Order leTeutonic neRashiya: nenkcaso

Imbali, njengoko siyazi, iyaphindwa. Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, intsalela igunya kwimaphu neAfrika iye zaguquka izihlandlo ezininzi, wabonakala kusithela karhulumente, ukuthanda abalawuli umkhosi indulumbane ukuba ahlasele inqaba, kumazwe akude ekufeni, amawaka amaninzi wamajoni ezingaziwayo. Longquzulwano of Russia kunye Order leTeutonic ngumzekelo iinzame zokwandisa ebizwa ngokuba "Amaxabiso Western" kwi-East of Europe, yaphela ukusilela. Umbuzo ophakamayo, bungakanani na amathuba eentloko ezaxhobela knightly empumelelweni.

Imeko yokuqala

Ekupheleni kwale emntla kwinkulungwane yeshumi Rus yayimi kwindawo indawo apho ingachazwa ibinzana eyaziwa "phakathi izando kunye nensimbi." Batu wenza emazantsi-ntshona, sisonakalisa emimandleni kwaye naniphanga ubulawuli abanemfundo Slavic. ukukhuthazwa leTeutonic Knights baqalisa inxalenye kwiBaltic. Injongo yesicwangciso-qhinga imikhosi zamaKristu, upopu wathi, kukugcina ekuziseni ubuKatolika ukuya ezingqondweni yabantu zomthonyama, ukuba baziqhelanise ngelixa ubuhedeni. Finno-Ugric kunye eBaltic zizwe inkcaso uswele amandla empini, kwaye ayehlasela kwinqanaba lokuqala yokuphuhlisa kakhulu ngempumelelo. Kweli xesha ukususela 1184 ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala, inani zoloyiso ukuba ukuphuhlisa impumelelo, ukuseka Riga enqabeni yaye komeleze bridgehead ugonyamelo ngakumbi. Eneneni European elwela iRoma wabhengeza 1198, waba ngesicwangciso ube uhlobo revenge for ngokoyiswa isahlulo sakhe emhlabeni ongcwele. Iindlela kunye neenjongo okwenyaniso baba kude kakhulu kwiimfundiso zikaKristu - Baye iintshukumisa iqapheleka lwezopolitiko noqoqosho. Ngamanye amazwi, le Crusaders bafika kwilizwe Estonia kwaye Livonians ukuba ziphange wayithimba. Kumda osempuma Order leTeutonic naseRussia ekuqaleni kumda oqhelekileyo zaimeli XIII leminyaka.

ungquzulwano Military sigaba sokuqala

Relationship Teutons and Rus baba ezintsonkothileyo, umlinganiswa yabo kwabunjwa ngokusekelwe izinto zomkhosi-ezopolitiko asakhasayo. inkxalabo Trade kwakhokelela eendibano okwethutyana kunye nokusebenza ngokubambisana nxamnye kwizizwe abahedeni, xa imeko lilawulwe iimeko ezithile. ukholo jikelele Noko ke, abazange ukuthintela Knights ngokuthe balandele umgaqo-stick ukholo yamaKatolika yabantu Slavic, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ezinye inkxalabo. 1212 kwaphawulwa iphulo wamajoni odityanisiweyo elinesihlanu sewaka Novgorod kunye polochanskogo imikhosi kwinani lock. Oku kwalandelwa sokubeka emfutshane. LeTeutonic Order naseRussia wangena ixesha impixano, ezibe nezokugqibela eminyaka.

izohlwayo Western XIII kwekhulu

"Chronicle of Livonia" UHenrik iqulethe inkcazelo malunga singqingiwe njalo ke nqaba Novgorod Wenden ngo-1217. Iintshaba amaJamani kunye Danes baye bafuna ukundibamba intwana yazo payi ye kwiBaltic. Afumana inkampu, inqaba "Taan Lynn" (ngoku Revel). Oku kwadala ubunzima ezongezelelweyo, kubandakanywa ezo zinxulumene kunye nonikezelo. Ngokuphathelele ezi kunye nezinye iimeko, kwafuneka ukuhlaziya rhoqo imigaqo-nkqubo yayo mikhosi uMyalelo leTeutonic. Sengqondo Russia sazivelela behlasela nobunzima kakhulu kwi beemboniselo yaqhubeka, kufuneka amanyathelo kakhulu ukulwa.

Nangona kunjalo, lo yokubopha awuhambisani ngokupheleleyo kunye namabhongo. Pope Gregory IX ukuba baqhube ngokupheleleyo amanyathelo zomkhosi nje awuna ngokwaneleyo izibonelelo zoqoqosho kunye, ukongeza amanyathelo ezizinzululwazi okusemandleni akhe ukuba ukuchasa amandla Russian kuphela kwafa kwezoqoqosho Novgorod, eyenziwe 1228. Namhlanje, la manyathelo kuya kubizwa ngokuba ukwayo. na ke kube yimpumelelo, abarhwebi Gotland na ukuba idini iingeniso ngenxa eyinkuthazo kweqiwa ndlongondlongo nokuba azilawule kwiindawo ezininzi ngoyaba iminxeba ukuba kwafa.

