Indawo yaseFergana (Uzbekistan): izithili, izixeko

Kwi-Ferghana Valley enhle, indawo yaseFergana (Uzbekistan) ikhona. Ngenye yezona ndawo zendalo kunye nezona ndawo zintle zelizwe. Kukho imizi emikhulu yamandulo kunye namadolophu amancinci ngendlela yobomi bendabuko. Ummandla weFergana wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwizoqoqosho zorhulumente kwaye unomdla omkhulu wokukhenketho.

IJografi kunye ne-biology

Phakathi kwiphondo yase- Asia yaseKomkhulu yiRiphablikki yase-Uzbekistan. Isiqithi saseFerghana sisekuyingxenyeni esezantsi kweNtlambo yaseFergana kwaye yenye yezithili ezi-13 kunye nezolawulo zelizwe. Indawo yalo i-68 km ². Ummandla uhlala kwindawo ephangaleleyo ngokuphakama okuncinane kwinqanaba elwandle ukuya empuma-mpuma. Intlambo ibhekiswe kuzo zonke iintlobo zendalo: ikhuselwe yi-Altai Range, kwaye inxalenye esenyakatho inokuthi ihlale ihlala kwiindawo. Ummandla ucebile kwimithombo yamanzi. Imilambo egeleza ephuma ezintabeni inomthamo omkhulu wamanzi, oqokelela eMlambo waseSy Darya. Ibhakheji yamanzi e-Central-Fergana inikeza enye indawo yokugcina amanzi.

Indawo ephumelelayo kwintlambo evumbileyo yenza umhlaba weentlanzi kunye nezilwanyana zaseFergana zicebile kakhulu. Iintlobo zezityalo zikhula apha. Ininzi i-flora iyimvelaphi yenkcubeko, kuba izityalo zemvelo ziyi-solonchak meadows ezitshintsha kunye ne-oases. Nangona kunjalo, le ndoda yajika eli lizwe libe yintlabathi yeparadesi. Ihlabathi lezilwanyana linomdla kakhulu. Phakathi kwezilwanyana ezinkulu apha ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezibhokhwe zasendle, izimpungushe, iingcuka. Kodwa ininzi yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zifumaneka kwizilwanyana ezincinci neentaka.

Imbali yokuhlala

Isiqithi saseFerghana saqala ukuhlalwa emva kwe-1st-2nd leminyaka, xa iintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo zeTurkey zaqala ukuphuhlisa le ntsimi. Nangona kunjalo, iindawo zasendulo zabantu abafunyanwa ngabavubukuli zivela kwi-7 ukuya kwi-5 leminyaka BC. Kwintsimi yommandla kufumaneka izixhobo zamatye kwaye zihlala kwiindawo zokupaka zaseSelengur. Ingqapheli, izazinzulu zibala i-13 yenkcubeko yeli hlabathi. Ukususela ngo-1709, iKokand Khanate yasungulwa kwisayithi yeFergana. U-Shahrukh II kunye nenzala yakhe babusa eli lizwe, banda imida yabo ngeendleko zelizwe elingumakhelwane.

Ngomnyaka we-1821, uMadali Khan oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala waba namandla, ngexesha lolawulo lwalo urhulumente wandisa kakhulu amandla kunye nokuqiniswa. I-Khanate yayisisigxina esinamandla kwaye sigcine igunya layo kude kube ngo-1842, de kube ilizwe liya kumlawuli waseKirghiz. Ukuba amandla phezu komhlaba onothamsanqa kwakukho rhoqo umzabalazo onzima phakathi kwabantu abahlala kwiSarts kunye namadada e-Kipchaks. Iintloko zelizwe zihlala zitshintshana. Imbali yommandla izele iziganeko ezibuhlungu. Ukudideka okuqhubekayo kwabangela ukuba ubuthathaka belizwe bukhusele amandla, okukhokelela ekubeni amandla athathwe ngu-Bukharian emir, owawunqotshwa yimikhosi yaseRussia phakathi kwekhulu le-19.

AmaRussia namaSoviet

Ukususela ngo-1855, isithili saseFergana, ngaphambili esasilawulwa yiTurkestan, savuselwa emlilweni wemfazwe ye- internecine. U-Khudoyar Khan, urhuluneli waseBukhara eKokand, wayengenakukwazi ukugcina amandla phezu kwezizwe ezikhulayo kwaye phantsi kokutshatyalaliswa kweso sikratshi saseRashiya kwaphoqeleka ngo-1868 ukuba yamkele imigaqo yolawulo lwentengiso kunye nobukhosi baseRussia. Ngoku, izakhamuzi zaseRashiya naseKokand zanikwa ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululeka, urhwebo, apho bekufuneka bahlawule irhafu ye-2.5%. U-Khudoyar Khan waba ngumlawuli wengingqi. Ngo-1875, i-Kipchaks ekhokelwa ngu-Abdurahamn-Avtobachi yaphakamisa ukuvukela igunya likaKhuoyoy, elihlangene nabafundisi beendawo kunye nabaphikisi baseRashiya. Amandla amatsha angamawaka ayi-10 amawaka ahlasela amazwe aphantsi kweRashiya, ayigubungela isixeko saseKhojent waza wahlala kwindawo enqabeni yase Mahram.

