Frederic Joliot-Curie: ibhayografi kunye nempumelelo

Frederic Joliot-Curie - a ezaziwayo-kakuhle itshantliziyo ekuhlaleni kunye yamachiza French. Wayengomnye kwiinkokeli kunye wabaseki neeNkomfa Pugwash kwi Science and World neMicimbi, kunye nentshukumo uxolo. Kunye nomfazi wakhe, uIrene ufumene ibhaso Nobel Chemistry. Eli nqaku liza kunika ngobomi yakhe emfutshane.

Childhood nemfundo

Jean isifundo Zholio wazalelwa eParis ngo-1900. Henri uyise womntwana lowo kakhulu inxaxheba ngempumelelo kwezorhwebo, yaye umama wam Emilia kwintsapho zobuProtestanti. Frederick wayengoyena mncinane kwintsapho Joliot, uniko manani, nabantwana abathandathu.

Ngowe-1910, le nkwenkwe wathunyelwa kufunda kwisikolo esibhodisayo Lakanal. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, uJean wabuyela eParis waza wagqiba ukunikela ubomi babo kwinzululwazi. Ngowe-1920, umfana oselula wangena High School of Applied Chemistry kunye Physics. Ngowe-1923 Joliot waphumelela kulo kunye isiphumo kakuhle kweli qela.

Service and nomsebenzi

Frederick wafumana isidanga sobunjineli. Ngexesha izifundo zakhe, bafumana izakhono okulungileyo isicelo eluncedo zemvelo chemistry. Kodwa uninzi bonke, uJean wayenomdla kuphando ezisisiseko. Isizathu sokuba leyo Impembelelo Paul Langevin (yamachiza French). Kwaba naye Frederick kuxoxwa izicwangciso zakhe elizayo, xa uthe wabuyela ekhaya emva emkhosini. UPawulos wacebisa Joliot ukufumana umncedisi kwi Radium Institute ukuya Marii Kyuri. Ngowe-1925, uFrederick waqalisa umsebenzi ngumlungisi kweli ziko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha yakhe spare, lo mfana waya kufunda physics kunye chemistry.

impilo Personal

I-Institute Joliot ndaqhelana intombi kaMariya ogama Irene. Emva konyaka, abantu abaselula watshata. Emva koko Frederick wathabatha ifani kabini-barreled - Joliot-Curie. Umlingane balandele kakuhle. Kungekudala esi sibini wayenabantwana ababini - unyana kunye nentombi (bobabini baba izazinzulu kwixesha elizayo).

uphando

Emva komtshato, iqhawe eli nqaku liye laqhubeka ukusebenza Radium Institute. Ngowe-1930 wafumana isihloko yakhe ubugqirha ecandelo zophando ಪೇನ್ ipheyini radioactive. Kodwa ke, nangona isidanga, phantse akukho namnye kuluntu lwezenzululwazi akazi ukuba igama indlela Joliot-Curie. Oko kukuthi, nokwazeka kancinane.

Frederick wazama ukufumana kwindawo wezifundo, kodwa imizamo yakhe aziphumelelanga. Le Isazinzulu wayesele ecinga ukuba indlela yokufumana Ingcali yemichiza wemveliso mveliso. Joliot-Curie wamnceda Zhan Perren. Ngenxa kugxa Frederick waphumelela yokufunda urhulumente wakwazi Nohlala ziko. Ngowe-1930, yamachiza waseJamani Walter bothe watyhila ukuba xa ibona nuclei helium (akhiwa kuwohloka ಪೇನ್ ipheyini) boron kunye beryllium, le yokugqibela ayikhuphi phezulu wajula radiation.

Ukufumaneka imfundo zobunjineli uvumele Joliot-Curie ukudala kakutsha ezibuthathaka kunye eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi nokucutheka egumbini. Esi sixhobo abhalwe wajula radiation. Isampulu yokuqala kwasuswa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini. Ngowe-1931, Frederick kunye nomfazi wakhe waqalisa ukufunda. Phakathi nokuhlola, bafumanisa ukuba ibhoroni phakathi zokhanyo (kunye beryllium) kwaye kakutsha i imbasa kwezinto zehydrogen aqulethe, kwinqanaba lokuqala kwemitha kabini.

Ukufunyanwa kwe izinto ezintsha

imifuniselo ezongezelelweyo yachaza uhlobo kwimitha olongezelelweyo. Kwenzeka ukuba wenziwa athom yehayidrojini xa bejamelene radiation abe ngesantya lezikolo zikhona, kodwa akukho namnye Frederick okanye Irene musa ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo kakuhle le nkqubo. Noko ke, ngenxa ngeziphumo zophando lwabo Dzheyms Chedvik ngo-1932 wafumanisa kwisuntswana neutron, nto leyo yinxalenye ngumongo atomic. Ngelo xesha linye yamachiza American Carl D. Anderson wabhala positrons baba byproducts ngexesha nokuhlaselwa amasuntswana alpha le-alumuniyam okanye boron.

Irene and Frederic benze uphando lwabo, wafaka eksperimenti entsha. Ezi sampuli egumbini nokucutheka zifakwa aluminiyam kwaye boron, kunye nokuvulwa iwuvalile ngefoyile ye-aluminiyam. Waza waqala radiation alpha radiation. Le positrons babe yabelwe, kodwa ke kuphela emva kokuba imizuzu eliqela baqhubeka umthombo ophambili ಪೇನ್ ukuphelisa amadlozi zabo.

