Bookplate - ntoni na? Bookplate: izithombe

Fans kunye nabaqokeleli baqokelela iincwadi kumathala zabo ezininzi iimpapasho, nganye eneyazo imbali yayo. Kwiinzame ukukhusela ubutyebi babo, bibliophiles kunye iingcali njo okanye isitampu kumaphepha iincwadi, iimpawu ncwadi - bookplate. Yintoni na, nini yaye phi oko kuvela, oko kwenzeka nokwenza njani oku njani "aphorism graphic," zama ukukuxelela kweli nqaku.

Yintoni na?

Yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini isiya Ex weLibris iindlela Russian "ukususela iincwadi." Oku kuhlangene ne kwimbali iincwadi yaye wabonakala kwiindibano aphakathi - scriptoria e yoonongendi, apho amaphepha yakhutshelwa. Kwaba apho waqalisa ukwenza imibhalo kuthiwa abanini 'phezu iincwadi, eqalela la magama "kwithala leencwadi" okanye "evela iincwadi", emva koko ukuze ubonise igama kunye negama lomnini okanye igama woonongendi okanye kwithala leencwadi.

Its mihla neziqhelekileyo kuthi nembono ye iphepha kuncanyathiselwa ngaphakathi incwadi ziyabophelela, bookplate kunyanzelekile yazo kunye iinkosi German. Maxa wambi yahluke kakhulu - obulula bokuhombisa, emnyama namhlophe kunye nombala. Owona mzekelo alula, aqhelekileyo ukuba ngamnye kuthi ukususela ebuntwaneni - le bookplate ilayibrari zinamathele iincwadi ezikhutshwe esikolweni. Nezamkelekileyo le nto, kodwa athwala ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nomnini ncwadi.

Bookplate - Ex weLibris - hayi wahlala ayitshintshanga, iintsingiselo ukumila sexesha, esizithandayo Ukuthanda abanini kunye Waze wasebenzisa hardware yoshicilelo kuba nefuthe inkangeleko yayo.

Njengomgaqo, bookplate okuthile kwenziwa ngokufihlakeleyo kwi iqondo elikhulu okanye elingaphantsi ulwazi malunga umniniyo, ifani yakhe kunye negama lokuqala, wobugcisa, isimo sengqondo, izinto. Kukho amaxesha xa exlibris ekhohlo unalo ixabiso ngaphezu incwadi ngokwayo, apho emi kuyo.

Xa befika apho?

Ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba ingaba bookplate - ntoni na, kubalulekile ukufumana phandle phi kwaye njani le meko yokuluka.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, lo bookplate endala na kwiMyuziyam yaseBritani, yaye ngeyabo Amenhotep IV usuku emva BC kwinkulungwane XIV. e. Umnqweno ukuchonga ubunini izinto ezixabisekileyo ezifana neencwadi, Kuyinto kuyaqondakala. Kuphela imali abantu zinamandla kwaye abazizityebi ukuba babe yesandla wazama ukuchonga ipropati ilungelo kuwulondoloza.

Emva kokuba imbonakalo iincwadi zokuqala eshicilelweyo eJamani, abantu bathabatha bookplates, nenokuthi ukuchonga umnikazi. I ebhalwe bookplate indala German libhekisa ku 1450, kwaye French Zhana Berto La Tour Blanche - ukuya 1529.

Omnye ngolokuqala IsiNgesi, Dutch kunye Italian ex weLibris wabonakala 1579, 1597 no 1622, ngokulandelelana kwazo.

Ukuhlelwa neentlobo

Iye yakhula iinkulungwane, iimpawu ncwadi zihlelwe ngeentlobo ezimbini ezilandelayo eziphambili:

• sefonti - ebonisa kuphela igama kunye nefani lomnini;
• art, wabulawa ngohlobo inani elincinane, ngokuxelela ngokufutshane ngelayibrari host.

Makhe sihlolisise le bookplate art, into obuyiyo nento izimvo zayo. Zonke ezintathu zazo:

1. Isitampu na uphawu lo XVI-XVII iinkulungwane, oko kuboniswa ingubo lwesizwe yomnini. It wadalwa ngokunxulumene nemithetho zobugcisa imbali.
2. Monogram ziquka art baphathwa inishiyali yomnini. Loo bookplate (ingasentla) inokubonwa kwinqaku.
3. Scene kakhulu zokuhombisa kwaye zibandakanya izinto ezininzi, ezibonisa esizithandayo, umsebenzi nangezinto ozithandayo yomnini.

