Eyona ezinamandla ibhombu ehlabathini. Yintoni na enamandla ngaphezu ezabo: emoyeni okanye fusion?

Akukho mandla ehlabathini zimbi ngaphezu kukuqhushumba ngenyukliya intlekele okanye cleaner. uphando ezahlukeneyo kunye nophuhliso zikhokelele kwinto yokuba wadala nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi, amandla etshabalalisayo ukuba dubulo zange ayeke nabani na. Yintoni ezabo unamandla ehlabathini? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufuneka siqonde izinto awohluke naweebhombu ezahlukeneyo.

Yintoni ukuqhushumba?

izityalo amandla enyukliya zisebenza kumgaqo sokukhululwa pinning phantsi amandla enyukliya. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngokuyimfuneko. I-eneji sezikhutshiwe iguqulelwa umbane. Ezabo atomic kukhokelela kukuba kukho yokusabela ngetyathanga lawuleki ngokupheleleyo, yaye isixa esikhulu wamandla akhululwe kubangela intshabalalo eyoyikekayo. Uranium neplutoniyam - azikho izinto engeyongozi ngokunjalo lwezakhi, akhokelela nentlekele yehlabathi.

A-kuqhunyiswe

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na le bhombu yenyukliya inamandla emhlabeni, funda okungakumbi ngayo yonke into. Hydrogen kunye Ziyaqhubeka atomic kwakucingwa ukuba ishishini amandla enyukliya. Ukuba oludibanisa ezibini uranium; kodwa elowo uya kuba ubunzima lingangaphantsi kwexabiso ezibalulekileyo, lo "umbutho" uya kude kudlula isambuku esinobunzima. neutron nganye inxaxheba ukusabela chain, kuba uyazifohloza phantsi engundoqo kwaye ukhupha neutron 2-3, leyo baxabane ukubola entsha.

amandla neutron ngokupheleleyo ezingaphaya kolawulo lomntu. Ngaphantsi kwe wesibini amakhulu ezigidi ezisanda ibola kuphela kukhupha isixa esikhulu amandla, kodwa ube ngumthombo radiation olomeleleyo. Le imvula radioactive legqunyiwe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze emhlabeni, namasimi, izityalo nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Xa sincokola ngeentlekele e Hiroshima, uya kubona ukuba 1 gram ye iziqhushumbisi kuye kwabangela ukufa amawaka 200 zabantu.

Umgaqo ukusebenza kunye iingenelo ongenawo kuqhunyiswe

Kukholelwa ukuba ezabo lwepolitiki, okudalwe iiteknoloji ezintsha ungakhuphisana nuclear. Ingongoma kukuba endaweni TNT kusetyenziswa kweziyobisi irhasi unamandla ngaphezu izihlandlo kweshumi ezimbalwa. Aviation amandla aphezulu ibhombu - koyena ongenawo intlekele kwihlabathi oko akusebenzi izixhobo zenyukliya. Kunokuba kutshabalalisa utshaba, kodwa awehlelwa ekhaya kunye nobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano kunye iimveliso ukubola na.

Zisebenza njani? Ngokukhawuleza emva kokushiya i bomber kwadala yokuqhumisa kwi kumgama othile ukusuka emhlabeni. Izindlu ibhuqiwe kwaye spray ilifu elikhulu. Xa ugalelwe ioksijini, nayo iqala ukungena naphi - ekhaya, imigqomo, zokufihla intloko. zonke iintlobo oksijini yayifika cleaner. Afake le ibhombu ajike gagasi supersonic, ebumba lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ngokungafaniyo US ongenawo iibhombu evela Russian

Umahluko kukuba akwazi kutshabalalisa utshaba, ngubani na nkqu kule ndlu, usebenzisa ezase ezifanelekileyo. Ngexesha dubulo emoyeni warhead owayo hits nzima phezu komhlaba, ayengcwaba kubunzulu oziimitha ezingama-30. Emva kuqhuma, ilifu ibunjiwe, nto leyo iya isanda ngobukhulu, kusichukumisa kungena kwelikhaya sele apho umlilo. Le zikhali yaseMelika azele TNT eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ukutshabalalisa isakhiwo. Ezincamathelayo sazo lutshabalalisa into ethile, kuba sele radius ezincinane. Enoba yintoni ukuqhushumba na enamandla kakhulu - namnye kubo ubangela nanto kunye nantoni buhlungu kakhulu, ibetha bonke ubomi.

H-kuqhunyiswe

I-H-ibhombu - esinye ngaphezulu izixhobo zenyukliya ezoyikekayo. Compound of uranium neplutoniyam yenza amandla nje kuphela, kodwa iqondo lobushushu leyo inyuswe ukuya izidanga kwesigidi. Ezi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo hydrogen sinxulumene helium nucleus, nto leyo elenza umthombo wamandla omkhulu. I-hydrogen enamandla kakhulu - yinto inyani. Isizathu nje kuphela into udubulo ukuba ukuhlasela ka-3000 iziqhushumbisi atomic saseHiroshima. Kuzo zombini i-US kunye lalisakuba yiSoviet Union Ndinokuwabala 40,000 iziqhushumbisi kwamandla ezahlukeneyo - yenyukliya kunye hydrogen.

