Finno-Ugric izizwe: igama, uluhlu

Ukuba ujonga imaphu ye-Russian Federation, ingafunyanwa kwi nezitya ze iVolga kunye Kama imilambo igama, apho kukho iisilabhili "ha" yaye "wa". Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kukho kwakuhlala izizwe Finno-Ugric. Ngolwimi lwabo, iisilabhili kusho "umlambo". Nangona nakukuba kakhulu kwindawo ukusasazwa ngokubanzi, ababhali-mbali abaninzi abanakukwazi bathi kanye oko indlela yabo yokuphila.

Inkcazelo zezizwe Finno-Ugric

Ekubeni izizwe Finno-Ugric, amagama ezahlukeneyo abo kakhulu kwiindawo ezinkulu eRashiya. Baya lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela ezihlanu ezingundoqo:

1. Karelians abahlala kwiRiphabliki Karelia. Banxibelelana e iziyelelane eziliqela, kodwa olona lwimi - Finnish. Kwakhona bayazi Russian.
2. Lapps okanye Sami abahlala eMntla yaseScandinavia. Ngaphambili, inani labo elikhulu kakhulu, kodwa ekugqibeleni ke kwabeka emantla, oko kukhokelele kwiimeko zokuphila amahlwempu baqalisa chu ukunciphisa inani lamalungu abantu.
3. Mordvinians and Yolwandle, uhlala kummandla Mordovia, kwakunye kwimimandla ezininzi Russian. Kuzo zonke amaqela, kuba oku njengento Russified ngokukhawuleza, ubuzwe wasamkela ngoko nangoko ukholo lwamaKristu kunye nolwimi olufanelekileyo.
4. Komi kunye Udmurts abahlala kwiRiphabliki Komi. Eli qela - eyona afundileyo, inqanaba lokufunda nokubhala babengenalo ngokulinganayo de Revolution.
5. Hungarians, Khanty kunye Mansi abahlala Urals Northern kunye esezantsi ye-OB River. Kodwa ekuqaleni ikomkhulu eli hlanga ingqalelo iDanube lomlambo.

Ngenxa yoko, izizwe Finno-Ugric kuyo yonke imbali zalo kwizikhundla efanayo kunye Russian. Kwaye, ngoko, inkcubeko yabo intermingled, bafunda entsha enye kwenye.

Apho wenza i Finno-Ugric?

Ukuthetha apho izizwe Finno-Ugric izinziswe, sijonge umbuzo ingenzeka na uhlanga. Into yokuba indawo yabo yokuhlala ihlanganisa indawo enkulu, kodwa idatha echanekileyo apho konke liqala, akukho.

Kukholelwa ukuba abemi yokuqala ka-Eurasia. In IV-III nkulungwane BC. e. anazo ngokupheleleyo kuphela ntsimi Russian, kodwa lwanabela eYurophu. Kukho uluvo ohlukene kutheni iintsapho baya West. Okokuqala, isenokuba yokufudukela oluqhelekileyo. Okwesibini, sinika ithuba yokwenziwa kwabantu amakheswa xa yabo boyisa.

Second ATHUNYIWEYO mbali ingqalelo ngakumbi kunokwenzeka, ngangokuba II leminyaka BC. e. on intsimi Russian baqalisa ndzulu izizwe eTurkey, India, eAsia Minor, njalo-njalo. Kodwa nje ukuba bathi abantu Finno-Ugric badlale indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni abantu baseMpumalanga.

Ngaphambi labantu lenqaba

Abantu bemveli belizwe Russian ukuya nokuxubana ingqalelo le Finno-Ugric kunye eBaltic izizwe. Phuhlisa ezi ndawo, baqala VI engamawaka eyadlulayo. Ngcembe yasiwa ngasentshonalanga phambene Mountains, kwaye ngoko - kwi-East European Plain, uze emva koko ifikelele unxweme kuLwandle lweBaltic. Nangona kunjalo, indawo awazalelwa kuyo yezi zizwe ibisoloko ingqalelo le Urals.

Ngelishwa, inkoliso izizwe Finno-Ugric akukho iye yasinda kuzo namhlanje. Namhlanje inani labo engephi. Kodwa nje ukuba bathi kwinzala lobuhlanga enkulu kunye ezininzi ngaphambili, ezifana abahlala kummandla ehlabathini lonke.

yokuhlala

Kuse- zezizwe Finno-Ugric lazo. Oku kungenxa yokuba inkqubo sele kuqalile kwi kumda Asia naseYurophu, kodwa kamva ekhompyutheni kunye nezinye imimandla. Ubukhulu becala ukuba kuye kwatsala emntla nasentshona.