Ukuba abamele?

Ukuba ngaphambili kwi imiqondiso ncwadi akhula imifuziselo kunye noonobumba bokuqala, bookplates mihla kwiimeko ezininzi luqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini: i ubugcisa kunye netekisi. Kwaye Ukuba umbhalo izithethe abonisa incwadi ilunga umnini ethile, umfanekiso kunokuba ngokupheleleyo nantoni na. Xa bookplates eyenzelwe, amagcisa kucelwa ukuba ukubonisa inkalo ethile yokuphila okanye umnini ilayibrari izinto. umfanekiso yokomfuziselo enjalo ngokuyimfuneko, apho kusenokuba portrait okanye landscape, ukubonisa okanye umhombiso izinto izakhiwo zethala exake okanye caricatured. Akukho izithintelo, ngaphandle ukuyila umthengi kunye nobuchule wegcisa.

Kumaxesha Soviet yaba bookplates ezithandwayo kunye nomfanekiso ka Lenin, amabali kunye Amaqhawe Civil and Enkulu Patriotic War, abasebenzi kakubi abasebenzi kunye nabalimi, ukoyisa indawo.

njani loo nto?

Namhlanje kukho iindlela ezininzi ukuvelisa bookplates:

• kwathatha;
• Zempahla;
• zincographic;
• iselangeni;
• yoshicilelo silk-screen;
• ushicilela kwi izinto ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuzihlola ngokufutshane iindlela ezahlukeneyo asetyenziswa xa incwadi bookplate.

okugawula

Eyona ndlela endala yi anemifanekiso - ngentlabo, izakwenziwa emthini. Sele BC ngenkulungwane VIII. e. East kufumana ushicilela umfanekiso ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukusuka imiphezulu ngomthi ngayo, yaye ngenkulungwane XIV ayibobuchule efanayo iye isetyenziswe eYurophu. Sibize le hlobo woodcuts aqingqiweyo, zakusa ukuya iinkuni soft wabona longitudinal wonqanyulwa, ngokuqhelekileyo eliphakathi, ukuba basike kunye imela. Ngenxa ukungawi inkqubo imicu maplanga ende kunye kukhathaza. Xa IsiNgesi wokukrola ngenkulungwane XVIII Thomas Bewick wasungula indlela lokuphelisa nokukrola babulawe kumacandelo emnqamlezweni beenkuni oluqinileyo mgawuli okhethekileyo. Olu hlobo imikrolo ngokukhawuleza yaphinda yathandwa kuba bavunyelwe ukufumana imigca ezingcakacileyo, ezihlambulukileyo, ubunzulu efunekayo kunye olumtyibilizi phakathi kokukhanya kunye neendawo ezimnyama.

Mfanekiso on copper

Le yenye yeendlela endala ukwenza ushicilelo Wabonakala ngenkulungwane XIV eItali. It lwenziwa ngokusika mgawuli indlela ekhethekileyo ngokuba nobhedu nokuzaliswa okwalandela vee ifunyenwe ngepeyinti. Emva kwale ndlela ishicilelwa phantsi koxinzelelo, kumanzi, ipeyinti iphepha izifunxi. Le ndlela kakhulu inzima kuzalisekiso, kuba awukwazi ukutshintsha nantoni okanye ukuphucula.

ukuya ngasekhohlo

Le ndlela yeyona uthandwayo yokuvelisa exlibrises ipatheni ngasekhohlo acid kwi zinc okanye ubhedu nembasa. Okokuqala, kwibhodi legqunyiwe otyhidiweyo, isicelo lacquer ukwakhiwa ezizodwa ngokusekelwe wax zingangeni emnandi. Xa ivanishi sele eqina, igcisa uyalinandipha yenaliti okhethekileyo, exwebula buvele ipateni metal. Xa kukho umfanekiso idluliswa, kwipleyiti untywiliselwa kwisingxobo ka-nitric acid bunokusenza intsimbi. E lihlanjululwe ukusuka ivanishi asidi wafumana ipateni komhlaba.

