Hydrogen oksayidi: nokulungiselela kunye neempawu

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwaye ezixhaphakileyo kwiplanethi yethu, Kakade ke, amanzi. Yintoni enokuthelekiswa nayo xa nkoka? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ubomi on Earth yenziwe kwenzeka kuphela nokufika ulwelo. Njengoko amanzi (hydrogen oxide), ukusuka kwindawo imichiza ngayo? Ntoni na kwaye zintoni na iimpawu? Zama ukuqonda eli nqaku.

Hydrogen kunye nemixube yayo

I-atom lula yonke le nkqubo ngamaxesha - hydrogen. Ubeke isikhundla mbini, lulele iqelana of halogens, kwakunye iqela lokuqala kwaye ezo iintsimbi kwealkali. Yintoni uchaza iimpawu ezinjalo? Layo iqokobhe isakhiwo ngekhompyutha atom. Uye electron omnye kuphela, nto leyo lunokubalula njengoko elo khefu, uwafake yena omnye, kusekwe ipere, nokuzaliswa umaleko engaphandle.

Kungenxa yoko le nto iphambili kwaye kuphela iqondo igcwala eziqalelo 1 no -1. It lula idityaniswe nesinyithi ukwakha hydrides - involatile okuqinileyo ityuwa-ezifana ambaxa umbala omhlophe.

Kodwa kwakhona lula yenza iimolekyuli hydrogen kunye izinto ezililize Ngokusebenza kunye nonmetals. Umzekelo:

• emanzini H ₂ S;
• methane CH _4;
• silane SiH ₄ kunye nabanye.

Ngokubanzi, imichiza hydrogen enza ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, loo nto ibalulekileyo, nto leyo ifakiwe, i iperoksayidi oxide kabani ifomyula H ₂ O. Le compound eyaziwa neqaphela ifomula nokuba umfundi wesikolo samabanga aphantsi, kodwa eziqhelekileyo kunye nobume. Emva kokuba amanzi (kwaye oku ke oxide iphezulu hydrogen) - le nto eqhelekileyo nje kuphela, kodwa umthombo ubomi emhlabeni.

kanye Igama element ibonisa umongo wayo ophambili - hydrogen, okt "wazala ngamanzi." Njengazo naziphi na ezinye oxide, esebenzayo kwakhona yikhompawundi kabini ukuba inani iipropati emzimbeni imichiza. Ngaphezu koko, kukho iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezithi zahlule amanzi avela kwezinye zonke izakhi.

Enye iklasi ebalulekileyo iikhompawundi fomu hydrogen ezi-asidi, zombini organic nezimbiwa.

Iipropati Chemical hydrogen

Kweli qela reactivity, hydrogen - womelele ngokwaneleyo arhente nokuncitshiswa. Xa reactions ezininzi libonisa iimpawu ezinjalo. Noko ke, intsebenziswano kunye nomnye isinyithi ngokomelela, kuba oxidant.

kubaluleke kakhulu kushishino zisabela hydrogen kunye oxides yesinyithi. Yinto enye indlela yokwenza zamvanje ifomu enyulu. Vodorodotermiya - indlela metallurgical ukuba Yindibanisela oxides zesinyithi engcwengekileyo lemnyaka hydrogen.

Indlela abasabela ngayo hydrogen oxide na le fom jikelele zilandelayo: Me _x O _y + H ₂ = H ₂ Owu + kum.

Kakade ke, le yindlela kuphela Yindibanisela lwesinyithi ehlambulukileyo. Kukho abanye. Noko ke, ukuncitshiswa hydrogen of oxides - inkqubo ngokwaneleyo ngenkuthalo elilungileyo kwaye elula nezokwenza ifumene isicelo ngokubanzi.

Kwakhona umdla elizayo xa ugalelwe umoya, hydrogen ingenza umxube onokudubula xa ngamandla. igama layo ukucupha igesi. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kufuneka ukuxubana kwenziwa izinga imiqulu emibini hydrogen ukuze neoksijini.

