Dzhimmi Hoffa: A Biography. Imfihlelo yokuduka

Sele kudlule phantse iminyaka engamashumi amane ukususela yokuduka Dzhimmi Hoffa. imizamo eliqela ukubona iingceba umzimba wakhe akazange kukhokelela iziphumo ezincumisayo. Wavuma namandla alo FBI emva yinkangala study kufuphi Detroit. Aba bantu bangabanye "imanyano ngabaphathi" didi. Hoffa ngomnye wabo bantu, ngoko Ukunyamalala sakhe eninzi ingxokozelo.

ebuntwaneni nzima

UJimmy wazalwa ngo-1913. Uyise - a wasemgodini kwidolophu encinane elula ebizwa Brasil ukuba isimo Indiana. Wafa xa unyana wakhe ufikelele kwiminyaka yobudala esixhenxe. Ongumhlolokazi umfazi nabantwana abane kukhangela ubomi obungcono kuhlala Detroit. indawo yaseXhora zemali lentsapho wenza unyaka-14 ubudala ukuze ufumane ngumsebenzi abangenazakhono kwivenkile yokutya uze ushiye ngexesha esikolweni. umsebenzi onzima ayihlawuli ngesisa kakhulu, eqinisekile zentlalo khange anikezelwe. Dzhimmi Hoffa ukhunjulwa njenge inkwenkwe cwaka abasebenze nzima, kodwa sabasiza a izicwangciso ubomi ekhethekileyo intloko yam.

Ixesha 1920 kwimbali US yabalasela kukuqinisa kumzabalazo amalungelo abasebenzi. Le wave liye landa indima nemibutho yabasebenzi. Musa ukuhlala bucala kule intshukumo phantsi kwe evenkileni, apho wambumba iseli lwabo urhwebo-union yakhe. Ukususela uhlobo Dzhimmi Hoffa waye italente kakhulu, eNamandla nengapheliyo. Emehlweni womsebenzi oselula, ombambe iintetho kunye nolawulo iindawo zokuthenga, akukho thunzi ukungazithembi. Le meko iye yavavanywa ngamaqabane kakuhle yaye ngaba igunya. yonke Ubomi umfana enikelwe nemibutho yabasebenzi. Kuloo minyaka yawo yokukhusela iimfuno zabasebenzi ukuba enxulumene basengozini enkulu - nanini na ke iindudumo kunokwenzeka entolongweni.

Ukukhula ukuthandwa Jimmy

Imigudu umfana nenjongo kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo, wanceda ukuphucula igama. Ngowe-1932, uJimmy waphawula ngaye wathetha kakuhle kuphela. Beelori wambiza ukuba alungiselele umsebenzi ofisi zemanyano zabasebenzi Detroit. Hoff iye ugwetyelwe inkoloseko yayo. Detroit Umbutho zemanyano zabasebenzi kwisebe njengesiqhelo waba ngomnye wale mibutho zinamandla eUnited States, nto leyo ebizwa i-International Abazalwana of Teamsters.

Ngowe-1933, lo mbutho waba 75 amawaka abantu, yaye kwiminyaka emi-3 inani amalungu eemanyano sele ifikelele phantse 150,000. Le manyano rhoqo kwakhona kwaye wakhula ngathi snowball. Ekupheleni-40 ezintlwini kwakukho sele nesigidi nxaxheba. Dzhimmi Hoffa ngobuchule ajika: kwezinye iimeko ubabalweyo, uqhanqalazo, abanye - inkqubo thethwano kunye nabaqeshi, apho isicelo italente ozakuzo.

Icala emnyama iimanyano zabasebenzi

Xa ukukhankanywa nemibutho yabasebenzi kwi-United States ngoyaba udibaniso twisiseka kunye nabalinganiswa ezingaqondakaliyo. uphando ngenyameko kwakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba phakathi kwabo ibhaqwe isihlwele motley: izinto mafia, babengabavukeli kunye abancethezi, eziquka nokuba amapolisa. Akukho nto Akumangalisi apho, akukho namnye kubo nethe umnqweno ingeniso xa kusenziwa ngokudlela indlala abantu ezilula esebenza. Kodwa ke ayikho into embi.

Kwaye 1952 yabalasela kutshintshwe kwentloko abaqhubi womanyano-kwempahla. Ekugqibeleni, Dan Tobbin wagqiba ukurhoxa njengomongameli lo mbutho. indawo ongenanto kwafuneka ukuba athathe nosekela-mongameli Deyv bek, nto leyo esiphikisana yi amanye amalungu emibutho yabasebenzi. Emva kokuba kwezithandani yemvukelo kwaqhambuka kwibhunga lolawulo lahlala phezu nani ukuhlehla Dzhimmi Hoffa.