Yi le nkulungwane, Mna okunene wawuthatha wonke loo mmandla izizwe Baltic Finno-Ugric. Indawo yokuhlala nje kuphela ngenxa yokuba ezinye izizwe kuqonde kumantla yaseScandinavia.

Kodwa zamaqula kubonisa ukuba ezi zizwe zonke banezinto ezininzi abafana ngazo kunye nokuxubana, yokulima, inkolo kunye nesiphelo kunye imbonakalo. Ngenxa yoko, nangona uninzi wakhululwa ngasentla, abanye babo wahlala kummandla Russia yanamhlanje.

Intlanganiso yokuqala kunye Russian

Xa XVI-XVIII iinkulungwane Abantu Russian baqalisa nizondelele ukuba kwintsimi umiwe izizwe Finno-Ugric. Uluhlu ukubambana zomkhosi kuye mncinane ekubeni inkoliso yokuhlala lwaqhutywa kakhulu ngoxolo. Kuphela wambi ukulawula imihlaba ezintsha kurhulumente Russian bahlangana uxhathiso. Eyona ndlongondlongo baba Mari.

Inkolo, ukubhala Rusich ulwimi ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukuba ithandwe kakhulu kwinkcubeko yasekuhlaleni. Kodwa inxalenye abantu Finno-Ugric kunye amanye amagama kwakhona wangena lwimi zolwimi. Ngokomzekelo, inxalenye amagama Russian, ezifana Shukshin Piyasheva kunye nabanye akunanto yakwenza nenkcubeko yethu. Baya emva igama wesizwe "shuksha 'yaye igama" Piyash "jikelele pre-lamaKristu. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhlanganiswa neenkcubeko ezimbini lipasisa ukongeza omnye.

ikoloni

izizwe Finno-Ugric yamandulo babehlala kwiindawo ezinkulu, kwaye oko unobangela ukufuduka kwabo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke kufuneka zikhuselwe bamathanga abaxhobileyo. Kodwa oku akuzange ukuba wenze kangangoko belizwe ujoyine Rus ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphandle ukuxhathisa.

Noko ke, ezakhiweyo ngokwezizwe Finno-Ugric, yatsala kuphela Russian. Turks nabo baba nomdla ekwandiseni kwimimandla yawo. Ngoko ke, inxalenye uhlanga musa ukwamkela zamaKristu kunye Inkolo yamaMuslim.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, nangona yokuba abantu Finno-Ugric ngokoqobo ichithwe kwezo zeenkcubeko wabonakala phezu ezweni labo, baya kugcinwa uhlobo emzimbeni. Oku amehlo aluhlaza, iinwele blonde kunye ubuso ebanzi. Kwakhona ngenxa yolwimi yabo ibolekwe amazwi amaninzi, ezifana kumathafa okanye sprat.

umnotho

Enyanisweni, awukwazi ungakhetha nawuphi na umsebenzi ethile yezoqoqosho, apho lwenziwa yi izizwe Finno-Ugric. Iiklasi nabo becala wenza adle ukufuya, ukuloba nokuzingela. kwezinye inkqutyana-amaqela yezizwe kuphela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Umzekelo, Mari, ngubani akathandanga esiya ekungeneni karhulumente Russian, waxhathisa de Revolution. Oku kwaba nempembelelo engentle kummandla wabo umsebenzi. Babengenako athengise, yaye bambalwa kubo wayenokuyithwala umsebenzi wobugcisa. Indawo yokuhlala e kwiidolophana kunyanzeleka ukuba ukuziphilisa kuphela ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nezolimo.

Kwama of Komi, nto leyo zizakubalulwa imfundo, ukuze ngenye indlela yokwenza imali. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Abarhwebi ezininzi kunye noosomashishini, leyo ishenxisa umsebenzi onzima.

inkolo

Wamasiko lunqulo sesininzi ezintlangeni izizwe Finno-Ugric. Unqulo Abanye babo yohluka kakhulu ngamandla ngenxa yokuba ngexesha amazwe mmandla yoyiswa baseTurkey. Ngoko ke, ezinye iindawo kwanyanzeleka ukuba babuyele Islam and Islam.

Kodwa uvumo Orthodox, hayi zonke izizwe Finno-Ugric. Uluhlu beentlanga eniye kwezinye iinkonzo, nto incinane, kodwa oko kuthatha indawo.

