Iimpawu zeMoscow Kremlin. Imbali yokwakha, iskimu, inkcazo

Kweli nqaku sijonga izinto eziphambili Moscow yesicelo. Le ibekwe kwi Borovitsky induli 25 leemitha ngaphezu kwintsimi ezikufutshane kule ekudibaneni Moskva River kunye emlanjeni Neglinnaya. Borovitsky ezintabeni umthi endala igqunyiweyo, ngenxa apho got igama layo. Moscow yesicelo uyakwazi ozakuthathwa eliphuma komkhulu langoku eRashiya. Emva kokuba Izakhiwo zokuqala eMoscow besivalelwe kanye nommandla wayo. Lwalunjani yesicelo kunye Red Square zakhiwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke masiqale ibali malunga ngazo ukususela ekuqaleni, ngokulandelelana kwazo.

Ukufumana prehistory le kukuvela indawo ebalulekileyo kwilizwe lethu, njengoko yesicelo (eMoscow). Izazinzulu umhla imizila yokuqala yabantu Borovitsky Hill ekupheleni II amawaka. BC. e. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII, apha kwakhona kwabakho isivumelwano, nto leyo eyaba ngukhokho eMoscow yanamhlanje. Vyatichi ethatha indawo enkulu ecaleni Borovitsky Hill. Oko kukuthi, kwabonakala iindawo ezimbini, iinqaba ekhuselweyo ngomsesane.

Ixesha of Rus Ancient

karhulumente yaMandulo ekuqaleni bezibandakanya ehlukene. Uqeqesho olubanzi kakhulu kunye nempembelelo yaba Rostov-Suzdal. capital balo kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XII isixeko Vladimir. EMoscow erhangqwe kunye seLizwe ukusuka entshonalanga.

Ngowe-1147, njengoko kucacisiwe kwi- Ipatiev Chronicle, uYuri Dolgoruky, nguMthetheli Suzdal, wamema Svyatoslav wakhe sizana, Novgorod-Seversky Prince eMoscow. Esi siganeko ukukhankanywa wokuqala capital Russian kule mithombo documentary, yaye lo mhla kucingwa ekuqaleni lokusekwa umzi.

Ngenkulungwane XIII, eMoscow, kwakunye nezinye izixeko Russian ubunzima ukusuka ukuhlaselwa Batu. Noko ke, emva kwexesha elithile, isixeko waqalisa wokubavusa. E Moscow, kwakukho ubukhosi yokuqala wabathetheli kweli xesha, yasekwa nguDaniyeli, unyana omncinane Aleksandra Nevskogo. Tatar-Mongols ayikwazanga ngokupheleleyo kutshabalalisa urhulumente Russian. Umhlaba waqhubeka ukulawula abathetheli Russian, ukufumana ukuba iziqinisekiso hlokondiba (labels). Loo zichaze ngo-1319 kwaye, unyana omdala Daniyeli, Yury of eMoscow, walawula Novgorod. Kwaye eMoscow iye yanikezelwa kuwo kulawulo kwakhe umzalwana wakhe.

Ivan Kalita, umfanekiso oboniswe apha ngezantsi, akayi kushukunyiswa, njengoko wenza isithethe ababengaphambi kwakhe, uVladimir. Wagqiba ukuhlala eMoscow. Esi siganeko wadlala indima enkulu kwi bayahlelwa yesicelo kunye nesixeko sonke. EMoscow emva Ivan noPetros bafudukela Metropolitan.

I yesicelo waba yokuhlala wabathetheli Russian

Yesicelo ukususela ngelo xesha sele wayeka ukuba nje isakhiwo olukhuselayo. Inkcazelo yesicelo akusekho angena lo mgaqo-sikhokelo. Yena wajika waya yokuhlala Metropolitan kunye Grand Duke. indawo yesicelo ngaphambili bakha izakhiwo zomthi kuphela. Ukususela ngelo xesha, oko waqala ukwakha isakhiwo ilitye elimhlophe. Ngoko ke, phezu Borovitsky endulini, indawo yayo ephezulu, yasekwa kwingcinga Cathedral, ezaba ibandla ephambili ubulawuli eMoscow. Church of Ioanna Lestvichnika wabonakala ngo 1329, i-Cathedral ka Arhangela Mihaila - ngo 1333. Ezi Izakhiwo zokuqala zamatye kunye ukuchaza ngakumbi ingqikelelo yokwakha le Moscow yesicelo, esekhona ixesha lethu. Capital phantsi Ivan Kalita likhule. Yesicelo uba ihlukane ngundoqo mzi.

