Iimpawu kunye neentlobo eziphambili ze-didactics

Iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zibonakalisa intsingiselo yaloo nzu lulwazi. Lo mmandla wolwazi unxibelelwano olungenakulinganiswa nolwazi lokufundisa, kuba lubeka ubunzulu kunye neempawu zokuhamba kweenkqubo zemfundo. Iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zi: ukufundisa, ukufundisa, ukufundisa, imfundo, ulwazi, izakhono, injongo, umxholo, umbutho, iintlobo, iifom, iindlela kunye neziphumo (iimveliso) zoqeqesho. Emva koko, makhe sithethe ngalokhu ngokubanzi.

Inkcazo yemeko

Ngaphambi kokuqwalasela iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics, kuyafaneleka ukuba siqonde intsingiselo yale ngcamango. Ngoko, le nxalenye ye-pedagogy, ejongene nophando lweengxaki zemfundo (le yintlobo yemfundiso yokufunda). Leli gama laqala ukuvakaliswa ngumfundisi waseJamani uWolfgang Ratke. Kamva, abaphandi bawandisa le ngcamango. Ngoku inzululwazi kungekhona nje ngemfundo, kodwa ngokunxulumene neenjongo zayo, iindlela kunye neziphumo.

Ukunikezelwa ngeentlobo eziphambili ze-didactics, unokwahlula le nzululwazi kwizigaba ezinjalo:

• Jikelele-luquka ngokuthe ngqo umgaqo kunye nenkqubo yokufundisa, izinto ezichaphazela inkqubo yokufunda, kunye neemeko apho inkqubo yemfundo eyenzekayo, echaphazela umphumo wokugqibela;
• Kubucala - indlela kunye neenkcukacha ezithile zokufundisa ngasinye kwisifundo esithile.

Isihloko, imisebenzi kunye neentlobo eziphambili ze-didactics

Isifundo se-didactics yinkqubo yokufundisa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuphathelele kwimisebenzi yeli sayensi, kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ezi zihlandlo:

• Ukufundwa kweengxaki zemfundo (njani, ngubani kunye nolwazi olunjani ukubonisa);
• Ukufundwa kwemithetho yomsebenzi wokuqonda kunye nokukhangela iindlela zokuyisebenzisa;
• Inhlangano yenkqubo yokufunda;
• Ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zengqondo ezikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bafune kwaye bahambelane nolwazi olutsha;
• Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezintsha zokufunda.

Ukubukela kwimiba yama-didactics

Kubalulekile ukuba kuqaphele ukuba kukho iimbono eziliqela kumbuzo woluphi uhlobo, iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics. Yintoni esiya kufunda ngayo? Okukhethwa kukho, njengoko sele sibonile, zininzi:

• Ukuqeqesha njengomgaqo wemfundo kunye nenkqubo yemfundo;
• Iiparameters ezinjalo zokufunda njengeenjongo, iifom, ithetha, imigaqo kunye neepateni;
• Izixhobo zokusebenzisana phakathi kootitshala kunye nomfundi;
• Iimeko zoqeqesho.

General didactics

ImiSebenzi, iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba ekubhekiselwe kuyo ingxaki. Ukuba sithetha ngesayensi ngokubanzi, ngoko iingxaki zayo eziphambili ziyakuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ukubeka injongo yoqeqesho. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yemfundo mabaqonde ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba bayidinga. Ukuba kukho injongo ekugqibeleni, uqeqesho lulula kwaye luvelisa ngakumbi.
• Enye yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-didactics yindlela yokwakha ubuntu obumanyeneyo ngokusebenzisa uphuhliso olubanzi.
• Ukuqulunqwa komxholo wemfundo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo, kunye neemeko zangaphandle nangaphakathi, inkqubo yokuqeqesha ngokutsha isekwe.
• I-Didactics ixazulula umbuzo wendlela yokubonisa ulwazi. Indlela echanekileyo yokufundisa ngezinye iinkcukacha iqinisekisa ukujonga kakuhle impendulo ngabaphulaphuli.
• Khangela iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokufundisa (izinto zokufundisa). Kwakhona, ingxaki kukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo yokwenza kwabo nokusetyenziswa.
• Ukuqulunqwa kwemigaqo nemigaqo yoqeqesho. Nangona bokuba bumbene, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile, banokutshintshwa.
• Ukufunda iingxaki zemfundo yenye yeengongoma eziphambili kwii-didactics. Kuyafaneleka kwakhona ukuthobela ingqalelo kwimiba ethe gqolo yokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yemfundo.
• Ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-pedagogy kunye nezinye i-science.