Ngo-Agasti 22, 1875, uGeneral Kaufman nomkhosi wakhe wabakhupha abavukeli kwi nqaba waza wabamba uKokand noMargelan. Amazwe ayephantsi komlawuli waseRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza ukuba imikhosi ishiywe, umonakalo wabuya wabuya wabuya wabuya wabuya. Jikelele uSkobelev, owayephethe iSebe laseNamangan, wayejongene ngokucacileyo nabavukeli, kwaye yonke indawo yesithili saseFergana yayisihlanganiswa neRashiya. USkobelev waba ngumbusi wokuqala we-Fergana. Emva kokuguquka eRussia, amandla aseSoviet afika e-Uzbekistan. Ngomnyaka we-1924, ukulungiswa kolawulo kwenziwa, kwaye intsimi ekhokelwa nguKokand yaba yinxalenye yeRiphabliki yase-Uzbek Socialist. Ngowe-1938 kwakhiwa i-unit unit entsha-isithili saseFergana. Ngexesha leSoviet, loo mmandla uhlala ngabantu baseRussia, ukukhushulwa kwamashishini kuqhubeka, kwaye izakhiwo zakhiwa.

Urhulumente wangoku

Emva kokuwa kwe-USSR, i-Oblast yeFerghana, eyayihlala kuyo imimandla kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, yahlala yinxalenye ye-Uzbekistan, eyabhengeza ukuzimela kwayo ngo-1991. Ngowe-1989-90 kwakukho ukungqubana kwamanani nabantu baseKyrgyz, kwaye ukufuduka kwaqala. Namhlanje ummandla weFergana ubuyela kwiindlela eziphambili zobomi. Icandelo lezoshishino linikezela kwizithethe zorhwebo. Ummandla, njengombuso wonke, ubuyisela imveli yamaSulumane kunye nendlela yokuphila, nangona inxulumano neRussia ayilahlekanga. Ngexesha eli-25 leminyaka yokuzimela, izivumelwano ezintsha zenkcubeko nezomnotho ziya kusekwa. Isiqithi saseFergana namhlanje sibandakanya iimpawu zesithili sase-Uzbek.

Imozulu

Intaba yeFergana yindawo ekhethekileyo. Ijikelezwe ngeenxa zonke ngeentaba, ineemeko ezikhethekileyo zemozulu. Akuyikho into ebizwa ngokuba yiparele ye-Uzbekistan, njengoko apha apha phantse zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo zobomi bomntu zenziwe. Indawo yaseFergana ibonakaliswe ngemozulu elinekhenkethi, ebusika obuhle kunye nehlobo lasehlobo. Iqondo lokubanda kwebusika li--3 degrees, iqondo lokushisa kwehlobo li-+28.

Impendulo yodwa yemozulu yendawo yomoya oqinileyo, ingakumbi entwasahlobo, ekhupha umhlaba, ithwale isango esivumbileyo, siswele umhlaba. Ummandla uphinde ubonakaliswe ngumlinganiselo ophantsi wezantyalongo, kodwa iimfuno zezolimo ekungcoleni zihlanganiswe ngongcenkceshelo kunye nemithombo yamanzi. Indawo yaseFergana ibonakaliswe yimozulu eshushu kakhulu kuneendawo ezikufutshane zentlambo. Apha, isimo sezulu sisigxina ngokwaneleyo, kuxhomekeke ekuguqukeni okubukhali. Kwimimandla, izimo ezintle ziye zadalwa ukulima iintlobo ezininzi ze-thermophilic, kubandakanywa ikotoni, ilayisi kunye neyeyi.

Lwabantu

Indawo yaseFergana (Uzbekistan) - loo ndawo inabantu abaninzi. Phantse kwisithathu sabemi beli lizwe lihlala apha. Ubuninzi balo bantu bangama-450 kwi-1 km². Ubume bobuhlanga bommandla buhluke. I-82% yabemi baseUbeks. Ezinye iintlanga zimelelwe ngamaqela amancinci: i-Tajik - malunga ne-4%, amaRashiya-2.6%, amaKazakh-1%.

Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni ngu-Uzbek, nangona abahlali belo mmandla baphinde bathetha isiRashiya kakuhle, kwaye abantu abatsha bafunda isiNgesi ngendlela yabo. Inkolo esemthethweni, efunyanwa ngabantu abangama-95%, i-Islam. Ukuguqulwa kokukhula koluntu kummandla ngowama-1-2% ngonyaka. Kancinci, umyinge wokuhlala ubomi ukhula, okwangoku uneminyaka engama-70. Umyinge weminyaka yobuhlali bommandla weFergana uneminyaka engama-23. Namhlanje isibalo sabantu sisanda kugxila kwiidolophu.