Ngenxa yoko, Frederick kunye Irene wafumanisa ukuba ezinye iisampuli zokhanyo ezi boron aluminium enziwa imichiza entsha. Ukongeza, zibe eqhumayo. Ibhoroni Isotope is kuguquka nitrogen kunye aluminiyamu - phosphorus.

I Nobel Prize

Ngowe-1935, Irene kunye Frederic wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel ngenxa Yindibanisela izinto ezintsha radioactive. Ngenxa yoko igama Joliot-Curie yamiswa ngonaphakade oko kwimbali zemichiza. Ngo-Nobel yakhe intetho Isazinzulu waphawula ukuba izinto enziweyo radioactive kufuneka zisetyenziswe tracers. Oku lula kakhulu ingxaki ekufumaneni nangokususa amacandelo ahlukeneyo leyo abakulo eziphilayo.

umsebenzi olunye

Ngowe-1937, yamachiza Joliot-Curie waqhubeka ukusebenza kwi-Radium Institute. Kwakhona, wamiselwa uprofesa e College de France, Paris. Apha ISAZINZULU wavula iziko lophando of chemistry yenyukliya kunye physics. Ukanti Frederick kumisa ilabhoratri, apho iingcali lweenkangeleko ezahlukeneyo unako ukusebenza ndawonye ukuze nifumane iziphumo ezincumisayo. Ngaphandle ekwakheni elilawulwa yamachiza cyclotron yokuqala eFransi, apho umthombo kwamasuntswana alpha na izicwangciso izinto eqhumayo.

impi

Ngowe-1939, i-usomachiza waseJamani Otto Hahn bebone. Uthe kuluntu lwezenzululwazi malunga namathuba ngokucandeka-athom uranium. Emva koku, Joliot-Curie wabonisa ukuba Uyadubula. Yemvelo ekubonile lokwaba wamandla akhululwe ngexesha ngokucandeka atom. Ukusebenzisa oko, Frederick yathengwa Norway phantse ubonelelo ekhoyo lonke amanzi enzima. Kodwa inzululwazi uphando oluphazanyiswa ukuqhambuka ngexesha kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. France ahlala umkhosi waseJamani. Ebeka kakhulu, Joliot-Curie ukuwela onke amanzi enzima eNgilani, apho iingcali zenzululwazi kusetyenziswa ngexesha kuphuhliso kwezixhobo atomic.

umgaqo-nkqubo

Ngexesha umsebenzi Frederick wahlala e-Paris. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nzulu waye French Socialist Party yaye iimbono anti-zwilakhe, iye igcinwe kwizikhundla zabo College de France, yaye ke le Institute of Radium. Kwakhona Joliot-Curie yaba lilungu le-lomzabalazo yaye kwi kwentloko "National Front" (umbutho ngokufihlakeleyo). Kwaye zaselebhu wakhe Frederick esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zerediyo kunye neziqhushumbisi, ezanikezelwa ababelwa ngayo Resistance. Phakathi yokulwa, nzulu walandela umzekelo utitshala wakhe, Langevin waza wajoyina i-Communist Party.

Emva kokuba kukhululwe kwikomkhulu French hero kweli nqaku waqeshwa kwisikhundla uMlawuli we-National Research. Frederick kwafuneka ukuvuselela amandla lwezenzululwazi eli lizwe. Ekupheleni kuka-1945 sisazinzulu wenza isicelo kumongameli Charles de Gaulle. Joliot-Curie eFransi wayefuna ukudala i Atomic Energy Commission. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, yamachiza waya ukuqalisa reactor zenyukliya zokuqala eli lizwe. Oku kwanda kakhulu igama lakhe zezenzululwazi kunye nomlawuli. Kunjalo, ubulungu Frederick kweli Communist Party ebangele okuninzi ukunganeliseki. Ngowe-1950, waza wakhululwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngumlawuli we Commissariat.

ukufa

Le minyaka yokugqibela ubomi Frederic Joliot-Curie, ogama engobomi kuye uchazwe apha ngasentla, elingcwele, ukufundisa kunye nophando. Kwakhona wakhokela iBhunga yeHlabathi yenza umsebenzi zezopolitiko. Ngowe-1956, uIrene wafa. Ukufa lomfazi wakhe ngenxa Frederick yintlungu enzima. Kodwa ke kwafuneka ndizibambe kunye yaqonda ukuba Institute of Radium. Joliot-Curie kwakhona ukubongamela ukwakhiwa weyunivesithi omtsha Orsee kwaye afundiswe Sorbonne. Noko ke, umzimba wakhe ngenxa yokuyiphatha-phambili sohlobo yangaphambili ntshikilelo, iye akuphumelelanga. Ngo-Agasti 1958, i-nzulu ufele Paris.

Umdla namabhaso

Oogxa zikhona Frederick njengesigulane, ububele indoda ethe. Wasithanda ukufunda, ukupeyinta ubume kunye ukudlala ipiyano. Ngowe-1940 Joliot-Curie, wafumana igolide imbasa Barnard University Columbia for impumelelo ebalaseleyo zenzululwazi. Kwaye USSR Frederick imbasa ibhaso Stalin, labanika ngonyaka "uxolo phakathi kwabantu."