Consumer surplus - yintoni na le nto? Yintoni eyintsalela kunye no kubathengi?

Kudla ngokuba imveliso ethile, sikulungele ukuhlawula ngaphezu nguwe kanye kubalulekile, ngenxa yokuba iimfuno zethu zendalo kunye neminqweno na. Like nakho kwethu ukwenza into eyahlukileyo kwisakhiwo imarike esempilweni, apho thina ukuxoxa ngezantsi.

Yintoni na iimfuno zabaxumi?

Kunzima ukuqonda ukuba yintoni eyenza intsalela umboleki, ukuba abaqondi ngokupheleleyo ukuzisa le meko - imfuno. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ingcamango kwezoqoqosho ukuba yokugqibela sisiseko kobudlelwane zemarike, kuba kuphela kokuba eveliswa siphakamiso, yaye, ngokulandelelana, yaye intsalela wesekethe olucetywayo kwaye iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ziphele.

Akazange litsole elokuba imakethi iqhutywa ngabathengi, naye, xa sikhetha ukuthenga ngokusekelwe kwinani lezinto.

Ngubani na ongeze bathi, kodwa amandla yokuqhuba engundoqo izenzo nayiphi na lomthengi - ngokukodwa encomekayo. Akukho mntu uya kuze bafumane ukuba akukho mfuneko yena, ukuze wonke umntu bakucaphukele iimfuno zabo.

Kule yesibini inqanaba, umthengi nkulu luncedo kunye nokusebenza bekufunwa, ngamanye amazwi, i ngakumbi umnqweno wakho Equilibrium ngokwemiqathango "ixabiso-esemgangathweni".

Kakade ke, akuyi kuba ngaphandle uthelekiso ngeminqweno nge zenzeko zabo zemali efanayo apho kuya, kakuhle, oku kuthetha zinto zilandelayo: - ixabiso lempahla nezinto okanye iinkonzo ngokunxulumene iimveliso ababambeleyo ecetywayo kwezinye abenzi.

Ngoku singakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo obuzwa ngaphambili: abathengi kufuneka impahla ehambelana nayo njengekhrayitheriya abazi kwaye ienjini, ezo zisekelwe zombini imiba abazi kunye zingqondweni.

Njengomthengi ngokuqhelekileyo baziphathe?

Ngoko ke, siye saqonda liphi abo okanye ezinye izenzo lomthengi, kodwa yintoni oku zijongeka njani practice? Ngokucacileyo, umthengi bazo nomdla impahla twatse kubathengisi eziliqela ngaxeshanye, kakuhle emva kokuba uthenge ngayo enye kuphela okanye musa ukuthenga kwaphela. Kutheni le nto isenzeka?

Into yokuba kaninzi umthengi ufuna kunye neemfuno zayo character obengo, yaye ngamnye kugqiba luncedo yokuthenga wena okanye amalungu osapho lwakho. Ukongeza, ilungu ngalinye imfuno yayo umbundu yezithintelo zemali, kwaye ukuba imveliso ethile abaqhubeki okubalulekileyo, akukho ingakwazi ukuhlawula kuba phezulu kakhulu ngexabiso.

Amaxesha amaninzi umboleki ufuna ovele amaxabiso aphantsi, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ufanele ukuhlwempuzeka. Ukusuka apha ndaxheleka kancinci phambili kwaye kuqatshelwe ukuba eyintsalela kwabathengi - isixa semali, yona umahluko phakathi ixabiso umthengi wayekulungele ukuhlawula, yaye lowo ngokwenyani ihlawulwe. Ngamanye amazwi - ndafumana iindleko asezantsi iimpahla twatse ukusuka komnye umthengisi.

Umthengi kunye Market

Musa ukulibala ukuba surplus umboleki ngokuyintloko yinkalo eqhelekileyo yemarike, apho kukho kananjalo amacandelo ezifana nofumaniso kunye nemfuno.