kwelanga umsebenzi

Umongameli entsha ayikwazanga ukoyisa sokuphelisa urhwaphilizo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lafumana isikali esisongela. Ngaphezu koko, uJimmy orhanelwa uphindelela ukunyoba kumcebisi, ngubani ilungu lekomiti kumisa yi iNdlu Yeengwevu. Ngenxa yokuba i-US yeeNgwevu 1957, wada kumisa ikomiti ekhethekileyo, elikhokelwa Dzhon Makklellan. Ibambela Isiluleko Legal, waba oselula uRobert Kennedy, yaba amanyathelo yakhe yokuqala leri nga omsebenzi kwezopolitiko.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uyaphika le izityholo nxamnye naye, kodwa ayizange kuchaphazela isigqibo Federal yeNkundla yeSithili. UJimmy akazange bavumelekile ukudlulela umsebenzi phambi kokuba ukurhoxiswa lokugqibela zonke iintlawulo. Njengoko ejaji bafaka sigwebo, inkundla ugwetyelwe kuye. Esi sigqibo uRobert Kennedy ithathwa sisithuko, ngenxa yokuba, ngokwembono yakhe, yangqineka sikweni. Kwaye kwakubuhlungu ukuze kamva, njengoko nguMphathiswa wezobuLungisa, wayalela bonke imigudu yakhe ekulweni ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqulunqiweyo kwaye bazama ukufihla neenkokeli zemanyano yabasebenzi entolongweni. Umba nesokugqibela ekubhalwe ngaso kunye neqela nabaphandi. Riddle Dzhimmi Hoffy okwangoku ingasombululwa, kodwa ke kweli xesha lomntu ehlonelwayo sengozini enkulu.

Izityholo zorhwaphilizo

Ngowe-1964, kuye kwenziwa ubulungisa. Robert Kennedy waba indlela yakhe - Dzhimmi Hoffa wagwetywa iminyaka 8 entolongweni ngokuba azama ukweyisela amalungu labagwebi ozukileyo ukwaphula umthetho. Ukongeza, ukuphululwa ekhohlisayo-mali yomhlalaphantsi kube ngumphumo nokwandisa ithuba eliyiminyaka emi-5. Kodwa isiphelo wayenobubele kuye. Wamemezela ekuqaleni isithuba iyonke kunyaka-13 lancitshiswa iminyaka emi-5 amakheswa eluntwini.

abasemagunyeni US ziye wanyamekela kukhululwa entolongweni yangaphambili "abaphathi womanyano." Wanikela ikamva ukhululekile ukuba siqeshe umhlala obuphathekayo $ 2 million. Wawathabatha kwaoko isixa esipheleleyo.

Dzheyms Riddli Dzhimmi Hoffa iye XOLELA. Kodwa kwafuneka ukuba alibale kwizithuba entlanganweni zemanyano zabasebenzi, yonke imihla liphelelwa, kumiselwe kwisivakalisi. Impumelelo negalelo uhlobo lobhedu, walibeka esazulwini Dzhimmi Hoffa. Noko ke, amazwi esi sikhephe abhekiswe House White, akazange aneliseke.

umfanekiso abazithanda film

Le ndoda enamandla kwatsala ingqalelo bhanya. Ukusuka movie abantu bafunda ngubani wokwenene Dzhimmi Hoffa. PIU apho abadlali Ziqulethe lo mntu, kuquka ezi projekthi zilandelayo:

• "UYohane F. Kennedy: ukudubula eDallas" - 1991.
• "Eyona zolwaphulo amabi kakhulu kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini" (1992).
• "American Justice" (TV series 1992-2005.).
• "Adventure American" (1988-2012 gg.)

Ukunyamalala okuyimfihlakalo umntu kunye nophando yayo

Ukuba Dzhimmi Hoffa unyamalele Aprili 30, 1975. Umntu efana Wavalela iliso ngoko malunga 15:00. Kwaba kwihlomela-Detroit, kwindawo yokupaka iimoto ecaleni yokutyela. Ngaphambi koko, uJimmy kusamele wadibana nomfazi wakhe Josephine on the phone. Ngelo ilizwi elifanayo nervous wenza ibinzana elithi "" ... ngokuqinileyo aphoswe. "Vula imoto ezifumaneka kwindawo yokupaka iimoto ngaphandle umnini. In wahlelwa yokutyela okhankanywe ukuhlangabezana mobsters phezulu, iinkokeli union yokugqibela, Jimmy. Zombini mafia, Kakade ke, oku unqwenela ukunika nayiphi ukufundwa.

Noko ke, kwafumaneka ubungqina. Wathi abewubonile Dzhimmi Hoffa waba imoto brand "Mercury" iBurgundy umbala nje emva ukuthetha umfazi wakhe efowunini. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba nangona le moto okunene banawo Dzhakallone - omnye abo owamfumana Hoff yokudlela nge, kodwa ngephanyazo ilahlwe a O'Brien. Oku kungqinwe le iminwe zibonwe apha caba ephepheni kunye ibhotile yeplastiki. Ngelishwa, Chuckie O'Brien akukho ndlela sikwazi ukunceda uphando - yonke imibuzo kuphela iimpendulo ezimbi. Missing Dzhimmi Hoffa kwabonakala ukuba ngumphunga, oko akukho mkhondo naphi na.

Emva kokuba kugqitywe uviwo DNA kweenwele, ehlala kwisihlalo imoto, uphando wagqiba ukuba ngokwenene abenaso Jimmy. On le mpumelelo phezu - umzimba ayikwazanga kufunyanwa. Ngisho nakakhulu imikhondo iimeko bezinye ngokufa kwabantu, apho kungaba, njengoko bathi, ukuba asikhanyisele kubulawa. Imfihlelo Dzhimmi Hoffa okwangoku kusonjululwe.