Classification kwezakhi - zesakhiwo functional

YeMfuzo, uphethwe siswini, zokucazulula DNA ngezakhi - ezininzi zobugcisa langoku, elizayo elidityaniswe nale nenzululwazi. Ukuhlelwa Gene wenza kube lula ukufunda iimpawu zazo nezakhono utshintsho. Ngoko ke, oko kwaziwayo ngabo namhlanje?

zofuzo

Kuzo zonke iseli zonke eziphilayo iqulethe yonke inkcazelo malunga naloo nto. Kulo mbono, kufuneka ibe ngokwaneleyo ukuze bakwazi ukuvelisa i ikopi ngqo. Kwaye zonke Bulelani DNA ngenene yokundwendwela yemfuza. Kunye iisampulu bakhe, esinokuzifumana elide eziphilayo lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye ukunqanda ukuphela kwabo zisemngciphekweni.

Gene - lusisisekelo ezisisiseko izinto zamafa. Zenza i-inxenye enkulu, yaye, ke yilani molecule ye DNA. Enyanisweni, yonke into ngayo - yinto efunekayo ikhowudi ngokohlobo kulandelelwano nucleotides leyo ibhalwe ngokufihlisa kunye nalo lonke ulwazi malunga eziphilayo. Kwaye inzululwazi eliphanda uhlobo lolwazi, yintoni na imisebenzi iiyunithi ngamnye, yintoni na uhlobo lwesakhiwo kwaye olusebenzayo genes kunye neminye imiba enxulumene, mncinane kakhulu, kodwa sele wakwazi ukungqina imfuneko yalo ezibonakala zingalunga enkulu.

isifundo

Isibakala sokuba abanye abantwana ilifa iimpawu kubazali babo kunye neentsapho ngokubanzi, kudala kwaziwa. Noko ke, kangangexesha elide Akukacaci ngokupheleleyo oko indlela ukudluliselwa kolwazi malunga inkangeleko, umlinganiswa, izifo ezisuka kubazali ukuze abantwana, abazukulwana kunye nezinye nenzala. Kweli nqanaba kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye i Mendel odumileyo baqulunqe imithetho elifeni kwiimpawu ezithile, nangona bengazi ukuba kwenzeka njani.

A impumelelo ekufundeni yemfuza iye yaba yinto ixesha ukususela kokufika iimikroskopu. Xa cell nuclei kwafunyanwa apho abantu ukuba ukuzijonga mbandela eminyaka. Eyona umdla kukuba Umqala a izazinzulu ixesha elide ngokoqobo phantsi iimpumlo zethu, kodwa yena akazange umphawulayo.

Isibakala sokuba DNA yachongwa okokuqala emva ngo-1868. Kodwa kude ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, zebhayoloji ezininzi baqiniseka ukuba le nto umntu phosphorus amafa umsebenzi emzimbeni, kwaye oko ukudlala indima yokugcina ezele ukwaziswa ngayo. Malunga amanye amalinge leyo eyayibonisa ukuba yeyona njongo iphambili ye-DNA eyathatyathiswa phakathi kwinkulungwane. Kodwa indlela yokosulela kunye nesakhiwo ukwimo wahlala ayaziwa.

Zokucazulula ufuzo

Ngokusekelwe izifundo uMaurice Wilkins kunye URosalind Franklin ngo-1953, uFrancis Dzheyms Uotson kunye Crick hypothesized ukuba DNA Helix kabini. Kamva ke kwaba lo mbono, kuba izazinzulu wafumana Prize Nobel.

Ke kaloku, phambi isayensi ujongene umsebenzi zokucazulula kunyaka yemfuza, esizokwenza ukuphendula imibuzo emininzi. Apha, kwimeko akangenanga biology kuphela, kodwa physics nakwimathematika. Indlela encoding eminyaka yahlala mfihlelo, kodwa kwacaca ukuba triplet, oko kukuthi, iquka candelo nucleotide emithathu. Ngowe-1965 ekugqibeleni baqalisa ukuqonda intsingiselo yazo zonke iiyunithi ezibizwa codons. Cipher iye kuma.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba izazinzulu akazange ahlale iimfihlelo. Uphando lusaqhubeka, kodwa ukuhlelwa genes kunye nokufunda wabanika ukuqonda uhlobo ezinye izifo kunye neendlela unyango lwabo. Ngoku abantu ukuwela igazi, sinokufumanisa ukuba izifo basengozini, nokuba nengozi ilifa enye okanye ezinye iingxaki zempilo iphezulu kubazali babo, azinike abantwana. Oku kube negalelo inkqubela kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi amayeza.

zofuzo

Xa injongo ye-DNA kwabonakala, izazinzulu abanomdla umbuzo wokuba yintoni intsingiselo iqhekeza nganye ikhowudi ye elijongene nayo, yintoni iinkqubo emzimbeni uqala. Kwaye eminyaka benza ekufuneni iimpendulo, abaphandi abaninzi. Ebudeni balo lonke eli xesha, kwacaca mhlophe, kuqala, ukuba sofuzo - oku iyunithi ayahlukahlukenanga ulwazi yemfuza, yaye okwesibini, ukuba izixhobo ingqiqo izazinzulu umele ukwanda.

