I-labyrinth yintoni? Inkcazo

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, baninzi bakhumbula umyalezo we-Minotaur oyingozi kakhulu, onomama, ukuze afihle umntwana wakhe ongaqhelekanga emehlweni akhe, ahlale kwi-Knossos labyrinth. Esi sakhiwo sadideka kangangokuba akukho mntu, ngaphandle kwenkosi yakhe, unokufumana indlela yokuphuma kuyo. Ukwakhiwa kwe-labyrinths kwakuthenjwa kungekhona kumaxesha amandulo kuphela, kodwa nakwaMaxesha Aphakathi kunye nexesha elilandelayo. Yiyiphi imbali yembonakalo yeso sizathu esithi "labyrinth" kwaye ingaba inentsingiselo?

I-etymology yegama elithi "labyrinth"

Ngaphambi kokuba uwazi intsingiselo yeli gama, kuyafaneleka ukubeka ingqalelo kwimvelaphi yalo. Njengenganekwane yeMinotaur, ngoko le sibizo safika kwisiRashiya kumaGrike asendulo.

Iinguqu ezimbini zeemvelaphi zeli gama ziqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho komnye wabo, kwisiqithi saseKrete igama elithi "labyrinth" laliyindawo apho i-hatchet yesiko, ebizwa ngokuba yiLabrys, igcinwe. Kwesinye, i-labyrinth yinqaba. Ukuthanda le ngcamango kukuba inesiGrike kunegama elilodwa leengcambu, eliguqulela ngokuthi "isitalato" okanye "indlela".

KwiSlavs igama lesiGrike elithi labyrinthos lavela ngokubambisana kweelwimi lwesiJamani kunye negama elithi labyrinth elisetyenziswe kuyo. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha likaPetros I, owayemthanda kakhulu lo mdlalo waseYurophu onokuzonwabisa. Uthiwa ukwakha malunga ne-labyrinths elishumi kulo lonke ubukhosi, kodwa oku akukwenyani ngokupheleleyo.

Enyanisweni, kuphela "iJardin e-Temple Temple" yakhiwa ePeterhof. Wayemisa ipaki enqabileyo kunye nedama lokubhukuda phakathi kunye neendawo ezingama-hektare ezimbini. Yakhiwe ngokweprojekthi kaJean Baptiste Leblon kwaye yayiyindawo enhle yokuhamba ngosuku olushushu lwehlobo.

Njengoko naluphi na olutsha, iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeendlebe zazisasazwa ngale nto. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba abanye abahambi balala ngaphandle kokulandelwa kule ndawo engaqhelekanga. Abanye bakholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba i-labyrinth kaPetros yayindawo yendibano ye-Freemasons eyimfihlo. Yeyinyani na ukuba le ngcamango yayingaziwa.

Kodwa phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo lona kanye igama elithi "labyrinth" (intsingiselo yalo-ngezantsi) ithathele ingcambu ixesha elide, kuba esikhundleni sayo igama elithi "iBhabheli" lisetyenziswe ixesha elide. AmaBhabhiloni ayehlala ephathwa ngokulumkisa, ekholelwa ukuba anemimoya yemilingo.

Umzekelo, uphawu oludumile lweXVIII inkulungwane. - "I-Labyrrinth of the Spirit" - ibonakaliswe ngokwayo ukuba kunzima kangakanani ukufumana indlela yoBukumkani bamaZulwini. Kwakukholelwa ukuba ukuba uyayibheka ngaphandle kokuvuma okokuqala, unokwenyuka.

Igama elithi "labyrinth": intsingiselo yesiqhelo

Siyabulela ukuthandwa kwesiganeko samaGrike namhlanje, eli gama lisetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kwintetho. Kwaye kwongezwa kwixabiso eliphambili, lafumana ezinye ezongezelelweyo. Ukususela kwiXestile yeXIX. Ungakwazi ukudibana ne "labyrinth" (intsingiselo yelizwi) kwisichazi-magama esichazayo sikaDahl, kwaye kamva e-Ozhegov, u-Ushakov nabanye.

U-Vladimir Dal emsebenzini wakhe ubiza indawo enzima apho kunzima ukufumana indlela yokuphuma ngenxa yeendlela ezibucayi kunye neenguqulelo. Kubonakala ngathi intsingiselo yelixical yegama elithi "labyrinth" kunye nezinye iilwimi zesiRashiya zitshilwa.

Namhlanje eli gama libizwa ngokuba liso lwesibini okanye sesithathu sakhiwo kunye nenkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yemendo ukuya ekuphumeni. Ingaba yimiba yomibini kunye nemifuno.

Ezinye izityholo zegama

Ukongeza kwintsingiselo ebalulekileyo yesi sibizo, uVladimir Dal encwadini yakhe ikhokelela kunye nesibini. Ngoko, ubiza i-labyrinth yenxalenye yentloko yomntu.

Kodwa uluhlu lwe-Ushakov kwiincwadana zakhe ezichazayo iinkcazelo ezininzi zeli gama. Ngoko, ukongeza koku ngasentla, uchaza intsingiselo engumfuziselo yelizwi: i-interweaving ye-intanethi yezinto (i-labyrinth yeengcinga, i-labyrinth yeemvakalelo). Ngokomzekelo, isicatshulwa esivela kuSaltykov-Shchedrin sicatshulwa: "Ukuba andiyi kuphuka ngokukhawuleza, mhlawumbi ndiya kudideka kwi-labyrinth yeengxaki kunye nokuzichaza."