Imigaqo yeedactics

I-Didactics yenzululwazi eyona nto ibalulekileyo ibonisa intsingiselo yayo kunye neengxaki. Kwakhona kufuneka uhlawule ingqalelo kwimigaqo elandelayo:

• Umgaqo wokubonakala. Izazinzulu ziye zafika kwisigqibo sokuba amehlo aqonda amaxesha angama-5 ngaphezulu kwengqondo. Ngaloo ndlela, idatha edluliselwa kwingqondo ngokusebenzisa iifayili ezibonakalayo ikhunjulwa ngokusisigxina ngokusisigxina.
• Umgaqo wenkqubo. Ubomi bomntu bubona ulwazi kuphela kwimeko apho umfanekiso opheleleyo wezinto ezenzekayo kubonakala engqondweni. Kule meko, idatha kufuneka ifakwe ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuhambelana nesakhiwo sangaphakathi somxholo okanye into. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kuyafuneka ukuze uphuhliso oluhambelana nobuntu.
• Umgaqo wamandla. Ubomi bomntu bubhekisela ngokukhethekileyo kwimpawu eziza kuyo. Imemori engcono kunazo zonke ithatha ulwazi olunomdla (zombini ngokwemiqathango, nangokwemiboniso). Ngaloo ndlela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zikhunjulwa kakuhle ixesha elide, kuyafaneleka ukubeka ingqalelo kwinkqubo yemfundo kunye nendlela yokwenza idatha.
• Umgaqo wokufikeleleka. Izinto ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zihambelane neminyaka kunye nenqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwabafundi.
• Umgaqo wesayensi yolwazi. Kuqinisekiswa ngokuchanekileyo kokukhethwa kwezinto zokufundisa, ezinokuthenjwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa. Ukongeza, ulwazi kufuneka luxhaswe ngokuzilolonga.
• Umgaqo wobudlelwane phakathi kweyory and practice. Ilandela kumhlathi odlulileyo.

Iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics ziyimpawu zabo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nayiphi na isayensi ineengcamango ezisisiseko apho yonke imisebenzi yophando isekelwe. Ngoko, iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zilandelayo:

• Ukufundisa ngumsebenzi wutitshala ekudlulisweni kwedatha kubafundi, akujolise nje ekugqibeleni ulwazi, kodwa nakwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwixesha elizayo;
• UkuFunda - inkqubo yokwakhiwa kweendlela ezintsha zomsebenzi kunye nokuziphatha ngenxa yokufumana ulwazi kunye nezakhono zokusebenza;
• Uqeqesho luyimisebenzi enenjongo ekudluliseni ulwazi nokuphuhlisa izakhono zobuchule, apho ootitshala nabafundi bathabatha inxaxheba;
• Imfundo yiphumo eliphunyeziweyo kwinkqubo yokufunda;
• Ulwazi - ukwamukelwa, ukuqonda, kunye nokukwazi ukuvelisa okanye ukusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kolwazi olufunyenwe kumfundisi;
• Ubuchule ubuchule bokusebenzisa ulwazi olufunyenwe ngokwenza;
• Ubungcali bubungcali obuziswa kwi-automatism (kufumaneka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukwenza isenzo);
• Isifundo sisensi yolwazi;
• Izinto ezifundiswayo - umxholo wesifundo semfundo, esivame ukumiselwa ngokumiselwa komthetho;
• Injongo yemfundo yiphumo elifunwayo, elifunwa ootitshala nabafundi kwinkqubo yemfundo;
• Indlela yokufundisa yindlela eya kufezwa ngayo injongo;
• Umxholo wokuqeqesha ulwazi lwesayensi, izakhono ezisebenzayo, kunye nendlela yokucinga efuneka ukuba idluliselwe ku titshala ngutitshala;
• Iindlela zokuqeqesha - oku naluphi na inkxaso yenkxaso, ehambelana nenkqubo yemfundo (ezi ziincwadi, izixhobo kunye nenkcazelo yotitshala);
• Isiphumo soqeqesho yinto efunyenwe kwisiseko seziphumo zokufunda (ingahlukahluka kwiinjongo).

