I-eneji ionization atom

Ionization energy - iimpawu eziphambili ze-atom. Oku kugqiba uhlobo namandla iibhondi imichiza, ezinako zokubumba atom. Ukunciphisa iimpawu kwezinto (ezilula) nayo exhomekeke kule isici.

Ingcamango i "amandla ionization" Maxa wambi indawo elithi "ionization yokuqala amandla» (I1), nto leyo ethetha ukuba amandla encinane kakhulu, nto leyo kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba electron liyasuswa-atom ezamahala, xa sikwimo enjalo eneji, ebizwa asezantsi.

Ngokukodwa,-kuthiwa amandla ngenxa hydrogen atom, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze Proton le kwecala electron. Kuba atom nge electron ezimbalwa ezikhoyo ingqiqo lwesibini, lwesithathu, njl nekhono ionization.

I-eneji ionization kwe Atom hydrogen - sisixa kota enye amandla electron, kunye nezinye - amandla okunokwenzeka nkqubo.

Amandla eekhemikhali kwi-atom hydrogen luchazwa «Kuyile» isimboli, kwaye udibaniso lamandla kwenkqubo kunye namandla electron lungabonakaliswa yi ifomula: Kuyile = E + T = -Ze / 2.R.

Eli binzana libonisa ukuba uzinzo nkqubo ezinxulumene ngqo isigxina yenyukliya kunye umgama phakathi kwayo kunye ne-electron. I ezincinane lo mgama, kokukhona ndaziwisela umthetho ngumongo, kokukhona basondela, inkqubo ezinzileyo ngakumbi kwaye uzinze, amandla kokukhona kufuneka isetyenziswe ngexesha lekhefu ukuba uqhagamshelo.

Kucacile ukuba inqanaba lwamandla ndidleke kuphele, ngenxa yokwaphuka kweenkqubo zonxibelelwano onokuthelekiswa uzinzo: oluphezulu amandla, inkqubo womelele ngakumbi.

I-eneji ionization ye atom - (amandla efunekayo ukuze ndimaphule iimbophelelo kwi-atom hydrogen) iye ibalwe nokuhlola. Namhlanje, ixabiso layo yaziwa kanye 13.6 eV (electron volts). Abaphandi Kamva, nangenxa kuthotho experimenti bakwazi ukubala eneji efunekayo zaphuka atom ngenxa - iinkqubo electron kuqulethe electron abangatshatanga inucleus kwentlawulo, kabini isigxina atom hydrogen. Kuba zovavanyo ezibekwe ukuba kwimeko enjalo kufuna 54,4 eV.

Imithetho eyaziwayo electrostatic siyavuma ukuba amandla ionization efunekayo ukuze ndibutshitshise ulwalamano phakathi izityholo izichasi (Z kunye e), ngokuxhomekeka ukuba zibekwe kumgama R, Iqinisekile (emiselwe) kule nxaki: T = Ze / R.

Le wamandla ngokomlinganiselo isixa iintlawulo kunye, ngoko ke, bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo umgama. Oku kakhulu zendalo: izityholo ezininzi, ngokuqina amandla kokuxhuma kubo, kufuneka ukuba amandla unamandla ngakumbi ukwenza ukuze ndibutshitshise unxulumano phakathi kwabo. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo umgama: i ezincinane oko kukuthi, ngokuqina kwamandla ionization, kokukhona kuya kufuneka ifolokhwe ukwaphula udibaniso.

Le ichaza isizathu sokuba inkqubo nentlawulo elinqatyisiweyo isiqalo athom ezizinzileyo kwaye kufuneka amandla ukuze ususe ovela.

Umbuzo uyavuka: "Ukuba isigxina ngumongo kuphela kabini namandla, kutheni amandla ionization efunekayo ukususa ovela, noko kwanda ngamaxesha amabini anesine kutheni ilingana kabini isigxina, ukuthatha isikwere (54.4 / 13.6 = 4? )? ".

Le kuchazwa kakhulu nje. Ukuba ityala ka Z kunye E kwinkqubo endaweni nokungakwazi zikarhulumente efanayo, i-eneji (T) yi ngokomlinganiselo isigxina Z, baza banda kulingana.

Kodwa kwinkqubo apho electron intlawulo ye kernel yenza amathuba kunye Z kwentlawulo, yaye Z ke ziyanyuswa ngokulungeleleneyo kuncitshiswa owela ngaphakathi kwama-ujikelezo R: electron otsaleleke ngokumandla ne-core.

Esi sigqibo izicacele. amandla Ionization enza intlawulo enyukliya, umgama (embindini) ukusuka ngumongo ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu le engaphandle intlawulo electron mninzi; amandla lamela phakathi electron zangaphandle kunye umlinganiselo electron namandla wajula.