Namhlanje, i-labyrinth yile sixhobo sokukhusela i-hard drive drive, kunye negama lomdlalo webhodi yendlu yokushicilela yaseRussia kunye nesitoreji sencwadi.

Ukongezelela, ukuthandwa kweli gama kuye kwasebenza ukuba iminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo, iifrimu ezintlanu zidutshulwa, kwisihloko apho eli gama livela khona. Kukho iincwadi ezininzi kunye nesi sihloko kunye nama-albhamu omculo.

Labyrinth yeFayum

Enye yeengxelo zokuqala zesakhiwo-labyrinth ingooyise wembali - uHerodotus. Wachaza itempileni yoothixo waseYiputa kunye nentloko yengwenya, eyayinqula eShedeni (uHerodotus wabiza esi sixeko "uKrokodilopol"). Injongo yokwakha i-layrinth ye-Fayum ayiyazi kakuhle, ikholelwa ukuba yayijoliswe ekusebenzeni iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zonqulo, kwakunye nokugcina ubutyebi. Ngokutsho kwamabali endala, inkqubo yokuhamba, iikholomu kunye nemicu ivumele umntu ongayazi idivaysi ukuba ajikeleze kule ndawo iintsuku eziliqela, okanye iiveki.

Kwiindawo ezinxuwa ezishiye kwindawo yalo namhlanje, kunzima ukuqonda ukuba kunzima kangakanani le sakhiwo, kodwa, ukugweba ngokuchazwa nguyise wesiganeko, kwakubonakala kunqabileyo. Ngendlela, le nkcazo ichazwe kwincwadi yesiBoleslaw Prus "UFaro".

I-labyrinths yamaGrike, yamaRoma, yamaNdiya

I-labyrinth eyaziwayo yeKnossos yenziwe ngomfanekiso weFayumsky, kodwa ininzi engaphantsi kwayo ngobukhulu. Wayekhonza njengento yesithethe, kodwa ubuThixo bekungengona ingwenya, njengamaYiputa, kodwa inkunzi (mhlawumbi ivela apha kunye nelifa leMinotaur). Indalo yakhe ichazwa nguDaedalus ngokwakhe. Ngokungafani nendawo yaseYiputa le nto ayesaziwa.

Ukongeza kwiCretan, kwakukho elinye i-labyrinth yesiGrike eyaziwayo. Nangona kunjalo, apho wayeyinyani, akwaziwa. Iimbali-mlando ezahlukahlukeneyo zithi indawo yesiqithi sase-Aegean: iSamo okanye uLemnos. Ngokumalunga nale ndawo kukho inguqu yokuba i-labyrinth ye-Minotaur ayikwazanga kwiCrete. Kodwa kude kubekho iincithakalo zokungenani enye yazo ifunyenwe, zonke ezi ziyi-theories nje.

Ewe, amaRoma, awamkela amaGrike isithethe sabo, ayengakwazi ukumelana nokungazakheli i-labyrinths yazo. Uninzi lwabo aluzange lufinyelele kwiintsuku zethu, nangona kunjalo, kwidolophu yasePompeii, apho ixesha lalibonakala likhutshwe, izindlu ezimbini ezincinci-i-labyrinth eneempawu ezimangalisayo, ezibonisa intsomi ye Minotaur yahlala ingacacile. Kukholelwa ukuba i-Maze maze - yayinomdla wokuzonwabisa wabantwana. NjengamaGrike, ngamanye amaxesha basebenzisa esi sakhiwo ngenjongo yonqulo, njengoko kuboniswe ngendonga yokungcwaba yasebukhosini e-Clusium, equlethwe yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamagumbi angcwaba.

Ngendlela, e-Indiya, kwakhona, ubuqhetseba besi sakhiwo sasasazeka. AmaHindu ayekholelwa ukuba iidemon ezimbi ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngqo, ngoko xa zingena etempileni nezindlu, zenza i-labyrinths encinci ukukhusela.

Labyrinths kwi-Middle Ages

Ngokuguqulwa kobuKrestu ibe yinkolo ephezulu yeYurophu, uthando lwazo izakhiwo ezinzima zazisinda ekukhuleni kwalo olutsha. Ekuqaleni, i-labyrinths yayihlotshiswe phantsi kweecawa kunye namathredrals, ezifanekisela ukona kwabantu. Emva kancinci, i-labyrinths yenkolo yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwimveliso eyahlukeneyo, ngokukhethekileyo ukuhamba ukuya eJerusalem.

I-Labyrinths e-Great Britain naseFransi

Ukususela nge-XIII leminyaka. Ezi zakhiwo zaqala ukusetyenziswa njengento yokuziqhenya kwihlabathi. Ekubeni kwakungenakulungeleka ukwakha nokugcina izakhiwo zamatye zale hlobo, i-labyrinths-izityalo zancincika kancane. Babedume ngokukhethekileyo eFransi, eBrithani naseTaliyane. Ukudalwa kokuzonwabisa okunjalo kuye kwaba yinto yobugcisa bokwenene, eyaziwayo namhlanje.