Kwaziswa a amagama ambalwa eziya kubonisa ngcono ngomlomo iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke practice. Kodwa yonke imisebenzi sofuzo kwaye wahlala amagama ngokwanelisayo engacacanga - le Yindibanisela iiprothini kunye polypeptides. Yonke into DNA inoxanduva ngokuba impahla yabo ethile, kwaye echaphazela ngayo umzimba, kwiimeko ezininzi kunzima ukutsho. Abaphandi baye kodwa ukuba sisebenze nzima ukuze abe nako ukuchaza ukuba yemfuza ezithile, umzekelo, banoxanduva umbala ngeliso, isikhumba elungileyo yaye ezinye iimpawu zentliziyo. Yonke into nzima ngeempawu ezithile DNA.

ukuhlelwa

Kucacile ukuba ngeyunithi nganye DNA yenza umsebenzi ethile, nokuba ndingaziwa nobuntu. Ukuqalisa kule ndawo, kucalulo mihla zokusebenza kunye esebenzayo yemfuza. Lusetyenziswa kakhulu, kodwa kukho abanye, olulodwa ngakumbi, makuthathelwe ingqalelo kwiimpawu ezithile ethile kwiingingqi ezithile DNA. Ngokubanzi, oku kuthetha kucalulo zofuzo: zesakhiwo ezilawulayo (functional). Nganye yezi ntlobo, nazo, zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi nabalawuli bahlule osekhohlo, suppressors, inhibitors, njl

izakhi ukwahlukana nazo kusetyenziswa kwingongoma nganye ukusebenza uzinzo, nto leyo ethetha iiyunithi iyabulala, isiqingatha-eyingozi cala.

umehluko

ngaphezu nje ulwahlulohlulo oqhelekileyo yemfuza iye eluviweni. iindawo zokusebenza kunye olusebenzayo DNA, ngokutsho kwakhe, zichasene, kodwa enyanisweni akunjalo. Azikwazi ukusebenza wedwa, yaye ngalinye kula maqela kubalulekile ngendlela yaso.

zofuzo zezakhiwo banoxanduva kuyondelelaniswe ngqo iiprothini eziyimfuneko kunye acid. Nabalawuli kuchaphazele umsebenzi wabo, ukulawula ON wabo OFF ngexesha nophuhliso, kwakunye njengoko benza kwakudalwa ezinye excipients. Bubunjani impembelelo yazo inxalenye kwesakhiwo, ukuba yahlulwe inhibitors, suppressors, ezifane kunye modifiers. umsebenzi wabo ikuvumela ukuba akhawulezise okanye isantya uphuhliso iimpawu ezithile.

izakhiwo

iyunithi nganye ye DNA inenombolo iimpawu, nto leyo evumela iproteni molecule encinci uku encoder lonke ulwazi malunga eziphilayo:

1. Ekhethekileyo. isakhi ngasinye lisebenza iyunithi elizimeleyo.
2. Uzinzo. Ukuba awukwazi izakhi langoku, okanye enye inxalenye DNA wadlulisela kwizizukulwana ezizayo lomelele.
3. Okukodwa. isakhi ngasinye kuchaphazela uphuhliso imfanelo ethile.
4. Nomthamo. Ukutshintsha inani zofuzo ephilayo ikhokelela ukwaphulwa (umz, Down kaThixo syndrome - ngokwandisa inani zofuzo).
5. Pleiotropy. Ukukwazi isakhi esinye ukukhuthaza iimpawu eziliqela.

Kukho into esafuna ukufunda. Ewe, izazinzulu Siphumeze lukhulu ngokufunda DNA, kwaye saphucula nokuqonda xa ukuhlelwa yemfuza iye yasekwa. kwicala kwesakhiwo kunye ezilawulayo, sisebenza kunye, ukuqonda indlela encoding - kwinkulungwane yokugqibela yaba esitsholo ngokwenene kuphuhliso eziphilayo. Kodwa kusekho okuninzi ukufunda.

Namathemba nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi

Nangona isibakala sokuba yemfuza kukuba isayensi eselula, sele kucacile ukuba ulinde nekamva eliqaqambileyo. Unyango lwezifo oluthe lwaqwalaselwa ndingenathemba, ukuphucula iimpawu izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, ukuvumela ukuphuhlisa ezolimo, zokubuyiselwa eziphilayo - konke oku kunokwenzeka khona ngoku. Esona sinyanzelo singundoqo ukungaqhubekeki nemfundo, iimvavanyo, kwaye eziqulethwe ubomi - yokuziphatha. kwimiba yokuziphatha nazo abantu, ukufunda ukulawula ulwazi ukuyifunda DNA akukaqondwa kakuhle.