Kufuneka wathi igama "yesicelo" wabonakala okokuqala encwadini yeembali yoVuko, yomhla we kunyaka 1331. Kuthetha nokuqinisa ngundoqo mzi.

Ivan Kalita ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wabhala nokubhala ngokomoya. Kuyo, yena ezabiwa iisimboli ngamandla Russia (iimpahla umthetheli-Aron, tableware elinqabileyo, ibhanti yegolide chain), kwakunye wonke umhlaba eMoscow ukuya koonyana bakhe.

ilitye elimhlophe yesicelo

Ngowe-1365 lokwakha oqingqiweyo ka incwadi yesicelo kwakhona ubunzima ukusuka umlilo. Ke nguDmitry Donskoy, umthetheli abaselula eMoscow, sagqiba ukwakha isakhiwo ilitye phezu kwentaba Borovitsky. Winter 1367 soku kwaziswa ikomkhulu lwelimestone ibekwe neekhilomitha ezingama-30 ukusuka kuloo mzi kwilali Myachkovo. Ukwakhiwa yaqala entwasahlobo. Kumbindi eMoscow ngenxa waba inqaba emhlophe-ilitye, nto leyo yaba yeyokuqala e North-Eastern Russia. Territory le yesicelo kwangaxeshanye inyusiwe ngeendleko yenduli, ngokunjalo emqukumbelweni wayo. ngezakhiwo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV bafumana neempawu uphawu nhloko Russian kunye eMoscow waqalisa ukuba ophambili ekuziseni ka Vladimir kunye Kiev.

EConstantinople, ikomkhulu loBukhosi baseByzantium, yathinjwa ngo-1453 yi baseTurkey. Ngoko ke, indima Orthodox waqalisa ukwenza ikomkhulu eMoscow. Ukuze ukuba umzi olungokungathotyelwa nale iwonga, uIvan Iii wawabizela elikomkhulu iinkosi Russian kunye nabayili bezakhiwo Italian ngenxa yesicelo ngokutsha.

Formation of the yesicelo lomculo

Phantsi kwenkokhelo ka- Aristotle Fioravanti, womzobi Italian, kwisithuba ukususela kwiminyaka 1475 ukuya 1479, entsha ingcamango Cathedral, ibandla elikhulu eRashiya yasekwa. Kwelinye Ekupheleni isikwere, malunga yecawa, omnye Italian, Aleviz entsha, wakha itempile-engcwabeni - Cathedral ka Arhangela Mihaila. EMoscow prince bhotwe yakhiwa kwintshona ye yesicelo. Sasiquka Umyinge Gold, eweni kunye Big okubalwa Chamber.

Cathedral ye Annunciation yakhiwa kamva, kwisithuba ukususela 1485 ngeminyaka 1489. Ngakuye yayisekelwe Church of the Ukushiyeka yokwaleka. Kwisikhewu osinikiweyo, elinganiselwe kwi Annunciation kunye icawa iNgelosi, ebhotwe uburhulumente ibekwe. Oku ebuncwaneni iphambili yesibhovubhovu.

Le lomculo Cathedral Square yagqitywa ukwakhiwa nenqaba intsimbi Ivana Velikogo. Kuye kwagqitywa kule minyaka 1505-1508. Ivan the Great Bell yokukhalisa ukususela ngoko waqalisa ukukholisa abahlali eyinkunzi.

Zonke iitempile ezintsha bebefudula kwakhiwe kwisiza ngaphambili abo apha ngexesha nguDmitry Donskoy kunye Ivan Kalita. Elimiswe esikhundleni sabo, imibombo Moscow yesicelo ingamagama efanayo. Onke amangcwaba kunye ezingcwele kwiitempile ezindala zadluliselwa ngononophelo kuzo. Of Vladimir Ingqikelelo Cathedral wachukumiseka loo ndawo yonqulo kakhulu iziqu of Russian ngelo xesha - icon ye Lady Lwethu Vladimir.

yesicelo iinqaba

Ukwakhiwa iinqaba ezintsha kunye neendonga yaba kwebala agqibileyo kuyilo incwadi yesicelo lomculo. ngokutsha kunye nokuvuselelwa ukuthatha indawo yazo ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. Taynitskaya Tower wadalwa kuqala. It saba sicatshulwa komhlaba kwi Moskva River. Wezakhiwo, ukuba zizalise le projekthi, - Anton Fryazin, Italian. Omnye compatriot wakhe Marco Fryazin wadala Beklemishevskaya inqaba, ngoku ebizwa ngokuba Moskvoretskaya. Wadala Sviblova, okwathi kwaba exit lasentsithelweni kuMlambo eMoscow. Ngo Sviblovo tower 1633 siye sasungula umatshini esikhethekileyo kokususa amanzi igama kuyo Vodovzvodnaya.