modernity

Ukuba amagcisa ngaphambili bookplates eziveliswa woodcuts okanye etchings, namhlanje uninzi bookplates wabulawa ngenxa yemihla ngemihla rubber isitampu. izixhobo zobugcisa zale mihla ivumela ukukrola izinto zincinane bookplates evumela ukuba ukudala imisebenzi entsonkothileyo zobugcisa.

iilebhile Book e Russia

Ukuya kwinkulungwane XVIII-ngqangi Russian, yaye ukuze abagcine kubanini nje ukwenza "title possessory", apho ngegama yokuqala neyokugqibela zaye zasasazwa. Ngenxa vulindlela yoshicilelo Russian Ivanu Fedorovu le bookplate yokuqala eshicilelweyo wabonakala kwinkulungwane ekuqaleni XVIII. Ekuqaleni, kwaba umfanekiso nesitampu kuphela, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukuvela imizobo iyelenqe babonelelwa Isaci emfutshane, wayevakalisa host sasisenamandla sikhundla. Ebudeni bolawulo Peter I iincwadi yehlabathi saka kwaye uyangena fashion bookplate. Imizobo, isicelo kwindlela yoshicilelo eendaba, uluntu waba kwisifundo kwengxoxo, ebonisa ubume bentlalo yomnini.

In Izilumko Ngenkulungwane XIX layer esebenzayo abunjwe eRashiya, kwaye ithala leencwadi zabucala yayeka ukuba uphawu lungelo. Abantu abaninzi abafundileyo, izazinzulu, ababhali ngcembe bakha obanzi kakhulu. Oku kube negalelo ukusasazwa ngokubanzi bookplates, kodwa kwakhokelela lula yayo. Kunokuba bamakhazikhazi crests usapho okanye Monograms wabonakala isakhelo eziqhelekileyo, kwenziwe ikopi nzima, eziyifaneleyo idata yobuqu somnini indawo esisigxina iincwadi - igumbi kwikhabhathi kunye ezishelifini.

In XX bookplate Ngenkulungwane uba uhlobo phantse ezizimeleyo zobugcisa ngemizobo. Oku lula kukuba eRashiya uhlobo owenziwa abaculi abaziwayo ezifana uAleksandr Benua, Leon Bakst, Georgy Narbut, Elena Lancer, uMikhail Dobuzhinsky, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba kuphela bookplate Vasnetsov yadalwa 1901, ukuba ngqo, ushicilelo block "Iz knig IS Ostroukhova "wenzela wokukrola ezaziwayo-kakuhle ixesha uV Oshade kumfanekiso ukuba umzobi eyenziwe-inki.

Nakule mihla le uphawu ethi

Emva kokuba 1917 Revolution kunye War Civil kwakukho iseti abazobi, ezifana UNikolai Kupriyanov, uVladimir Favorsky, uAlex Kravchenko kunye nezinye iinkosi. Izifundo Exlibris yandiswa kakhulu, kwaye bookplate waqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu ngamnye kunye nokukhethwa abanini iincwadi.

Ithuba elandelayo bookplates kuthandwa kwilizwe lethu baqalisa ukuya kwiminyaka 60-70 yenkulungwane yokugqibela, xa abantu baba inxaxheba ekuqokeleleni iincwadi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umsebenzi ngelo xesha sikhokelo abambalwa kakhulu kweyabo artists ndikudalile bookplates ezininzi umdla engaqhelekanga.

Namhlanje, kwinkulungwane xxi, umdla exlibris buya komelela. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba ngakumbi ababephila zethu nezifuna ukuba, bookplate siqu, ilifa, ezifana Ex weLibris, leyo ngezantsi efotweni.

endaweni yesiphelo

Okwangoku, amanqaku incwadi bakhonza nje ukulondoloza ingqibelelo kwithala leencwadi, kodwa njengezinto collectible. Baya na onokumxelela okuninzi malunga ixesha elithile, abanini kunye isigcino sabo. Ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba ingaba bookplate - ntoni na, sinokuthi oku nje uhlobo namhlanje ubugcisa bokuzoba, kodwa inkumbulo Injongo kumaxesha adlulileyo kunye namadoda.