Udmurts esamkelwa ubuKristu, kodwa unobangela elandela isiko lamaKristu. Abaninzi kubo ubhaptizwe kuphela ukwazi Russian azishiye yedwa. Noko ke, unqulo iphambili ubuhedeni zabo. Banqula oothixo nemimoya. Uninzi abantu Komi iya kugcina ukholo efanayo yaye Amakholwa Old.

Khanty and Mansi naye akazange aqonde ubuKristu njengonqulo yayo engundoqo. Baya wabhenela ukholo ubudala, yaye akazange azame ukufihla oku, ubhaptizo yayintsha kubo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba bahlala kude zizikhulu Russian, ukubanyanzela ukwamkela kwimfundiso, akukho muntu. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukholo endala wahlala ukuba Khanty kunye Mansi kuphela malunga babengazi. Oko nje azilingani.

yokubhala

Ngelishwa, le Finno-Ugric izizwe ezo amaqela abantu bakholelwa usasazeko inkcazelo ebhaliweyo lwesono. Ngenxa yoko, nayiphi na imithombo kuncwadi ngaphandle nje. Ukudluliselwa kolwazi ebhaliweyo akuvumelekanga.

Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa eyayimela kwaba ekhoyo. Waqala lo BC IV kwiwaka. e. yaye kwaqhubeka de ngenkulungwane XIV. Kuphela koko Metropolitan Perm wawongwa isizwe Komi incwadi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le nto lufundisiwe ngaphezu abazalwana babo igazi.

izizwe Finno-Ugric, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya nokuxubana, kungekho ulwimi oluthile. zokuhlala nganye uye wasebenzisa lwesigodi yayo. Amaxesha amaninzi phakathi kwabantu esisodwa ayikwazanga ukuqonda omnye nomnye. Mhlawumbi, iye ibe isizathu yokunqongophala yokubhala.

Literature neelwimi

Zonke izizwe Finno-Ugric, abamagama engenakubalwa ngenxa amanani zabo elikhulu, babethetha iziyelelane babo. Ngaphezu koko, nkqu uhlanga rhoqo ngaphandle itoliki ayikwazanga ukuqonda igazi wommelwane wakhe. Kodwa, echasene inkolelo ethandwayo, iilwimi zixhaphakileyo akayi ndawo.

uyakwazi ukufumana iilali zasemaphandleni, apho izikolo ukufundisa ngeelwimi ezimbini kummandla Russia mihla - Russian lokuzalwa - umthamo apho kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo izinyanya wathetha. Hi xikombiso, ku Mordovia, kukho ukufunda Russian kunye neelwimi Mordovian.

Phambi ebukumkanini Peter I laseRashiya yanamhlanje ayahlukanga ukuze nyanzela bonke abantu ukuba bathethe kuphela in Russian. Kuye mazisetyenziswe kuphela kwizixeko ezikhulu okanye amaziko ezinkulu yolawulo (tax kwaye njalo njalo). ulwimi Russian eyangena ezilalini nakwiidolophu ezincinane ngcembe, ekuqaleni besebenzisa ezazichazwa kuphela abaqeshisi kunye bailiffs.

Uncwadi basic ingqalelo Moksha, Merya kunye neelwimi Mari. Baye bona bexoxa nkqu abaqhubi ngaphambili, abarhwebi kwimarike, njalo-njalo. Oko kukuthi, abantu achaphazelekayo kumsebenzi loosomashishini, kwaba nje buyanceda ukulazi lwimi zonke iinkonzo zabo.

isiphelo

Xa ndiqukumbela, ndimele ndithi Russian ongeze ngamaqashiso inkcubeko, ukubhala kunye neelwimi zezizwe Finno-Ugric. Noko ke, umntu kufuneka singayithatheli phantsi imiceli-igalelo kunye umva. Amagama abaninzi mihla, amagama izixeko kunye nemilambo beza kanye ukusuka Finno-Ugric izizwe.

Uncwadi kwakhona natyetyiswa inkcubeko yalo hlanga. Finno-Ugric izizwe ebesoloko zazibangcwabela ngeebhokisi emterebhintini. Kwakufanele yabalindi. Indima abalindi kuthatha iikati, apho kwi kwilivo yandomeleza igqwirha uhlamba Magi okanye isizwe. Kwakhona, oki hung beesekethe ukuba ibiya olukhawulezayo ndabona kunqunyulwa processing. Kwangokunjalo, ezakudala ezinkulu Russian, njengoko Pushkin, ayikwazanga inkunkuma evela Finno-Ugric inkcubeko. Kwaye mhlawumbi Scientist yakhe ikati namnye ngaphandle shaman, aphuma kwelabafileyo.