Ukungqinelana le ngcaciso ilapha ngasentla, sinokugqiba ukuba inkanuko ngumthengi kunye nethuba lokuba bathenge imveliso ethile okanye inkonzo ixesha elithile kwaye isenzeko ebango. Le yokugqibela kuxhomekeke eziliqela: Izalathisi zentlalo nenkcubeko neyokusasazeka yemarike, inqanaba kwinzuzo labemi, umgangatho iimpahla ezifundiswayo, iimveliso okhuphisana ', kunye neendleko zayo.

Ngenxa yoko, imfuno lisebenzisana kunye isindululo, nayo leyo ixhomekeke ezahlukeneyo iimeko zangaphandle zentlalo nenkcubeko, kwakunye lwangaphakathi. Le yokugqibela ziquka elilindeleke yokusebenzisa kunye ukhuphiswano imveliso kwimalike.

Ngoko ke yintoni na - na surplus abathengi?

Well apha ngcembe bafumana ukuba iingqiqo eziphambili kweli nqaku, malunga apho sinokuthi abaphuhlisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo imbangela yemarike. Ngenxa yoko, okugqithiseleyo umboleki - kuba imali engaka, yimalini eseleyo epokothweni yakho emva kokufunyanwa elinikiweyo, nakuba ukuhamba nawe ukuchitha kubo.

Sonke siyazi iziseko ingcamango loqoqosho imithetho elawula inqanaba eziluncedo ngayo izibonelelo ezithile iiyunithi bebonke. Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna iapile, kwaye sathenga Kilo, ngoko iziqhamo zonke ezityiwa yokusebenziseka lwayo luza kuncipha kwireyithi ezimbi arithmetic zokuqhubela phambili.

Bobude ukuba unako ukuhlawula omnye apile ingadliwa, kuya kuba, umzekelo, 5 engange, ngoxa ukulibala ukuba iyunithi ixabiso ngalinye liza lincitshiswe. Kwimarike na idini ukuthenga impahla engange-2 nganye iziqhamo enye, kwaye yiloo umahluko phakathi itotali yakho ixabiso liza kuba surplus yabathengi. Formula ukubala ethile salathisi iza kwenziwa kancinane emva koko. Okwangoku, siza ukuqonda ukuba yintoni le meko zingachaphazela.

Indlela inzuzo enkulu ungafumana le nkonzo?

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba okugqithiseleyo umboleki - akukho kuphela kwisixa semali ethe yasindiswa, ukuba ngokuyintloko inzuzo yakhe. Kuba mizekelo ibonisa imifanekiso ebonisa igrafu njengoko igophe TU ebonisa inqanaba ziguqu-guquka ngenxa Ukusebenziseka apile wethu, kulunge, Isalathisi S kuya kuthetha iindleko eziphathekayo, q ngqo iya kubonisa isixa kwempahla. Siyabona ukuba ezingeni Umbuso ubuninzi ingqamana ngexabiso kuphela isixa esithile yemfuno (q _0), kwaye ke le engela phezu kuncipha, ithi okugqithiseleyo umboleki, ukususela ngelo xesha, ikhule.

Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba xa ephezulu ukunyuka negophe yokungakhathali phezu ukuchukumisa esiphawuliweyo lwezalathisi, ndifuna ngakumbi umthengi uya kwamkela intengiselwano ecetywayo, yaye uya kuba nako ukuhlangabezana enye yazo kufuneka loo mali.

Consumer surplus kwisiqalo kolu hlobo lweshishini

Ngoko ke, safunda indlela umahluko phakathi ndilindelwe umrholo imali yale okanye imveliso kwi umzekelo nkonzo ethile. Kwaye ngoku makhe sibone, njani ukujonga kumndilili surplus kwimarike yabathengi. Le grafu ingezantsi, i-axis nkqo ibonisa ixabiso apile zethu (P), kwaye nkqo - inani (Q). Kulo mzekelo, amanqaku P ₀ ibonisa inqanaba amaxabiso market eliqhelekileyo isiqhamo avareji.

Ngu mfanekiso sisondela ezigoso eluncedo ecaleni esqwini kwamaxabiso (ukuba umthengi ngamnye ukuba ngamnye) kwaye sichazwa ingeniso eyenziwe mnyama umthengi ngamnye.