Water - hydrogen oxide

Isibakala sokuba oxide kubaluleke kakhulu, sele sitshilo izihlandlo eziliqela. Ngoku, makhe saziwe kuyo ngokwemiqathango chemistry. Ingaba le compound bobabo kule iklasi kwezinto ezingaphiliyo?

Ukuze wenze oku, zama ukubhala ifomula encinane ezahlukeneyo: H ₂ O = hoh. Undoqo iyafana inani athom kobokuqala, Noko ke, ngoku kucacile ukuba sijongene hayidroksayidi. Ziziphi iimpawu kufuneka kuwo? Cinga dissociation of iikhompawundi:

Hoh = H ⁺ + WO ^-.

Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu asidi, ngokuba hydrogen ekhoyo isisombululo ukuse-. Ngaphandle main ukuba ayikwazi kuphela emva kokuba iintsimbi kwealkali.

Ngoko ke, elinye igama eye hydrogen oxide - oxyacid kuqamba elula kakhulu. Xa olunzima aluka uphawu zinemoletyhule elinikiweyo, ngenxa yoko, iimpahla zazo ziya kuba okhethekileyo. Neempawu ukuba angaphumelela ukusuka isakhiwo kwemolekyuli, ngoko uhlaziye.

Ubume kwemolekyuli yamanzi

Kuba okokuqala kule modeli wacinga Niels Bohr, kwaye yeka lobuntshatsheli kunye mbhali lo mba. Bazimisela ezi mpawu zilandelayo.

1. Kwemolekyuli yamanzi - a dipole, ekubeni izinto ngaphakathi isakhiwo sayo yahluke kakhulu ephumelelayo electronegativity.
2. imilo layo ezingoonxantathu, esisekweni - hydrogen, kwaye ngaphezulu - mpilo.
3. Ngenxa kule sakhiwo, iyeza ekwaziyo yokutshata hydrogen phakathi molekyuli efanayo, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi nokuba sisincoko ngamandla into electronegative.

Yijonge hydrogen zibonwa ikhangeleka ngokwalo oxide, kufuneka iboniswe ngezantsi.

Iipropati Physical hydrogen oxide

ezinye iimpawu ezingundoqo iimpawu kungachazwa.

1. Ifomu: sukube - umphunga, ulwelo, okuqinileyo - ikhephu, iqhwa.
2. indawo abilayo - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. Lokunyibilika - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Amanzi uyakwazi ukuzilawula xa itshiswe ngokusondele kwi-kuluhlu lobushushu 0-4 ⁰ C. Esi sahluko sicacisa ukuyilwa womkhenkce phezu kwamanzi, onokuxinana ophantsi kunye nokulondolozwa ubomi phantsi umaleko hydrogen oxide.
5. Ixabiso eliphezulu besikhundla ubushushu, conductivity thermal kunjalo, lisezantsi kakhulu.
6. Xa urhulumente engamanzi hydrogen oxide nemiboniso viscosity.
7. A impahla ethile angabizwa enixabana komhlaba kunye lokusekwa ligxekekayo zombane phezu komhlaba.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ingakumbi iipropati zixhomekeke kubume. Ngoko ke apha. Ukukwazi ukwenza iibhondi zehydrojini kukhokelele esemqoka efanayo ye-compound.

Hydrogen oksayidi: Chemical Properties

Ngokwembono chemistry, umsebenzi amanzi liphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Ingakumbi xa kuziwa reactions sikhatshwe yi ukufudumeza. Yintoni ekwaziyo sokuthatha oxide hydrogen?

