Ibhanki yophuhliso lwengingqi. IiNgxowa-mali zeZithili zoPhuhliso

Ukusuka kwiinkxwaleko zezoqoqosho, imimandla enezinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganiswa kunye nezibonelelo zemali ezihlangeneyo zincinci . Kwiimarike ngaphandle kwemida yangaphakathi, apho iimpahla, izibonelelo, i-capital, abasebenzi behamba ngokukhululeka, kukho isimo sengqondo sokutshala ngokufanelekileyo kunye nemimiselo engaphezulu yokwakhiwa kwabavelisi abanamandla. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, isidingo sokuba esinye isakhiwo semali-ibhanki yesithili-sanda.

Injongo

Iibhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi zenziwe ngokuthatha inxaxheba karhulumente. Zineendlela ezicacileyo zomsebenzi, zizalise ukuhlanganiswa koorhulumente kwiinkalo zoqoqosho nezentlalo, ukuxhaswa kobudlelwane belizwe langaphandle, ukubonelela ngemali mboleko kumashishini amancinci naphakathi. Ngokomzekelo, uncedo olunikezwa yiBhanki ye-Investment yaseYurophu ngo-2010 ukuya eHungary, e-Iceland, eGrisi, eLatvia, yanceda ekuqiniseni imeko yezoqoqosho kunye neyezimali kumazwe. Iibhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi zenza igalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni komzimba kumazwe alungu, kunceda ukunqoba imiphumo emibi yeengxaki zemali. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, indima yamaziko emali angaphandle ayenyuka. Makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi iinkalo zentsebenziswano.

Imbali yophuhliso

Iqalo lokuqala lixesha lokubuyiselwa kwezoqoqosho emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Ngo-1949, eMoscow, iinkokheli zaseHungary, eAlbania, eRomania, eBulgaria, ePoland, kwi-USSR naseCzechoslovakia zanquma ukuseka iBhunga loNcedo lwezoQoqosho loMbutho (CMEA). Injongo kukubonelela ngokubambisana ngemali, inzululwazi kunye nezobugcisa, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi edibeneyo. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, i-GDR, iMongolia, iYugoslavia kunye neCuba yajoyina. Phakathi kwee-1970, i-CMEA yagcina ubudlelwane namaziko angama-30 angamazwe ngamazwe.

Impumelelo

Kwaye kwinqanaba lokuseka ubudlelwane nombutho onokukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokubambisana, amaxabiso kunye neemoto, kunye kunye nokwakha iipayipi ezinkulu zeoli "Druzhba", eyayisetyenziselwa ukuthutha izinto ezibonakalayo eHungary, ePoland naseCzechoslovakia. Kwisiqingatha sesibini se-1960, i-Intermetall, i-Freight Car Park, yasungulwa. Ukulungiswa kokurhweba urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe kwaququzelelwa ngeCMEA, izicwangciso zezoqoqosho zahlanganiswa, indlela yokubambisana yayisebenza.

IHungary yanika imibutho kunye neebhasi, i-GDR kunye nezambatho, iPoland kunye neziqhumiso, i-pharmacology, iCzechoslovakia eneenqwelo zombane, iCuba kunye noshukela, iRomania kunye nefenitshala. Ezi zinto zatshintshiselwa ngeoli ephantsi, igesi, isinyithi, ukwakha umatshini, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nemikhiqizo yokukhusela. Emva kokuwa kwe-USSR, esi sakhiwo siphelile. Kodwa namhlanje amanye amaziko afanayo afana.

IBhanki yoPhuhliso lweNgingqi yaseAsia

I-ADB yasungulwa ngo-1966 yiKomishoni yezoQoqosho neNtlalo ye-Asia nePacific. Iinjongo zombutho:

• Uncedo lokukhula koqoqosho kwimimandla yaseAsia naseMpuma Ekude;
• Ukuqhubela phambili kwabasetyhini kuluntu;
• Ukunikezelwa kwezibonelelo zabasebenzi bamazwe alungu.

I-Bhanki yeNgingqi yeNtuthuko kunye noKwakhiwa kabusha e-Asia inika:

• Imali yokusetyenziswa kweeprojekthi zezoqoqosho nezentlalo;
• Uncedo lobugcisa ekulungiseleleni iinkqubo;
• Imali kumashishini karhulumente kunye nobucala ukuphuhlisa;
• Inceda ekusebenzisaneni kwezicwangciso kunye neenjongo.

Namhlanje, kukho amazwe angama-56. Isakhiwo sombutho simele ngamanqanaba amathathu wamandla:

• Mo ngameli;
• IBhodi yabalawuli;
• Nkokheli.