I intsomi ingxokolo "Knights leTeutonic"

campaigns ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi nempumelelo ilifa Knights baqhubeka ebudeni bolawulo Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, phantsi Yuriev uloyiso izise umzi kuluhlu omlambo Novgorod (1234). Enyanisweni, ukusoloko kuba ezingqondweni ubunzima umfanekiso aweza ezilala sonke isikrweqe zenkolo, aphume Russian umzi, adalwe bhanya (eqwalaselekayo Sergeem Eyzenshteynom), ngokuqinisekileyo, loo nto iyavumelana inyaniso. Knights baba ngakumbi umzabalazo ngokokuma, ezama ukulibala ukuba wakha iinqaba iinqaba, maxa wambi isibindi behlasela njani nesibindi, njengoko ezintsha. Order leTeutonic kunye neRashiya banesifo kwinkulungwane XIII waba iziseko resource ezahlukeneyo, yaye ulwalamano lwabo zazivelela ngakumbi nangakumbi kwakunzima zabahlaseli German.

Alexander Nevsky

Isihloko Prince of Novgorod wayefanelwe uloyiso phezu balwa, eyayisuka kumhlaba 1240 kumhlaba Russian, xa emlonyeni Neva. Intentions "ukufika" kungaphaya kwamathandabuzo, namatakane, kodwa sele i onamava inkokeli yomkhosi (school likayise) wakhokelela amandla akhe elincinci kwinqanaba lohlaselo. Usindiso umvuzo isibindi, yaye kwaba hayi wokugqibela. Enye yenkolo ku Russia ka uMyalelo leTeutonic, kwenziwa Knights ngo-1242, yaphela ukusilela ngenxa bahlaseli. cebo, ekugqibeleni wabizwa ngokuba "Battle kwi-Ice" wakhawulwa yakhiwe kwaye ziphunyezwe ngempumelelo. Prince Alexander Nevsky kwazithathela ingqalelo izinto awohluke komhlaba, esebenzisa maqhinga ezingaqhelekanga, wacela uncedo loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, efunyenwe ngoncedo lwakhe ezinzulu emkhosini, ngokubanzi, ukuba ukusebenzisa zonke izibonelelo ezikhoyo, kunye waphumelela, ekuhombisile igama lakhe ukutyhubela iminyaka. Emazantsi Peipsi washiya imikhosi utshaba enkulu, kunye nabanye okulwa babulala okanye kwikhompyutha. 1262 iphawulwa iincwadi imbali kumhla manyano Novgorod nesikhulu Lithuanian Mindaugas, awanyakazela ngayo zokungqinga lwaqhutywa Wenden, abaphumelelanga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa hayi singaphumelelanga; imikhosi emanyeneyo utshaba ziye zabangela umonakalo ebonakalayo. Emva kwesi siganeko, i-Order leTeutonic neRashiya phantse bayeka umsebenzi ofanayo emkhosini iminyaka emithandathu. Ngaba ezithandwa Novgorod kwi kukwahlukana iinkalo yempembelelo mvumelwano.

Ukuzaliswa ungquzulwano

Zonke iimfazwe lifike esiphelweni. Yaphela nobuso elide, nto leyo eza kunye Livonian leTeutonic uMyalelo naseRashiya. kukhankanywa esifutshane kufuneka senziwe isiqephu lokugcina zongquzulwano ixesha elide ebonakalayo - Idabi Wesenberg, ngoku phantse ulibele. Yena kubanjwa ngoFebruwari 1268 waza wabonisa induku eentloko ezaxhobela ezidityanisiweyo Danish-German, ababefuna ukulungisa imeko-qhinga jikelele emagemeni abo. Ngelo kwinqanaba lokuqala Knights ikwazile ukuba kuchithwe ukuma okulwa bakhokelwa unyana ka-Alexander Nevsky, nguDmitry. Oku kwalandelwa balwe amawaka amahlanu amajoni, basaba yotshaba. Ngokusemthethweni, impi yaphelela draw: amajoni Russian wasilela ukuthatha enqabeni ungqingwe kubo (mhlawumbi, ingxaki yaye ayenzelwanga ngenxa yokoyika iilahleko ezinkulu), kodwa oku kunye nezinye iinzame ngaphantsi yebhongo ukuthabatha Teutons kuqala ayiphumelelanga. Namhlanje ziyafana ezinde kuphela igcinwe.