Imichiza ogama emva izazinzulu. Imvelaphi yamagama eziqalelo sofuzo

Chemistry - a inzululwazi kunye nembali elide. Kuphuhliso zayo negalelo izazinzulu ezininzi odumileyo. Bona vangama ka impumelelo yabo etafileni imichiza, apho kukho into ogama imbeko yabo. Yintoni na nokuba yintoni na imbali imbonakalo yazo? Makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

einsteinium

Qala ukudwelisa imichiza ogama emva neengcaphephe umi enye edumileyo. Einstein ukuba enziwe lwenziwa kwaye ogama lakhe behlonipha yemvelo mkhulu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. An element inani atom ka-99, ke akukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezizinzileyo transuranic libhekisa kwi, ngaphandle apho wavula wesixhenxe. neqela lakhe izazinzulu ichonge Ghiorso ngoDisemba 1952. Fumana einsteinium kunokwenzeka eluthulini, kuhleliyo ngenxa ibhombu yenyukliya. Kuba okokuqala ukusebenza nayo bathwalwa ngaphandle kwi Radiation Laboratory, University of California, yaye emva koko kwi-Argonne kunye Los Alamos. Kwisiqingatha ubomi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo iintsuku ezingamashumi amabini, benza Einstein iimpawu yingozi eqhumayo. Ukufunda kunzima kakhulu ngenxa ubunzima yokufumana in vitro. Xa kwensimbi kunye hexa eliphezulu luyafumaneka yi sokungamelani imichiza kunye lithium, le ziikristale efunyenweyo iya kwahluka isakhiwo cc ubuso-wedwa. Xa isisombululo zolwelo, i element unika umbala oluhlaza.

വരി umqolo

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa eziqalelo imichiza kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuchaza imisebenzi kule ntsapho. UMariya Sklodovskaya and Per Kyuri wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yenzululwazi yehlabathi. Umsebenzi wabo njengoko owaseka inzululwazi radioactivity ibonisa element ogama ngokulandelelanayo. വരി umqolo fanele kusapho actinides kwaye inani atom 96. izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo kungabikho kuzinza unayo. Kuba okokuqala wavuka ngowe-1944 baseMerika Seaborg, uYakobi kunye Ghiorso. Ezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo വരി umqolo kwahluka kakhulu elide isiqingatha-ubomi. Xa reactor yenyukliya iingenziwa yale kilogram xa okufakwe kunye neutron uranium okanye neplutoniyam. element വരി umqolo sisinyithi yesilivere indawo yokunyibilika kwi amawaka amathathu, anamanci mane degrees Celsius. Kwabanye actinides, oko ezahlulwe iindlela ion exchange. A exotherm strong ngexesha ukubola radioactive uvumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo lokuvelisa imithombo compact ngobukhulu yangoku. Ezinye imichiza ogama emva kokuba izazinzulu nabadla awuna yaneleyo bangazisebenzisa ezikhoyo, വരി umqolo nako ukukhonza ukwenza wenkunkuma, okwaziyo ukusebenza iinyanga eziliqela.

mendelevium

Akwenzeki ukuba ukulibala malunga umdali eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimbali zemichiza inkqubo yokuhlela. Mendeleev wayengomnye izazinzulu kakhulu yexesha elidlulileyo. Ngoko ke, imbali kokufunyanwa imichiza kubonakala kuphela itafile yabo, kodwa amagama njengentlonipho yokumbulela. Le nto yafunyanwa ngo-1955 zizazinzulu American Harvey, Ghiorso, Choppinom, Thompson kunye Seaborg. element Mendelevium fanele kusapho actinides kwaye inani atom 101. Oku radioactive yaye kwenzeka ngexesha ngeeatom ebandakanya Einstein. Ngenxa yoko, yemifuniselo yokuqala zezazinzulu American waphumelela ekufumaneni mendelevium athom elinesixhenxe, kodwa lo mali ngokwaneleyo ukuqonda iimpawu zayo nokubekwa lwezakhi.