Ngowe-1488, lwakwakhiwa Tower Annunciation. Ke sakhiwe kunye nezinye lwalunjani Moscow yesicelo. Baba inqaba ezimbini engenagama kunye Borovitskaya, uPetros, Nabatnaya kunye uConstantine noHelen. Spassky Tower yayakhelwe ukomeleza kwinxalenye esempuma yesicelo. Yena ngoku uphawu lakhe. Spassky Tower wavuka igama layo imbeko icon ezimbini: uMsindisi kwaye nguMsindisi ESmolensk.

St Nicholas yakhiwa ngexesha elifanayo. Phakathi kuyo kunye noMsindisi ikhule namnye kamva yaziwa ngokuba iNdlu Yeengwevu. Middle and Corner Arsenal Tower wabonakala ekuyeni ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV. Ngelo xesha, kukho Emnye, i liphezulu yesicelo. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko iindlela kuyo yayakhiwe Kutafya inqaba. Kuba injongo efanayo ziye eyakhiwe Izikrweqe kunye kwingqwayi-ngqwayi Neglinnaya River. Ngowe-1680 kwabonakala nenqaba yokugqibela incwadi yesicelo - uqoqo Tsar kaThixo.

ubukumkani Ivana Groznogo ixesha kwimbali yesicelo

Ngo-1547 kwi-kwingcinga Cathedral Ivan Grozny, Grand Prince of Moscow, lazisiwe yokuqala eRashiya nguzwilakhe. Intloko zeCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, Metropolitan Macarius atsho kuye ukumkani, ebeka ikepusi phezu kwentloko Monomakh Ivana Groznogo. Ukuze ukunika ukuthembeka ngakumbi ubukumkani eMoscow, kwagqitywa ekubeni canonize abaphila ezininzi manani zembali, kwakunye ingcamango ukuhombisa iindonga icawa yesicelo Imizobo omkhulukazi.

amaphulo Military, nto leyo Astrakhan oyisa Kazan Khanate, waqinisa igunya karhulumente Russian. Imbeko ezi ziganeko, kwagqitywa ukuba akhe Cathedral ye kuMoses, lo Virgin Mary, okwabizwa ngokuba St Vasiliya Blazhennogo namhlanje. Yena ke yakhiwa kwisithuba ukususela 1555 ngo 1562 ngaphandle yesicelo, leyo wagxininisa ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo kwesi sakhiwo. Kwaba apha, kufuphi nesango Spassky, ngokuthe ngcembe ebumba iziko elitsha ubomi lentlalo eMoscow - Red Square.

Ngexesha Livonian beMfazwe, oko wabuyela Polotsk, isixeko samandulo Russian. Imbeko esi siganeko, uIvan Grozny wayalela ukuba bayakhe indlu Annunciation, leyo wakhonza ecaweni yakhe ekhaya. 4 iicawa ezincinane (Izindlwana) ziye wakha phezu neegalari isonto ngo-1563-1566, ngokulandelelana.

Ubukumkani bokumkani, ukongeza, kwakubhalwa ukuvela nemiyalelo incwadi yesicelo. Babizwa ngokuba ulawulo. izakhiwo zawo zibekwe kwindawo Ivanovo ye yesicelo ukuba xa iziko lolawulo kunye neshishini ingqukuva. Ambassadorial iSebe kwakujongwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo. Ngowe-ofisi yakhe imiba yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, kwakunye nolawulo phezu ngokugcinwa msitho laseMelika.

kokuguquka yesicelo, wenza kwinkulungwane XVIII

Imephu yokuqala eneenkcukacha incwadi, nto leyo siyakhuselwa namhlanje, labhalwa emva kunyaka 1663. Kuyo uyakwazi malunga unokuyithelekelela indlela le ndawo wakhangela ngoko.

