDM (tho Ukushiyeka nokumodela, Ukulinganisa ngu layerwise ekuhlanganiseni), FFF (tho cingwana Ukubumba, indlela zemveliso, Bhubane kwayo).
2. Ukutshiza eziphathekayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa njengomthwebeba Polyjet okanye ubuchwepheshe photopolymer wamantla multi-jet olusetyenziswa ukwakhiwa point. Le technology additive ukwabizwa ngokuba Multi jetting Material.
3. Umatshini zokufefa. Ezi ziquka jet Ink-Jet-isitofu technology ekwakhiweni bommandla akuthethi lelizwe eziphathekayo, i-arhente Umatshini (lemveliso additive technology ExOne).
4. Compound izinto sheet. izinto Ukwakha i Polymer umboniso, ngefoyile ye otyhidiweyo, iphepha kunye nabanye. Isetyenziswa, umzekelo, ngo cuke technology additive Fabrisonic. iipleyiti zesinyithi Thin ofunwa kunye ultrasound, emva koko metal agqithisileyo isuswe wokugaya. technology additive isetyenziswa kunye yeyeemeko apho.
5. Photopolymerization bath. Ithekhnoloji usebenzisa iimathiriyeli ucikizeko olukhulu engamanzi - photopolymer nentlaka. Umzekelo inkampani SLA-technology 3D Systems kunye nenkampani Envisiontec DLP-technology, Digital Light mngcwabo.
6. Inyibilikiswa zezinto zokufunda umaleko pre-zoncedo. Isetyenziswa kwi Moran-technology, esebenzisa njengomthombo laser amandla okanye intloko thermal (inkampani SHS Blueprinter).
7. amandla ngqo Ebeka ukuya kwindawo yokwakha. Izinto kunye namandla anikwe yesiqalo sayo yokunyibilika ekwakhiweni ngexesha elinye. Umzimba lisetyenziswa entloko ukusebenza, mayixhotyiswe inkqubo ukunika amandla kunye eziphathekayo. Energy iza ngohlobo umqadi ube mnye oludibeneyo elektroni (Sciaky) okanye laser umqadi (POM, Optomec,). Maxa wambi intloko zixhonywe "isandla" irobhothi.

Oluhlobo iintetho kakhulu ngakumbi malunga nezo ubugcisa additive ngaphezu engaphambili.

Fields of application

technology kwimarike additive kwi nemiba yophuhliso phambili namanye amashishini. avareji yokukhula yonyaka eziqikelelwa kwi-27%, ngokutsho inkampani IDC uqikelela ukuba ngo-2019 kuya kufikelela 26.7 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi xa kuthelekiswa 11 billion ngo-2015

Noko ke, imarike AT luseza ukutyhila intalente ekuvelisweni kwempahla yabathengi. Ukuya kwi-10% zenkampani kwexabiso lwemveliso yempahla siyaphela prototyping yayo. Kunye neenkampani abaninzi abasele bethathe ingxenye emarikeni. Kodwa i-90% iya kwimveliso, ngoko ekudaleni izicelo lemveliso ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso ziya kuba kwicala engundoqo kuphuhliso lolu shishino kwixesha elizayo.

Ngo-2014, umyinge ubugcisa prototyping olukhawulezileyo emarikeni wolongezelelo nangona yehla, wahlala aphezulu - 35%, isabelo kwimveliso wakhula ukutya waza wafikelela i-31% yesabelo ekudalweni izixhobo zahlala zahlala kwi-25%, ezinye libalwe kuba uphando kunye nemfundo.

Xa kumacandelo ezoqoqosho, izicelo AT-zobugcisa kusiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• 21% - iimveliso kunye electronics;
• 20% - imoto;
• 15% - amayeza, kuqukwa wamazinyo;
• 12% - loLwamkelo noshishino lokuvelisa isithuba;
• 11% - ukuveliswa indlela yemveliso;
• 8% - izixhobo umkhosi;
• 8% - ukubunjwa;
• 3% - ukwakhiwa.

Amateurs kunye neengcali

AT-tech imakethi yahlulwe engahlawulwayo kunye nobungcali. market engahlawulwayo iquka 3D-abashicileli kunye nokugcinwa kwabo, nto leyo ibandakanya inkonzo, ezisetyenziswa ziphele, isoftware, yaye yenzelwe ukuba abathanda ngamnye, imfundo nokuthelekelela ngezimvo kwaye luququzelele uqhagamshelwano kwi lokuqala kuphuhliso loshishino olutsha.