Kulo ukumelwa graphic, yonke into ilula kwaye kucacile - kukho umzobo ethile, yaye licandelo oyifunayo, kodwa ukufumana njani surplus abathengi? Ifomula ilula: kufuneka ukuba ukubala indawo mzobo nganye, kwakunye emva zishwankathela amanani ifunyenwe. Eli nani lokugqibela iza kuba ingeniso lilonke abathengi kwi emarikeni xa apile yonke.

Umthengi kunye no surplus

Ukuba sithetha izinto zokuziphatha lomthengi, bekuya kuba kungafaneleki ukuba ukukhumbula ezinye izinto iingongoma thengwa zokuziphatha. Musa ukulibala ukuba abathengi kunye umvelisi surplus - ezinxulumene izikhombisi ningenaxhala naloyiko ukubalula lixhomekeke kwelinye. Le yokugqibela ibhekisela umahluko phakathi semali ukuba umthengisi wayecebe ukuphuma deal, yaye okunene uyaqhubeka.

Le grafu ingezantsi ibonisa umgca D ngqo kwi ngexabiso umthengi ufuna ukuhlawula, kwaye umgca S ibonisa ixabiso olunikwayo ngumvelisi. ukuba ahlangane (i dili) ngexesha elithile, oonxantathu ikhuhliwe kakuhle (phezulu nasezantsi, ngokulandelelana) abonisa ukuba zeengenelo abathengi kunye neendleko ekuthiwa-ezilindelwe thengwa enkulu.

Indlela ukuphumeza kuvuselele emarikeni?

Kutheni le nto yenzeka ukuba ngenxa yaso nasiphi na owayefuna kunye izicelo umthengisi 'ukuba onamathele kulo ngexabiso elithile kunye nendawo oluninzi ukwenza isivumelwano? Yaye ukuba kunjalo, wonke umntu wonwabile - omunye wethu ingeniso, kakuhle, umntu ukwanelisa iimfuno zabo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba ivumela isicwangciso mali, oko ukuze abe eyintsalela umboleki, nto leyo nayo ibhonasi entle, kuba imali eseleyo !

Konke oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba imarike yethu inelastic, ngamanye amazwi, nasiphi na isihlobo imfuno ezibuthathaka ekuboneleleni, umgangatho imveliso kunye nexabiso. Kulo mzekelo, singatsho ukuba amandla nokuthengwa kakhulu elastic ngakumbi nokuziqhelanisa kutshintsho iimeko zangaphandle, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu isakhono lomthengisi.

Ngoko ke, ukuba apile ukuphakama kanye, imfuno ixesha kuwa kancinane, kodwa kamva wambuyisela, kodwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu malunga nokuthengwa apile ziya kwahluka umlimi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanqaku imiqulu yabo yorhwebo, nto leyo eza kufuna ixesha elininzi kakhulu.

Intsalela kwabathengi kunye norhulumente

Maxa wambi kuyenzeka ukuba urhulumente iyangenelela kwinkqubo amaxabiso (kaninzi kumazwe kunye lolawulo isicwangciso) , kwaye icwangcisa ixabiso emnyango impahla. Kule grafu (bona. Ezantsi) njengoko umgca ngqo P ₁ iqulethe umda iseti karhulumente na lingangaphantsi kwexabiso kuvuselele. Kulo mzekelo, Kakade ke, yenzuzo umthengi uya kuba ngaphezulu kakhulu kunangaphambili, kodwa kusenokubakho ukunqongophala kwempahla, nto leyo yayichaza oluveza Q lekhefu ₁ - Q _2.

Ngoko ke isigqibo sokuba nayiphi ukungenela umkhosi wesithathu kuquka ukwehliswa-ntle yabantu, ekubeni ethile inxalenye iya kusala ngaphandle impahla. Ngoko ke, inkqubo lemarike kufuneka ibe sisiphumo sentsebenziswano phakathi umthengi nomthengisi ngendlela ukukhuphisana lemo engqongileyo enempilo, hayi kakhulu enye.