Ukuqwalaselwa njengentlobo yama-didactics

Iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics azikho nje iingcamango ezibalwe ngentla, kodwa nokubonwa. Injongo yokufunda ukuziphatha kwento ngenjongo yokurekhoda nokuhlalutya kwakhona. Kwinkqubo yoqwalaselo, ingqwalasela ayihlawulwanga kuphela kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yesihloko, kodwa kunye neenkcukacha ezifana nokuphendula, ukuziphatha, ukubonakalisa ubuso, njalo njalo. Ngaloo ndlela, imigaqo eyisiseko yomsebenzi wokuqwalasela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Injongo - le nkqubo kufuneka ibe nenjongo ethile, kwakunye nesicwangciso sokufezekisa;
• Ulungiselelwe - isazi seengqondo okanye utitshala kufuneka abe neengcamango ezicacileyo kungekuphela kwenkqubo yophando, kodwa kunye neemeko ezibalulekileyo zokuqhuba;
• Umlinganisi wokuhlalutya - umphandi kufuneka akwazi ukwahlula kumxholo oqhelekileyo weenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo, ngesiseko sohlalutyo apho kunokwenzeka ukufumana izigqibo ezithile;
• Ukunyaniseka - ngokufunda nganye iinkcukacha ngokwahlukileyo, ungakhohlwa ukuba baxhomekeke kuye;
• Inkqubo - ukuchongwa kwamaphetheni kunye nolwalamano, kunye neendlela;
• Ukubhaliswa - yonke idatha kufuneka ibhalwe (ngokubhaliweyo okanye kwifomathi ye-multimedia) ukuze kuququzelelwe ukucwangciswa kwazo kwaye inike ithuba lokujongana nabo kwikamva;
• Iingcamango ezingabonakaliyo - iinguqulelo ezimbini azivumelekanga.

Imisebenzi yama-didactics

Ngokumalunga neengcinga ezifana nomxholo, imisebenzi kunye neentlobo eziphambili ze-didactics, kuyafaneleka ukugqamisa imisebenzi emininzi yeli sayensi. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• Ukufundisa - ukudluliselwa kolwazi kumfundisi kumfundi;
• Ukuphuhlisa - ukubunjwa kweempawu zomntu kunye neengqondo;
• Imfundo - ukusekwa kobudlelwane naye, kunye nabanye.

I-didactics yangaphambili

I-didactics yezikolo zasesekondari yisebe yesayensi ehlola iipatheni zokufumana ulwazi nokuphuhlisa izakhono kubantwana abancinci. Kule meko, iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zasesikolweni ziquka kuphela ulwazi nolwazi. Kubantwana abancinci, zenziwa kwinkqubo yokunxibelelana, kunye nexesha lomdlalo. Into ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kukuba ukubunjwa kwabo akukho mfuneko yoqeqesho oluhlelekile. Ngaloo ndlela, iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zangaphambi kwesikolo zisekelwe kwinkqubo yendalo yengqiqo.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko ze-didactics

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iimbono zabafundi abahlukeneyo malunga ne-didactics zingahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kule nkalo, ezi ngcaciso zilandelayo ziyaziwa:

• Imveli - iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics, ngokwemfundiso yakhe, zifundisa imisebenzi yokufundisa nokufundisa. Abameli ababalaseleyo bala lathiso banokuqwalaselwa ngoComenius, uDisterweig, Herbart kunye nePestalozzi.
• I-Pragmatic - ihlawula ngokugqithiseleyo umsebenzi wokuqonda kwengqondo yabafundi. Abafundi balo mbono nguDeweel, Lai noTolstoy.
• Ngokweengcamango zanamhlanje, iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zifundisa nokufundisa kubuhlobo babo obusondeleyo. UDavidov, uZankov, Ilyin no-Elkonkon balandela le mbono.