Izibonelelo zezemali ziquka umxhesho ogunyazisiweyo, ugcine imali, iimali-mboleko ezifunyenwe kwiimali ezikhethekileyo ezidalwe ukuboleka imali. IBhanki yePhuhliso yeNgingqi isebenza ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iindawo zoqoqosho. Kodwa ingqalelo ehlawulwa ngakumbi kwezolimo, imarike enkulu, amandla, izithuthi kunye noqhagamshelwano.

Ibhanki yeNtsebenzo yaseMelika

I-IDB yasungulwa ngo-1959 ukunceda ukuphuhlisa amazwe aseLatin waseMelika. Izikhokelo zombutho:

• Ukukhuthazwa kotyalo-mali kwiLatin America;
• Ukuthumela zonke izibonelelo ezifumanekayo ukuxhasa iiprojekthi zezoqoqosho ezibalulekileyo;
• Ukukhuthazwa kotyalo-mali;
• Uncedo ekwandiseni umgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo wabangaphandle;
• Ukubonelela ngoncedo lobugcisa ekuphunyezweni kwezicwangciso.

I-IADB inamalungu angaphezu kwama-48. Isakhiwo sombutho sibonakala kanje:

• Ikomiti yolawulo;
• IBhodi yabalawuli;
• Lawulo;
• Mo ngameli;
• Amasebe.

Izibonelelo zemali ziquka ukubhaliswa, ukugcina imali enkulu, iimali ezithembekileyo zokuboleka imali. Uninzi lwezinto ezisemagqabini ezikhoyo kwiphepha leemali ezinokuba zifunwa, okanye iziqinisekiso zokusebenzisana kwimarike. Imisebenzi yeBhanki ihlanganisa onke amacandelo oqoqosho, kodwa ingqalelo ehlawulwayo kwezolimo nakubalobi, kwiinkampani, kwiinkonzo zentlalo, ukucwangcisa, ukuhlaziywa kunye nokutyalomali.

Ukongeza kwii-IADB, amazwe aseMatriki aseMelika abuye abe ne-Inter-American Investment Corporation, i-Karibank kunye neziko laseMelika eliMbindi-mali lokuhlanganiswa koqoqosho.

Imarike yasekhaya

IBhanki Ephakathi iqinisekisa ukuba akukho nxu lumene phakathi "kwezempilo" kunye nobukhulu bebhanki. Iibhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho loqoqosho. Ziyasebenza kakuhle kwaye ziyazi kakuhle iimpawu zamashishini amancinane naphakathi. Imisebenzi yokugqibela ixhomekeke ekufumanekeni kwemali mboleko emhlabathini. Ngokwezibalo, amafemu asebenza kummandla onenkqubo yezemali ephuhlisiweyo, ukwandisa imali engama-67% ngokukhawuleza kunamashishini kweli lizwe lonke.

E-Rashiya, amaziko anjalo awawuthandwa kakhulu ngabathengi. Abasomashishini kwii-Urals, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude ngokubanzi abakwazi ukufumana imali ebolekayo. Kufuneka baye kwimibutho emikhulu yemboleko. Iibhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi kufuneka zibe ngamaqabane abo basomashishini. Amaziko amakhulu amatyala anjalo abathengi abangekho umdla. Kwisiko likarhulumente, inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo malunga nokukhutshwa kweemali eziboleweyo inokuthatha inyanga eziliqela. Kungcono ukusebenzisa kwi-bhanki yengingqi ukuphuhlisa isithili. Ulawulo lweziko luzazi kakuhle iinkcukacha ezithile zoshishino. Ubunokwenzeka bokuthatha isigqibo esiphezulu siphezulu.

Isebe alikho ibhanki

Imibutho emikhulu yemboleko, kunjalo, ibe namasebe kwimimandla ekude yelizwe. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo banqatshelwe ukuzimela kwaye benza umsebenzi wobugcisa kuphela ekuqokelelwa kwamaxwebhu. Kwaye isigqibo senziwa yiNkokheli yaseMoscow, enokuthi ayinakuqonda into ethile yommandla kunye noshishino. Iibhanki ezinkulu zikhetha ukukhusela abathengi abanzima. Kwaye bonke abancinci abasomashishini bafuna indlela ethile. Iingongoma zengingqi zilungele ukungena kwizinto ezizodwa zezoshishino kwaye zingaba ngenye indlela kwiinkonzo zebhanki kumashishini amancinci naphakathi.