Kukuqhushumba le iimbumbulu enokuthelekiseka kunye neenkqubo ezehla ilanga neenkwenkwezi. neutron Fast ngesantya esiphezulu ninamathele uranium intlekele Shell ngokwayo. Imela phandle ubushushu nje kuphela, kodwa weyantlukwano. Kukho ukuya izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo 200. Ukuveliswa a izixhobo zenyukliya enjalo zitshiphu enyukliya, kodwa isiphumo sayo luyaphuculwa kulo naliphi inani amaxesha. Le ezabo kakhulu ezinamandla liqhuma, baza eSoviet Union 12 Agasti 1953.

iziphumo dubulo

Ziziphumo dubulo le hydrogen Ungumlinganiswa ezintathu. Into yokuqala okwenzekayo - kukho udubulo enamandla kakhulu. umthamo yayo ixhomekeke ukuphakama dubulo owenziweyo kunye uhlobo ngokuma, yaye iqondo elubala lomoya. Bangaba izaqhwithi umlilo esikhulu, musa ukuhlala phantsi iiyure eziliqela. Sekunjalo, lo ezizisekondari kunye neziphumo eziyingozi kakhulu ezinokubangela koyena mbawula iibhombu - a radiation radioactive nokungcoliseka kwindawo ezingqongileyo ixesha elide.

iintsalela Radioactive emva kukuqhushumba hydrogen

Ngenxa dubulo le fireball iqulethe iseti amasuntswana entle kakhulu radioactive, bayagcinwa umaleko umoya komhlaba apho kuhlala ngokusisigxina. Kwimeko lokudibana phantsi ukuba kudala fireball somlil 'uthuli eyakhiwa amasuntswana ekungafuneki. Ekuqaleni oqokelela enkulu, ngelo lighter, oluqhutywa ngumoya kangangamakhulu eekhilomitha. Ezi Amasuntswana kungabonwa ngeliso lenyama, ezifana ibe njengothuli kunokubonwa ekhephini. Liyabulala ukuba umntu abe kufutshane. Amasuntswana zincinane kunokuba abe eninzi iminyaka emoyeni, yaye ngoko ke "ukuhamba", ngokuphindaphindiweyo aluzunguleza ehlabathini lonke. imisebe yabo iba buthathaka ukuya kwinqanaba apho baya kuwa imvula.

Kwimeko apho kukho imfazwe yenyukliya kunye nokusetyenziswa hydrogen amasuntswana ezingcolisekileyo kuya kukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni ubomi oyi amakhulu eekhilomitha ukusuka kumbindi womhlaba. Ukuba superbomb kuya kusetyenziswa, ngoko indawo zithe zatya weekhilomitha iwaka ezimbalwa, oluya kwenza ilizwe labo kube ka kuyo ngokupheleleyo. Kubonakala ukuba indoda-ezabo inamandla kwihlabathi ekwaziyo kutshabalalisa amazwekazi.

Yenyukliya sazo "gruel." indalo

Bomb AN 602 waba amagama ezininzi - ". Gruel" "Tsar Bomb" yaye It yaphuhliswa yiSoviet Union ngo-1954-1961, ngokulandelelana. Yayinamandla kakhulu enamandla kuqhume ngexesha ubukho boluntu. Sebenzela indalo yayo lwaqhutywa iminyaka eliqela kwiilebhu ingakumbi emfihlekweni phantsi kwesihloko "Arzamas-16." I-hydrogen amandla megatons 100 ingaphezulu amawaka 10 okubhalwa amandla ezabo lehla kwi eHiroshima.

dubulo wayo unakho kumcimbi lemizuzwana ukuba isusa zonke ebusweni eMoscow. Center City wayeza lula idliwa ngokwengqiqo emitsha yelizwi, nayo yonke enye into wayeza kuba moto incinci. Ezabo kakhulu inamandla ihlabathi kutshayelwa, naseNew York zonke ezinde. Emva wasala ukuba dvadtsatikilometrovaya kunyibilike emgodini egudileyo. Nale dubulo ayiphumelelanga ukubaleka, wehla waya engaphantsi. yonke indawo kumgama owela ngaphakathi kwama-km 700 ukuba intshabalalo ezifunyenweyo wabamba amasuntswana eqhumayo.

Kukuqhushumba "Kumkani Iziqhushumbisi" - ukuba okanye hayi ukuba?

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1961, izazinzulu bagqiba kuqhuba uvavanyo ndiyokubukela dubulo. Ezabo unamandla ehlabathini ukuba umlilo kwisiza, ibekwe khona kude kumantla eRashiya. Ummandla esikhulu polygon luthathe yonke isiqithi Novaya Zemlya. Isikali ukutshatyalaliswa kwafuneka ukufikelela 1000 leekhilomitha. Ngenxa dubulo ukuba lihlale abosulelwe amaziko zoshishino ezifana eVorkuta, Norilsk kunye Dudinka. Izazinzulu, akuba buqondwe isikali ntlekele, bayithabatha intloko yakhe, waqonda ukuba uvavanyo irhoxisiwe.

Iindawo ukuvavanya ezabo odumileyo yaye enamandla kakhulu wayengekho naphi na emhlabeni, kwakukho Antarctica kuphela. Kodwa ke kwilizwekazi enomkhenkce kwakhona wasilela ukwenza kuqhuma, njengoko ndawo uthathwa ukuba amazwe ukuze afumane imvume yokuba uvavanyo loo nto nje ngqiqweni. Kwafuneka ukunciphisa isigxina amaxesha sazo 2. Bomb nangoku uqhuma-Oktobha 30, 1961 kwindawo enye - kwisiqithi Novaya Zemlya (nomphakamo malunga-4 km). Ngenxa dubulo kwakukho mushroom enkulu esinombala ilifu ababesukele phezulu ayi-67, kunye nencum kukothuka ozibiyele umhlaba izihlandlo ezithathu. Hi ndlela leyi, kwiMyuziyam "Arzamas-16", kwisixeko Sarov, umntu uyakwazi ukubona kwi olukhenketho newsreel uqhushumbo, kodwa bathi ukuba akukho emehlweni ngenxa betyhafile kwentliziyo.