Umgaqo wendabuko weComenius

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics kunye neempawu zabo jikelele zichazwe ngokucacileyo kumsebenzi weJ. A. Komensky "amaDaactic Great". Wayegxininisa ukuba bonke abantwana kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavelaphi kunye neendawo zentlalo banelungelo lemfundo ezikolweni. Kwakhona wachaza ukuba umgaqo ophambili wenkqubo yemfundo ibonakala. Kuyi-Comenius ukuba sinesibophelelo kwinkqubo yanamhlanje yemfundo, equka ezi ngcamango njengesifundo, utshintsho, iholide, ikota, iklasi.

Ngokuphathelele umsebenzi othi "Great Didactics", ingcamango yayo eyona nto kukuba inkqubo yemfundo noqeqesho lomntu ihlukaniswe ngamaxesha amane, nganye yimizuzu engama-6:

• Ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya kwiminyaka engama-6, abantwana bahamba kwisikolo esibizwa ngokuba sisikolo sikamama, oku kuquka ukutshintshwa kolwazi namava avela kubazali;
• Ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-6 ukuya kwe-12 - "isikolo eselunxwemeni lwesikolo" (ngeli xesha, kugxininiswe ekubunzeni izakhono zokuthetha);
• Ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kwe-18-eli lixesha elifanelekileyo lokufunda iilwimi zangaphandle ("isikolo soLatin");
• Ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kweyimi-24 yobunjwa bomntu eyenziwa kumaziko aphakamileyo emfundo, nakwixesha lokuhamba.

U-Comenius naye wayenombono wakhe ngokuzihlakulela komntu. Wayeqwalasela ngokukhethekileyo ukungahambisani nokucinga, umsebenzi kunye nolwimi.

Iingcamango zanamhlanje zeHalperin

Uyakwazi ukufumana indlela iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics zanamhlanje zihlolwa ngayo ngokufunda umsebenzi weP. Ya. Galperin. Uyaziwa ngokuba ngumdali weengcamango zesenzo ngokunyathelo ngamanyathelo ezengqondo. Isiseko sale ngcamango yinto yokuqulunqa equka izigaba ezilandelayo:

• I-tentative, ebonisa ukuqhelana kokuqala kunye nesenzo kunye nokufundisisa iimpawu zayo;
• Ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwezenzo zokuthetha, ezibandakanya ukuvakalisa amagama;
• Ukuqwashisa kwangaphakathi kwinto ethethiweyo;
• Ukuguquka kwezenzo kwisenzo sengqondo.

"Humane Pedagogy" uAmonashvili

USh. Amonashvili uyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe obizwa ngokuba yi "Ubuchwephesha bokufundisa abantu". Iindidi eziphambili ze-didactics kunye neempawu zabo jikelele ziboniswa kwezi zikhokelo ezilandelayo:

• Umsebenzi wutitshala makabekwe esekweni kuphela ngolwazi oluyisiseko, kodwa nangesimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo kumfundi. Utitshala akufanele nje amfundise, kodwa uthando, bonisa ukuqonda nokunyamekela.
• Umgaqo oyintloko ngumoya wokuhlonela umntwana. Utitshala kufuneka athathe umdla wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukudlulisela kumfundi ukuba uhlala kuluntu, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuthobela iingcamango zabanye.
• Umgaqo oyintloko naluphi na utitshala inkolelo kumakhono angenamkhawulo walo mfundi. Ukubasaza ngeetalente zakho zokufundisa, unokufikelela kwiziphumo ezimangalisayo.
• Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa kwiimpawu zomntu ngamnye titshala. Utitshala oyinyaniso kufuneka abe nomusa kwaye uthembeke.
• Indlela ephakamileyo yokuqeqesha iyilungiso lweziphene (zombini kunye nohlobo). Lo msebenzi ulunge ngakumbi ukuhlalutya kunye nokuhlalutya okunengqiqo.