1. Kunye nesinyithi ukuba kwi yombane ireyi hydrogen. Ngaloo ndlela kakhulu esebenzayo (Al) awufuni iimeko ezizodwa, kwaye ube namandla ephantsi ekunciphiseni azithethelele zomphunga kuphela. Abo ke, emva hydrogen, abakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba intsebenziswano enjalo.
2. Ne non-iintsimbi. Asingawo onke, kodwa abaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngoxa kusemnandi lwamanzi fluorine kurhawula Violet ilangatye. Kwakhona, basabela unokuba chlorine, carbon, lesilicon kunye nezinye atom.
3. Nge oxides metal (esisiseko) kunye acid (nonmetals). Ingaba kwakhiwa, ngokulandelelana, alkalis kunye asidi. Phakathi nensimbi ukuze ngayo loo abameli ikwazi amaqela amabini aphambili yokuqala nomnye, ngaphandle beryllium nezinki. Non-iintsimbi ukuba zibe oxides emuncu basabela bonke ngamanzi. An Okungumahluko intlabathi umlambo - Sio _2.

Equation reactions hydrogen oxide njengomzekelo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: SO ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO _4.

Distribution endalweni

Sele wafumanisa ukuba iziyobisi - eqhelekileyo kakhulu ehlabathini. Ukuchaza ukuba ipesenti umxholo izinto.

1. Malunga ne-70% ye-ubunzima omzimba womntu kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Ezinye izilwanyana oksayidi eyakhiwa hydrogen malunga 98% (jellyfish).
2. 71% ye umhlaba wabaselela ngamanzi.
3. ubunzima obukhulu wamanzi kolwandle.
4. Malunga ne-2% uqulathwe ezihambayo.
5. 0,63% buzinze emhlabeni.
6. 0.001% evela emoyeni (enkungwini).
7. yezityalo ali-50% yamanzi, ezinye iintlobo nangakumbi.
8. Ezininzi khompawundi efunyenwe crystalline equlethe amanzi yento.

Qhubeka uluhlu kunokuba elide, kuba nzima ukuba ukukhumbula nantoni na, inxalenye leyo ayibandakanyi amanzi okanye xa into ayiqukwanga. Okanye benziwa ngaphandle ukubandakanyeka oxide.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Ukulungiselela ixabiso industrial akukho oxide hydrogen. Ngapha koko, kulula ukuba basebenzise imithombo esele zenziwe - imilambo, amachweba kunye namanye amaqumrhu yamanzi kunokuba asebenzise imali omkhulu wamandla kunye neekhemikhali. Ngoko ke, elabhoratri ngayo liyimfuneko kuphela ukuba athole Yek, amanzi ultra-enyulu.

Ukuze ezi njongo, sebenzisa kwezixhobo ezithile ezifana okumile. manzi kufuneka basabele ezininzi yamachiza, ekubeni ekrwada iqulethe izixa ezikhulu ubumdaka, iityuwa, ion.

Indima begazi

Ukuze athi ukuba amanzi asetyenziswa yonke indawo, hayi ukuba sithethe nto. Akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ngaphandle oku. Ukususela ekuseni de kube sebusuku abantu basoloko besebenzisa zombini ngayo iinjongo zasekhaya nezamashishini.

Iimpawu hydrogen oxide zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwayo nje kuphela iphela. Kwaye hayi kuphela elabhoratri. Kodwa izinto eziphilileyo, apho zonke yesibini indawo amawaka basabele nemvelo.

Kwakhona, amanzi ngokwako-nxaxheba syntheses ezininzi, oku kwakhona ukhonza ngu-mveliso ngenxa kubo. Wonke umntu emhlabeni iminyaka engama-60, ucanda ngokwayo malunga 50 neetoni le nto imangalisayo!

Oksayidi hydrogen isetyenziswa:

• amashishini onke;
• imithi;
• yokuqaphela chemical;
• kuzo zonke iintlobo amashishini;
• izidingo indlu;
• ezolimo.

Kunzima ukuba lijonge indawo zobomi ubani aphile ngaphandle kwamanzi. abantu abangenawo oxide hydrogen kumafa yayo kuphela eziphilayo Ndingahlala ngaphandle kwawo, aba iintsholongwane. Kungenxa yoko le nto indoda ekunzima ukujamelana nayo kwezi eziphilayo.