U qoqosho

Namhlanje isithili saseFergana siyinxalenye yesigodi. Nangona i-capital of the region yindawo enkulu yezoqoqosho kunye nezoshishino. Kukho amashishini amakhulu eekhemikhali, ukutya, ukukhanya, i-oil refining industry. Apha avelisa izixhobo zokugcina, ifenitshala, izichumisi, iilazi, i-samente nezinye izinto ezininzi. Igalelo elikhulu kumnotho wommandla lenziwe ngamashishini ezolimo akhula ukotoni, irayisi, iinkomo, ukubonelela ngeemfuno zangaphakathi kuphela, kodwa kunye nokuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo nakwamanye amazwe. Ukuphuhliswa nokuzinza koqoqosho kuququzelelwe ukukhutshwa kwamaminerali: ioli, isulfure, igesi, i-limestone, into ebalulekileyo yokuthumela ngaphandle.

Umzila wesitimela uhamba ngommandla wommandla, ukudibanisa izixeko eziphambili zelizwe kunye nommandla. Ubude obude beetrakthi ngu-200 km.

Icandelo lolawulo kunye nezixeko

Ummandla weFergana ulwahlula kwiingingqi ezili-15 - izithili zolawulo. Ngamnye ulawulwa yinkokheli ephakanyiswe ihakim. Iidolophu ezinkulu zedolophu yaseFergana (Uzbekistan): iFergana, iKokand, iMargilan, iKuvasai - inesimo sokungqinelana kwendawo. Uninzi lwabantu basekuhlaleni lugxininise khona.

Fergana

Isixeko esiphambili kwisiqithi saseFerghana siyinkunzi yaso. Kakade ukuguqulelwa kwegama ukusuka ePersian - "ezahlukeneyo" - lithetha kakhulu ngale ndawo. Apha baphila malunga namawaka angama-350 amawaka eentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Isixeko sinomlando wayo ukususela ngo-1876, xa umbusi waseRussia wale mihlaba, uGenerali Skobelev, wasungula inkunzi entsha. Kwixesha elithile isixeko saza sazala igama. Injalo imbali yembonakalo ibonakaliswe ngembonakalo yangaphandle kaFerghana. Ekuqaleni, kwakhiwe izakhiwo zaseYurophu: intlanganiso yamagosa, iofisi yeposi, i-rhutri yokuhlala, ikomkhulu, i-theater, i-Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - konke oku kwakuqala kwesixeko esikhethekileyo, i-atypical kwi-Asia Ephakathi. Kwakuqala ukusekwa isakhiwo esicwangcisiweyo kunye nezitalato ezichanekileyo.

UFergana ufumana ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwixesha lamaSoviet, ngakumbi emva kweMfazwe yehlabathi yesiBini, xa kubalwa iindawo ezininzi zamashishini oshishino apha, kuvulwa amaziko aphakamileyo emfundo.

Namhlanje uFergana ngumzi omuhle kwaye uhlaza. Kukho igadi ezininzi kunye neepaki apha. Iindwendwe eziphambili zedolophu yiNdlu yeeGosa, eyayiyiNdlu yamaGosa - indawo yokudlala, iMosque yaseZhome Masjid, inqaba enkulu.

IKokand

Esinye isikhulu esikhulu sisixeko saseKokand (esifundeni saseFergana). Imbali yayo iqala ngo-5-6 kwinkulungwane. Apha ahlala kwizizwe zakudala. Ukususela ngo-1709 isixeko siyinkunzi yeKokand Khanate enamandla. Indawo efanelekileyo kwiSilk Road yaqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa kunye nobutyebi baseKokand, obuhlala bethandwa ngabahlaseli. Imbali ende yeso sixeko iluhlu lweemfazwe kunye noshintsho lwabalawuli. Ukususela ekumisweni kwamandla aseSoviet, isixeko siye sazola, kwaye emva kokumemezela ukuzimela, u-Uzbekistan ubuyela kwiingcambu zelizwe kunye nenkcubeko.

Namhlanje, isixeko sinabantu abangama-260waka. Nazi iindawo ezinkulu zoshishino zoshishino lweekhemikhali, ukuvelisa, ukutya kwamashishini nokwakha amashishini. Inkalo yezokhenketho ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwisixeko: iihotele zakhiwa, iimyuziyam ziyavulwa, izibonelelo ziyakhula. Izinto eziphambili zeKokand ziyingcamango yaseNorbutabi (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18), i-mosque yeJomi (1800) kunye negodlo leKhuoyoy Khan lakhiwa ngo-1871.

Margilan

Enye iparele yommandla ngummandla waseFergana, uMargilan. Lo mzi wasendulo ubizwa ngokuba ngumkhulu-silika. Izazi-mlando zifumene imimandla yokuhlala kwabantu kule ndawo kwi-4th-3rd centuries BC. Imbali yesi sixeko idibene nomveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwelikalika. Namhlanje, nangu mveliso enkulu yesilikhi kweli lizwe, kwaye unokubona ezininzi zemithi ye- mulberry. Phantse abantu abayi-220 000 bahlala kwisixeko. Izinto eziphambili zeMargilan ziyinkimbinkiliso yePir Siddiq (inkulungwane ye-18), i-madrassah ye-Said-Ahmad-Khoja (inkulungwane ye-19) kunye ne-silk factory "Yedgorlik".