nobelium

Ukuvulwa le imichiza kaninzi kwenzeka ngenxa yeenkqubo ngumntu elabhoratri. Oku kusebenza kwi Nobel, leyo yaveliswa kuqala ngo-1957 liqela oososayensi ukusuka Stockholm, owoyiswayo ukuba igama it imbeko ngunozala isiseko amabhaso zenzululwazi ngamazwe. Xa inani atom le element 102, kokwabo usapho actinides. iinkcukacha ezithembekileyo phezu izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo nobelium ziye afunyenwe abaphandi gqira eSoviet Union, nto leyo intloko Flerov. Kuba U abayingxenye yokuqaphela, Pu no ion zaye okufakwe no, N, Ne. Ngenxa yokuba izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ngamanani mass afunyenwe baba ukusuka 250 ukuya 260, uninzi leyo element ixesha elide kunye nesiqingatha-ubomi seyure ezinesiqingatha ubude. Hexa nobelium chloride efana ezinye actinides, njengoko iziphumo ezifunyenweyo ukuhlola kwiilebhu.

lawrencium

isiqalelo chemical yentsapho actinides nenombolo atom 103, efana nezinye ezifanayo, kwafunyanwa ngokuzenzela. izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo nzile Lawrence apho. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala wakwazi nokulungelelanisa izazinzulu American, saya Ghiorso, ngo-1961. Iziphumo zovavanyo nto ayizange yenzeke kwakhona, kodwa ekuqaleni igama element ekhethiweyo kuhlala enye. Ulwazi malunga izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo zingafumana zesayensi Soviet kwiNdibanisela Institute for Research Nuclear Dubna. Anakho kubo zokukhanya of americium okukhawulezileyo ion ioksijini. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uLawrence nucleus likhupha imitha yombane kunye nesiqingatha-ubomi malunga ngesiqingatha somzuzu. Ngowe-1969, oososayensi ukusuka Dubna ikwazile ukufumana ezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo i element. Zesayensi ezisuka University of eBerkeley udale entsha 1971. Iinombolo zabo abaninzi zisukela ukusuka 257 ukuya 260, waza waphuma ukuba Isotope iyizinzise kunye nesiqingatha-ubomi imizuzu ezintathu ubude. Iipropati lwemichiza lawrencium zifana nezo ezinye actinides enzima - iye yasungulwa imifuniselo ezininzi ngenzululwazi.

Rutherfordium

Zibala i imichiza ogama emva neengcaphephe kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo ayikhankanye le. Rutherfordium kukho inani lezibuko 104 kwaye yinxalenye yeqela sesine nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Into yokuqala transuranic ukwenza iqela ilawulwa izazinzulu ukusuka Dubna ngo-1964. Oku kwenzeka e California carbon atom nuclei bombardment. Eyona nto entsha kuye kwagqitywa ukuba igama emva yemichiza Rutherford ovela eNew Zealand. Kwindalo, uRutherford Ayifumaneki. I-Isotope inde-baphila baye kwisiqingatha-ubomi imizuzwana amathandathu anantlanu ubude. isicelo Practical kule elementi lwezakhi akakho.

Seaborg

Ukufunyanwa kwe imichiza iye yaba yinxalenye enkulu yamachiza umsebenzi Albert Ghiorso ukusuka eUnited States. Seaborgium wabo ifunyenwe ngo-1974 Le yinkalo imichiza kwiqela yesithandathu lwezakhi ukuba inani atom ka-106 yaye ubunzima 263. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ngenxa ye bombardment ioksijini nuclei atom californium. Le nkqubo yaba kuphela atom ezimbalwa, ngoko ke isifundo oluneenkcukacha iimpawu element kwakunzima. Kwindalo, intsimbi radioactive seaborgium ayenzeki, ngoko ke kuphela umdla zenzululwazi.

Boriy

Zibala i imichiza ogama emva kokuba izazinzulu, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye oku. Boriy libhekisela kwiqela yesixhenxe ngamaxesha kwenkqubo Mendeleev. Kuye inani atom ka-107 yaye ubunzima 262. Ixesha lokuqala yaba ngowe-1981 eJamani, kwisixeko Darmstadt. Izazinzulu Armbrust kunye Munzenberg wagqiba ekubeni igama it imbeko Niels Bohr. isiqalelo Ukulungiselela kuye kwenzeka ngenxa eziba chromium atom bombardment bismuth. Boriy ubhekisela iintsimbi transuranic. kuphela atom ezimbalwa lwafunyanwa kule experiment, nto leyo esaneleyo isifundo ngokucokisekileyo. Yeyiphi le ndawo ngokwendalo, Boriy imibandela kuphela ngokwesakhelo umdla yenzululwazi, ngendlela efanayo njengoko kukhankanywe ngentla Rutherford, nayo esidalwe ngumntu elabhoratri.