Professional 3D-abashicileli iduru kwaye zilufanele yokuzala elide. Zinelungelo indawo enkulu ukwakha, ukusebenza, ukuchaneka, ukuthembeka, eyandisiweyo izixhobo imodeli kuluhlu. Aba matshini ke inzima kakhulu ngakumbi kwaye zifuna uphuhliso lwezakhono ezizodwa ukusebenza kunye izixhobo ngokwawo, kunye nezinto imodeli kunye software. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nomsebenzisi umatshini uba yingcali yobungcali kwi ubugcisa additive nemfundo ephakamileyo yobugcisa.

Technology additive ngo-2015

Ngokwe ngxelo Report Wohlers 2015, 1988 no-2014 79 602 kushishino lwe 3D-abashicileli olufakwe ehlabathini lonke. . Kwangaxeshanye 38.1% yamacebo malini ngaphezulu kwe-5 amawaka eerandi US avela USA, 9.3% - eJapan, 9.2% - eTshayina, yaye 8.7% - eJamani. Lonke ihlabathi ekude ngaphambi iinkokeli. Ukususela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2014 umthamo yonyaka kwentengiso lwabashicileli desktop linyuke ukusuka 66 nakwiiyunithi 139 584. Ngowe-2014, 91,6% yentengiso accounted for desktop 3D-abashicileli, kwaye 8.4% - kwizicelo kwimizi wolongezelelo imveliso, ingeniso evela kuyo, kunjalo, zenza i-86,6% yamanqaku ewonke, okanye 1.12 billion zeedola US bhunxe. oomatshini Desktop wanelisekile izigidi 173,2 US dollar kanye 13.4%. Ngowe-2016, intengiso kulindeleke ukuba ikhule ku $ 7.3 yezigidi zezigidi, ngo-2018 - 12.7 billion, ngowe-2020 imarike iya kufikelela $ 21.2 yezigidi zezigidi.

Ngokutsho Wohlers, FDM-iteknoloji loyise, isilinganiso malunga 300 brand ehlabathini lonke, yonke imihla ukudibanisa iinguqulelo ezintsha. Ezinye zazo ithengiswa apha kuphela, ngoko ke kunzima kakhulu, ukuba kunako ukwenzeka, ukufumana ulwazi malunga nenani brand eyenziweyo ka-3D-abashicileli. Ngokuzithemba sinokuthi inani lazo kwimarike kwandisa suku ngalunye. Kukho iyantlukwano enkulu ubukhulu kunye ubuchwepheshe ezisetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, inkampani eBerlin velisa enkulu BigRep FDM-umshicileli ebizwa BigRep ONE.2 ngexabiso-36 amawaka. Euro, ekwaziyo bokushicilela izinto ukuya ku-900 x 1055 x 1100 mm enesisombululo ka 100-1000 microns, kunye extruders amabini kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo.

Norhwebo - ngokuba

Le kushishino lweenqwelo lityala imali eninzi lokuyila additive. Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa additive kuya kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto echithwe ekuvelisweni iinxalenye ngokuphindwe-10. Kulindeleke ukuba ngonyaka kaWonke Aviation Inkampani liya kupapasha amawaka-40. Injectors. Kwaye Airbus ngo-2018 inkampani wayesiya ukushicilela iitoni ukuya ku-30 yamalungu ngenyanga nganye. Le nkampani ithi inkqubela ebonakalayo iimpawu izahlulo yenziwe ngendlela xa kuthelekiswa yemveli. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo isibiyeli, leyo eyenzelwe kweetoni 2.3 umthwalo, enyanisweni, akunakuba nako ukumelana imithwalo ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-14 ngoxa kuncitshiswa ubunzima balo ngesiqingatha. Ukongeza, inkampani lipapasha iinkcukacha oxwebhu aluminiyam nezidibanisi amafutha. Lo moya Airbus ine-60 amawaka. Pieces, liprinte 3D-zomshicileli Stratasys Fortus Company. Ezinye iinkampani kushishino aerospace nazo usebenzisa iteknoloji lemveliso additive. Phakathi kwabo: Bell Helicopter, BAE Systems, zibubone, iBoeing, Embraer, Honeywell Aerospace, Jikelele Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce kunye SpaceX.