Yesicelo (eMoscow) Ekuveleni XVII-XVIII kwiinkulungwane ebudeni zebhola. inhloko i loselwa ummiselo Petra Velikogo ukusuka eMoscow ukuya eSt Petersburg ngo-1712. Noko ke, ingcamango Cathedral waqhubeka ukuba ibandla iphambili eRashiya. Oku apha abangcwalisiweyo ngurhulumente. Kodwa iimeko ezintsha emlonyeni ngendlela eyahlukileyo yokuphila, ngoko ke intsimi Borovitsky Hill waqala ukwakha. Kukho iindawo ezintsha le Moscow yesicelo, ingakumbi, amabhotwe, yoonongendi yaye indawo kartel yamandulo Chamber.

Ngoko ke, lidilizwe elakhiwa ngenkulungwane XV, iNdlu wenkundla Tsar kaThixo. Baye indawo yi ezimbejembeje umyili Rastrelli wenza ilitye Winter Palace in style. Kwabakho isamente Tsar Bell ngokomyalelo uAnny Ioannovny. Kwathatha iminyaka emibini - ukususela 1733 ukuya 1735. Noko ke, akazange umiselwe ukuba bakhonze injongo yawo. Ngowe-1737, ngexesha yesicelo Emnye umlilo obujikeleze, ukucima izakhiwo iinkuni ekucaca ukuba amanzi intsimbi. Ngenxa umahluko ubushushu kakhulu Isiqwenga kwimini wemka kuye. Bell wahlala emhadini eyahlulayo malunga neminyaka elikhulu, kodwa ngo-1836 saba phezu koseko, apho ikhona unanamhla.

Ukudala inkcazo le Moscow yesicelo, kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba ukwakhiwa kwayo akusoloko kugwetyelwa enengqondo. Ngoko, kuloo ndawo apho seNkundla Treasury, Gallery of Izikrweqe yakhiwa kule minyaka 1756-1764, apho zabekwa lemali ubutyebi. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva kwagqitywa ekubeni kutsha yesicelo kunye Izikrweqe sachithwa kunye nezinye izakhiwo yamandulo. Ngenxa yale nxalenye womzantsi-mpuma entabeni Borovitsky abe ziyakazele, yaye azisayi wakha up.

Alo Kazakov wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheni imbonakalo yesicelo. indlu Bishop kaThixo yakhiwe phantsi kweliso lakhe. Kwiminyaka 1776-1787 elimiswe yi iNdlu Yeengwevu. Esi sakhiwo ibe ifakelwe isithuba phakathi ezitalato kunye St Nicholas uMenzi Monastery. Le sele lisigqibile lomculo yeeNgwevu Square.

Alexander I ngowe-1806 wakhupha umyalelo njengako apho endaweni kaBathathu Emnye weemonki kunye Tsareborisova enkundleni kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhiwe isakhiwo imyuziyam ngenxa yokugcina zexabiso. project Egotov kwesakhiwo sayilwa. Ukwakhiwa lolondolozo lwembali lwaqhutywa ukususela 1806 ukuya 1810. Kule yesicelo, ngenxa yalo, isakhiwo esitsha, kwakunye indawo encinane phakathi Arsenal kunye Emnye inqaba, ebizwa Emnye.

Yesicelo emva kwemfazwe ka 1812

Izicwangciso ngokutsha oluqhubekayo incwadi yesicelo waqhekeza War Patriotic. Xa umkhosi UNapoleon kaThixo ahlasela Moscow, isixeko bayamkela umlilo. Zininzi izinto zaye baphanga. Petrovsky Wavuthela, 1 Akanalo, Vodovzvodnaya inyango, phantse nto ukusuka St Nicholas.

Ukudalwa le Moscow yesicelo, ngokunjalo nokubuyiselwa lomculo yakhe waqhubeka emva uloyiso. Wathwala bezakhiwo zakhe Russian. Vuthelani neendonga yesicelo neenqaba yakhiwe. Kwiminyaka 1838-1851 ngokomyalelo uNicholas I kwisiza lakwaWinter Palace lwakwakhiwa ebhotwe. Yaba yinxalenye Moscow Izikrweqe, Grand yesicelo Palace kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Ukwakhiwa wakhokela KA Ton. Le lomculo i-Palace Square zinokuhonjiswa inezakhiwo ezitsha.

Cathedral Square ukususela odolo ukudilizwa kwaye kwavuleka. lwaqhutywa Apho phandle kwinkulungwane XIX, kwimiju- amabutho. Waye wabizwa ngokuba ekundleni Dragoon. Ngelo xesha, ngowe-1989, kuye yamisa lesikhumbuzo ukuya Alexander II.

Yesicelo ngexesha leSoviet

Sicebisa ukuba uwazi isicwangciso Moscow yesicelo kaThixo, yomhla we kunyaka 1917.