Ukunciphisa

Ukususela ngoJuni 1, 2014, bekukho iibhanki ezingama-888 ezisebenza eRashiya. Oku kungaphantsi kweJamani (1.8 iwaka) kunye ne-United States (ngaphezulu kwama-5.8 lamawaka). Inqanaba lokubonelela ngeenkonzo zekhredithi eRashiya ngu-0.6. Okokuthi, umntu unelungelo elingaphantsi kwelinye lekhredithi kweli lizwe. E-US, eli nani li-2, kwaye kwi-EU - 1.8. Enye ingxaki okanye, ngokuchanekileyo, impawu yexesha - yonke imibutho emikhulu yimizimba karhulumente. I-Sberbank, i-VTB (24), i-Gazprom neRosselkhoz isebenza ngaphezu kwe-53.8% yabemi. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-5 edlulileyo, inani lamatyala ekhredithi eMoscow liye landa ngokukhawuleza lisuka kwi-15.4% ukuya kwi-22%. Ngenxa yoko, amabhizinisi ancediswa kwimibutho emikhulu ayesimo esilungelelene ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nemibutho yaseSiberia okanye kwiMpuma Ekude.

Inkxaso

Ukuphuhliswa kwenethiwekhi yesithili yebhanki kubangela ukukhula koqoqosho kwendawo. Oku kuqinisekiswa yimeko e-Russia. E-Siberia kukho amabhanki angama-258 kunye namasebe, kwaye eMpuma kungaphantsi kwe-118. Oku kwaye nangona kunjalo kwimizuzu eyi-10 edluleyo, baninzi bayeka ukukho. Akukho esinye isithili esinokuziqhayisa ngezi zibonakaliso. Iibhanki zentlalo-phuhliso ezikhoyo zihlelwa njengento encinci. Abakwazi ukubonelela ngemibutho ngezibonelelo eziyimfuneko. Ngenxa yoko, izinga le-GDP kule mimandla liqingatha eMoscow. Kwaye abantu ngabanye banokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezincinci. Oku kubonakaliswe ukuhlolwa.

Ibhanki yophuhliso lwengingqi iqikelelwa yimivuzo yenkunzi ukuya kumyinge omkhulu wemali-mboleko. Ngoko, eRashiya kukho imibutho engama-140 enokunika umthengi imali-mboleko ye-ruble eyi-1 billion. Kule ndawo, abangama-37 aseMoscow, 6 eSiberia (iTyumen, Novosibirsk) kunye ne-3 eMpuma Ekude. Ngenxa yoko, oomashishini bezithili ezikude baphoqelelwe ukuba bafake izicelo zokubolekwa kwiimpawu ezinkulu ze-metropolitan okanye i-OJSC "iBhanki yophuhliso lwezithili".

Phuma kwimeko

Amaziko okuboleka kwendawo yesithili kufuneka aphuhlise. Oku kunokuba negalelo elikhulu kwiBhanki Ephakathi, ukubeka imali kwimibutho emincinci. Unokwenza kwakhona iifom zesosavayi eziza kuhlola imeko ngokusebenzisa i-algorithm eyahlukileyo kwizinto ezisetyenziselwa izakhiwo ezinkulu. Ngoku akukho zicwangciso ezikhethekileyo zokuxhasa ibhanki encinci okanye kwi-federal level okanye kwiBhanki Ephakathi. Kodwa ukuba amagunya asekuhlaleni anike ingqwalasela kule ngxaki, ngoko inani leebhanki ezinqatshelwe iilayisensi kummandla zincinci kakhulu. Kodwa nokuba ngaba kunjalo, abahambelani namahlazo aphakamileyo, ingxoxo yeengxaki kwiimidiya kunye neengxaki ezilandelayo. Imeko efana nayo yenzeke ngo-2013, xa iBhanki yoPhuhliso lweZithili ilahlekile ilayisenisi. Iifosti kubathengi ayikabuyiselwa kubo bonke. Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, iBhanki Ephakathi ichithe iilayisensi ezivela kumaziko angama-62 ekrektri. Ezi zibalo zibaloyikisayo. Ukuba imeko ayitshintshi, emva kweminyaka emi-5 icandelo lebhanki liza kulawulwa ngamaziko amakhulu emali karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nentlalo yoluntu ngokubanzi kuxhomekeke ekubeni akwazi ukuphakamisa imali kwibhanki yendawo. E-Rashiya kukho amaziko angama-888 ematyala. Kwaye bahlakazeka kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngenxa yoko, oosomashishini baseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude abanakukwazi ukusebenzisa zonke iintlobo zeenkonzo zeziko lemboleko. Uncedo kufuneka bahambe kwikomkhulu elikhulu okanye ibhanki yophuhliso lwengingqi. Ukulinganiswa okubanjwe ngo-2014 kubonise ukuba inkulu yamaziko akhethekileyo ngokwemigangatho yobulungisa (iRashiya, i-MDM, i-AK Bars) igxininiswe eSt. Petersburg, eNovosibirsk naseKazan.