Geiger sokubala okanye ezinye izixhobo zokulinganisa izinga radiation

Instruments, ogama msebenzi kukulinganisa kwinqanaba radiation kweli xesha lethu kunganxulunyaniswa phantse kudidi electronic yabathengi. Indlela le nqubo isebenza yaye kutheni sele ithandwa kangaka?

Zisebenza njani?

Icebo kakhulu kakuhle eyaziwa kwaye ethandwa zokulinganisa radioactivity - Geiger counter. igama lakhe yaye ukuzalwa kwakhe unetyala yamachiza German Hans Geiger, ngubani ngendlela le divayisi ku-1908 kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle - Ernest Rutherford. kweminyaka engama-20 kamva, Geiger wabuyela wokusungula iphuculwe kunye yamachiza W. Muller. Nangona le divayisi abangaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu, iye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo imihla yethu. Uninzi dosimeters zasendlini efanayo yokusebenza umgaqo kuye.

njani sibali Geiger? main element Its - iglasi okanye metal cylinder etywiniweyo ezaliswe nomxube wegesi egalelwe - ezikhanya kunye argon. Apha, akwitankana, electrode ezimbini ezibekwe. Njengoko yaziwa, lencinibakazi radiation Ukhuthaza ngohlobo ngamasuntswana. Xa ubuncinane omnye amasuntswana liwela imitha, umxube igesi insimbi: athom igesi kuba unamandla, abanokuthi ngayo ukhanyisela. Le nkqubo kunye counter ezisisigxina. Ukuze ubhalise inani ngqo amasuntswana lwemitha, inkqubo ionization leyo bungacinywa ngokuzenzela. Oku kwenzeka phakathi amaqhezu owesibini. Xa efumanise amasuntswana radioactive counter Geiger velisa isandi lukusinda isici.

amanqanaba Imitha kulinganiswa nangezinye iindlela. Kunye zokubala Geiger asetyenziswa rhoqo crystals scintillator. Isenzo zezi zixhobo isekelwe kwinto yokuba ezinye izinto (umz, isodiyam iodide okanye zinc sulphide) ekwezi xa efumanise of radiation. Inani ukubaneka kuxhomekeka ubukhulu dose kwimitha kunye esisigxina yi iyunithi eyodwa - a photomultiplier.

Enye indlela - indlela lweekhemikhali efumanise yemisebe. Isebenzisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza zenzeka izinto ezithile phantsi kwempembelelo radiation. Umzekelo, kule meko, chloroform abole kwaye yenza HCl, Asikokungena sokungamelani umbala kunye idayi idityaniswe chloroform.

Apho radiation lulinganiselwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla?

Kuba yintoni kufuneka esi sixhobo kubantu abangenayo nayiphi ngokunxulumene atom ngoxolo? Amaninzi, yemisebe dosimeter yasetyenziswa ukulinganisela amanqanaba radiation ekutyeni okanye ukwakha izinto. Kwakhona khangela ukuba radioactivity na ilizwe apho eyakhiwe okanye icetyelwe ukuba ukwakha indlu. Kwathi ukuze ixesha elide, abantu bangafuni ukuba radiation, amalungiselelo amabala zenyukliya yokungcwaba kwiindawo ezininzi engalindelekanga - komile okanye kwezinye am ishiywe. IChernobyl ntlekele iye yakhokelela abaninzi ukukhangela radiation ngamehlo ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye ke ingozi kutshanje "Fukushima" wenza isimangalo Geiger kunye nezinye dosimeters ezithandwayo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, esweni imitha zokusetyenziswa ekhaya bancinci. Bona baxhotyiswa boniso, apho ubona inqanaba radiation. Dosimeters ingaba imibundu igramafoni. uhlobo lokuqala device izakufunyanwa xa edlula kwinqanaba avumelekile radiation, nto leyo esinye acwangciswe ngaphambili ngumvelisi. Ukuba ngokuvakalayo. Ezi dosimeters abiza kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Izixhobo zohlobo lwesibini abonisa umgangatho othile radiation, inqanaba umbundu ibekwe phezu kwabo ngesandla. Loo ifoni lula ngakumbi iingcali xa umntu uyazi kakuhle ukuba umgangatho radiation kule meko iyingozi.

Njengoko ubona, zokuva imitha kwiimeko uhleliyo kakhulu kunokwenzeka. Kodwa phambi dosimeter kwelo khaya akukwenzi ube yobungcali. Ngoko ke, xa efumanise izinto sifo okanye iindawo ukuze bancediswe ziingcali ukho kum.