NgoMatshi 1918, kwi incwadi, urhulumente eqinile RSFSR. Xa iNdlu Yeengwevu ofisi-endlini isakhiwo yokuqala Lenin kaThixo oko, wenzela koko Stalin. Iiholo ye yesicelo waba ivalwe kuluntu.

Ngelo xesha, ukuba sele ukho umonakalo noqhekeko iicawa nezigodlo lonke elo lizwe. akazange yesicelo lomculo na ukusinda kule ngxaki. Isicwangciso Moscow yesicelo iye yatshintsha kancinane. Ngowe-1929 Voznesensky kunye Chudov yoonongendi yatshabalala. Ukwakhiwa kwe-School Military likhule endaweni yazo.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, kwisakhiwo bokwakha ochaphazelekayo ngenkankulu. Kuye kwavulwa ukuhlolwa ngowe-1955. Ngowe-1961 kufuphi amasango Emnye basakha Palace of ngeenkongolo.

Yesicelo lomculo namhlanje

Namhlanje, abakhenkethi abaninzi abavela kulo lonke ihlabathi ukuba bahlole lwalunjani yesicelo kunye Red Square. Ezi ndawo, yaye kule mini andilahlekelwanga ubuhle babo.

Ngowe-1990, i-yesicelo ujoyine UNESCO World List Heritage. Museum ibekwe apha, wenza reserve "Moscow yesicelo", kuquka Izikrweqe, lo Annunciation, kwingcinga ne iNgelosi Cathedral, i Museum of Applied Art and Life of Russia ngenkulungwane XVII, Church of the Ukushiyeka yokwaleka kunye lomculo Ivan Enkulu Bell. Ukususela ngo-1991, i-yesicelo waba yokuhlala ngumongameli Russian.

Ngu 850 engama th kwikomkhulu, leyo eMoscow wathi ngo-1997, i-yesicelo wabuyiselwa kwakhona. Ngenxa yezi imisebenzi babuyiselwa Red iVeranda amaninzi Chamber, iNdlu Yeengwevu unenzondelelo Ukubuyiselwa nesakhiwo sayo, bathwalwa ngaphandle kunye neminye imisebenzi. Namhlanje, i icawa yesicelo ebudeni amaxesha omkhulu Orthodox iinkonzo kaThixo. Iqhuba kakuhle njengoko ngokhenketho lonke lomculo.

icebo Moscow yesicelo siquka eziliqela izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Kuye kommandla 27.5 yeehektare namhlanje, kwaye ubude beendonga -. 2235 M uye ezinde-20, apho sifikelele kumaqondo ayi-80. Yesicelo Iindonga babe Ebubanzini ukususela 3.5 ukuya 6.5 m. Ukuphakama yabo 5 ukuya kwi-15 m.

Namhlanje le ndawo kubanjwe isiganeko umdla - ukutshintsha yabalindi kwi incwadi yesicelo. Kukholelwa e Cathedral Square rhoqo ngoMgqibelo 12 emini. Ixesha apho uyakwazi ukubona kokutshintshwa kwabalindi kwi yesicelo - ukususela ku-Apreli ukuya ku-Oktobha. Kuyinto elula gqitha ukuba abakhenkethi.

I-Kremlin ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yayingabonwa njengokwakhiwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo. Kwiimiboniso ezahlukahlukeneyo zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neye-Russian zonke, ubuncwane babedla ngokuvela kwi-Sacristy ne-Armory Chamber. Ukugqibela okwakusele kwiXIXX yekhulu leminyaka kwakumyuziyam. Nangona kunjalo, imbali yayo yaqala kakhulu. Ngethuba lowe-1547, ukukhankanywa kokuqala kweArmory eyenziwe ngelo xesha kwakufakiwe. Ngaloo nto ibutho lezempi laligcinwa apha. Ngexesha elithile kamva, iNkundla yoMkhosi yaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yindleko enkulu, kwaye igama eliqhelekileyo kuthi lavela kwi-1560s. Iimyuziyam ngoku zinezindlu ezizodwa zembali, eziquka i-Monomakh's Hat, kwakunye nezambatho zangaphambili ezixabisekileyo, itrone yezilawuli zaseRussia, izixhobo kunye nokunye okuninzi.

Imbali ye-Kremlin iyaqhubeka, njengoko imbali yombuso wethu, owuphawu. Kwaye inkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe iya kubhala iphepha layo kulo.