Ingcamango kaHerbart

U-Herbart ngumdlali owaziwayo weengqondo waseJamani kunye nomfundisi owayenombono wakhe othe ngqo kwiindidi ezisisiseko ze-didactics. Ngokufutshane ingqiqo yakhe ingamelwa kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Injongo ephambili yenkqubo yemfundo kukubunjwa komntu onomntu onamandla kwaye uchaze iimpawu zokuziphatha;
• Umsebenzi wesikolo ukubonelela kuphela iimeko zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yomntwana wonke, kwaye yonke imbopheleleko yemfundo ihlala kunye nosapho;
• Ukuba ngethuba lesifundo esifanelekileyo isilumkiso siyabonwa, kungekhona kuphela inkqubo yokuthintela kunye nokuthintela, kodwa kunye nokuhlawulwa komntu, kuvunyelwe;
• Ukuqwalasela ukuba umlingiswa wenziwa ngokukodwa ngengqondo, kwaye uqeqesho kunye nemfundo kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo efanayo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le ngcamango ayifumanwanga ngokubanzi. Kakade ngeXIX yeXesha eliqhelekileyo kwacaca ukuba ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo kubafundi akuvelisi iziphumo ezilindelekileyo.

Doactics Dewey

Iindidi eziphambili didactics ekufundiseni, ngokungqinelana ne kwithiyori Dewey, zenzelwe ukuba ithathele ingqalelo iimfuno zabafundi (nenkcaso ingqiqo gerbartistskoy). Kule nkqubo zemfundo kufuneka ubunjwe ukwenzela ukudlulisa ulwazi nje Encyclopedic, kunye nolwazi phantse efanelekileyo.

Sinokholo ephambili Dzhona Dyui kukuba waba ingcamango "Complete isenzo acinga ngayo." kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba umntu uqala ukucinga kuphela xa indlela yakhe kukho eminye imiqobo kunye nobunzima. Xa inkqubo yokulwa ukuba izuza ulwazi oluyimfuneko kunye namava. Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi yokufundisa mayibhekiswe ekuqulunqweni iingxaki ezibonakalayo.

Noko ke, isimaphambili se didactics, iindidi eziphambili ngokombono Dewey kaThixo luthande ukuba nomnyino. Eyona ethile iphambili yale mbono kukuba byi akukho ingqalelo inkqubo yokudityaniswa nokufunda. Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba imfundiso Herbart, ingqiqo Dewey - kaloku kakhulu (nakuba kwicala elahlukileyo). Kwaye njengoko naziyo, nje kube sisiseko zenkqubo, kodwa abanako ukwenza amabango ukuba inyaniso.

ezifanelekileyo zokufundisa

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba abantu - ezifana njengoko ngokwemvelo - le ayilulo uhlobo umntu ofuna uluntu. Ukuba lokumba imbali, sinako ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingcamango obuchazwe ezihlala ziguquka. Umzekelo, xa uthelekisa umntu abangekaphuhli kwaye mihla, kuqala sibonakala zasendle. Noko ke, abantu belo xesha nako phambi ngokwayo ngenye indlela.

Xa inkqubo abangekaphuhli zoluntu indawo yayo yathathwa yi ukuvela karhulumente, uqalisa ukwakha kwiziko loqeqesho. Ngoko ke, izikolo yokuqala ngokwesiseko ezahlukeneyo kwasekwa kumaxesha amandulo. Umzekelo, imfundo Spartan ijolise abakhuliswe ngayo amajoni wayesenamandla nibe ngamakroti. Njengoko isikolo baseAthene, yena wayethetha uphuhliso ngokupheleleyo evumelanayo zobuntu.

Kakhulu watshintsha iimbono malunga umntu egqibelele bamaXesha Aphakathi. Akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba ukumkani kwakhokelela zokwazisela lwendawo yabantu eluntwini. Kangangeminyaka emininzi, abantu antywiliselwa kwinzululwazi nobuchule. Ngoko ke, imfundo noqeqesho swi ukuyilwa yenziwayo sezifundo ubuntu. Eli xesha banika ihlabathi eninzi obafunyanwa nanto, elathi ukuba kubiza yiEnlightenment.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ezifanelekileyo zokufundisa - umntu kwindawo esebenzayo yoluntu kunye nokuzimisela ukuziqhelisa. Ukususela abafundi abahamba isikolo nenxaxheba kubomi kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Okwangoku, abazali kunye nootitshala babe isiseko namava kunye kwiimpazamo kwizizukulwana zangaphambili apho ukwazi ukwakha inkqubo yemfundo enempumelelo.