Digital technologies additive sele kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo yabathengi. Inkampani yenyama, iinkonzo ngokubonelela yokumana kusongezwa olunye yokuvelisa, nokubambisana Hoet Eyeware ekwenziweni iindondo ukuze zilungiswe umbono kunye elanga. 3D-imifuziselo zibonelelwa ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo efini. Kuphela 3D Warehouse yenkampani kwaye Sketchup ukunikela iisampulu 2.7 million. Musa ukuhlala iqela noshishino fashion. RS Shicilela isebenzisa yinkqubo esilinganisa uxinzelelo yomphantsi, ukushicilela insoles ngamnye. Abayili ukuba ukuhlola bikinis, izihlangu kunye ilokhwe.

prototyping rapid

Phantsi prototyping ngokukhawuleza ukuqonda nokudalwa iimveliso proto kweli xesha lifutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Le yenye izicelo eziphambili additive technologies mveliso. Umatshini - yinto uhlobo imveliso efunekayo ukwandisa imilo le yinxalenye yovavanyo zayo ergonomics, ibandla ukuqinisekiswa izakhono kunye ukuchaneka izisombululo sebhodi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuncitshiswa yobomi iindawo zokuvelisa unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka ixesha nophuhliso. Kwakhona, kwase kunokuba ngumzekelo eyenzelwe uvavanyo okanye ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kovalelo ashukimisayo kunye hydrodynamic yendlu kunye nezixhobo zonyango. AMAGQABAZA ▸ abaninzi wadala njengoko models design lokuHlola kunye ngomahluko yoqwalaselo, imibala kunye umbala njalo njalo. D. Kuba prototyping rapid isebenzisa engaxabisi 3D-abashicileli.

production rapid

Ithekhnoloji additive kwi kushishino ithemba elikhulu. nemveliso Small yeemveliso geometry entsonkothileyo kunye nezinto ezithile eziqhelekileyo kwi yokwakha, ubunjineli amandla, Ukuhlinza namayeza amazinyo, ishishini aerospace. kulinywe ngqo yeemveliso wentsimbi eqhutywa bona kwezoqoqosho, njengoko oku indlela zemveliso yaba ngaphantsi imali eninzi. Nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa additive kwenza turbines imizimba zokusebenza upper, emzimbeni kunye zitho, iintsimbi iimoto kunye moya.

Uphuhliso woveliso ngokukhawuleza negalelo landa kakhulu inani izinto ezikhoyo powder metal. Ukuba ngo-2000 kwakukho 5-6 iintlobo emigutyeni, ngoku inikeza ezininzi, zifikelela kwi amashumi track zokwakha ukuya amatye anqabileyo kunye superalloys.

Ethembisayo kunye additive ubuchwepheshe ngezobunjineli, apho zinokuthi zisetyenziswe ekwenziweni izixhobo kunye izixhobo ukuvelisa uthotho - ifaka emishini isitofu ambumbe, jeli, templates.

Ultimaker 2 - eyona 3D-umshicileli ngo-2016

Ngokoluvo lowu CHIP, leyo kwenziwa uvavanyo kunye wathelekisa iimpawu indlu 3D-abashicileli, abashicileli best 2016 umfuziselo Ultimaker 2 iinkampani Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 Inkampani Conrad kunye Replicator Desktop 3D inkampani Printer MakerBot.

Ultimaker 2+ nohlobo eziphuculweyo usebenzisa iteknoloji Ukulinganisa ngokuthi ekuhlanganiseni. 3D-umshicileli yohlukile incinane umaleko ububanzi 0,02 mm, ixesha ubalo encinane, ushicilelo iindleko ephantsi (2600 miri ngalinye 1 kg of material). Iimpawu eziphambili:

• ubungakanani egumbini ukusebenza - 223 x 223 x 305 mm;
• ubunzima - 12.3 kg;
• ubukhulu intloko - 0.25 / 0.4 / 0.6 / 0.8 mm;
• bafe ubushushu - 180-260 ° C;
• Isisombululo layer - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns;
• Shicilela Isantya - 8-24 mm ³ / s;
• ngobuciko xyz - 12,5-12,55 microns;
• eziphathekayo - Pla, ABS, CPE ububanzi 2,85 mm;
• Software - Cura;
• wohlobo olukhethiweyo lwefayile - stl, OBJ, AMF;
• ukusetyenziswa Power - 221 W;
• ixabiso - 1895 euro, kunye nemodeli isiseko 2495 euro kwandiswa.

Ngokutsho reviews yabathengi, umshicileli ukukhanya ukufaka kwaye usebenzise. Ukubhiyozela nokugqama, umandlalo self-uhlengahlengiso, kukho iintlobo ezininzi izinto ezisetyenziswayo, ukusetyenziswa open source software. Bobubi ziquka umshicileli ukuvula uyilo yomshicileli, kunokubangela elivutha ukusuka impahla eshushu.

LulzBot Mini 3D Printer

Xa kokuphonononga lowu PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 Replicator Desktop 3D Printer naye wangena phezulu ezintathu, kodwa apha kwindawo yokuqala yaba umshicileli LulzBot encinci 3D Printer. iinkcukacha zayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ubungakanani egumbini ukusebenza - 152 x 152 x 158 mm;
• Weight - 8,55 kg;
• bafe ubushushu - 300 ° C;
• Umaleko ubukhulu - 0.05-0.5 mm;
• Shicilela Isantya - 275 mm / s nomphakamo 0.18 mm maleko;
• eziphathekayo - Pla, ABS, iinyonga, PVA, PETT, ipholiyesta, nenayiloni, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, kunye ubudeki abanye we 3 mm.
• Software - Cura, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl etc;.
• ukusetyenziswa Power - 300 W;
• ixabiso - $ 1 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Enye nemishini ephambili mveliso yokumana kusongezwa olunye yokuvelisa iinkampani 300 EBAM Sciaky. Electron beam gun ibangela oomaleko metal ngesantya kwe kg ukuya kwi-9 ngeyure nganye.

• ubungakanani egumbini ukusebenza - 5791 x 1219 x 1219 mm;
• uxinzelelo lwegumbi ezincamathelayo - 1x10 ^-4 Torr;
• power - up to 42 kW kwi amandla ombane ayi-60 kV;
• iteknoloji - extrusion;
• izinto - titanium kunye titanium aluminiyamu, tantalum, inconel, Tungsten, ukrweco, intsimbi engatyiwa, i-aluminiyamu, intsimbi, ubhedu-nickel ingxubevange (70/30 no 30/70);
• inani eliphezulu - 8605,2 iilitha;
• ixabiso - 250 amawaka US iidola ..

ubugcisa additive eRussia

oomatshini industrial-grade eRashiya akubangelwa. Ngoxa kokuba kuphela yaphuhliswa kwi "Rosatom", lo MSTU laser iziko. Bauman University "STANKIN" Polytechnic University of St. Petersburg, i Urals Federal University. "Voronezhselimmash", ukuvelisa zemfundo zasekhaya 3D-abashicileli "Alpha", uphuhlisa isityalo yorhwebo additive.

Le meko okufanayo izinto. Inkokeli kuphuhliso emigutyeni kunye nemixube powder eRashiya VIAM. Ke wavelisa olungumgubo ubugcisa additive zisetyenziswa ekubuyiselweni iincakuba turbine, ngokomyalelo Permian "iinjini moya». Inkqubela yeyona kwaye All-Russian Institute of aluminiyamu ukukhanya (namasondo). Uphuhliso ngamaziko zobunjineli ezahlukeneyo kuyo yonke i-Russian Federation. "Rostec", phambene iHlumelo Russian Academy of Sciences, UFU zikhokelela kuphuhliso lwabo. Kodwa sekunjalo abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokuba imfuno encinane iitoni ezingama-20 powder nyaka ngamnye.

Kulo mba, uRhulumente wayalela-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo, iSebe loPhuhliso loQoqosho, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Communications, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fano, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" amaziko ophuhliso ukuseka uphuhliso lwenkqubo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nophando. Kuba kubhaliwe kucetywa ukuba izimali ezongezelelweyo ulwabiwo-mali, ngokunjalo ukuqwalasela amathuba co-mali ngeendleko-mali ntle yeSizwe kunye neminye imithombo. Kucetyiswa ukuba inkxaso iteknoloji entsha imveliso, xa Vol. H. Ukudibanisa, zezi-, "Rosnano" Fund "Skolkovo", i-arhente ezithumela "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". Urhulumente kwakhona limelwe Industry and Trade Ubulungiseleli wenza icandelo yenkqubo karhulumente yophuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa okhuphiswano mveliso.