Inkokheli akuyo: inkcazelo, iimpawu. Ngubani na kubizwa ngokuba yinkokeli akuyo? Le mbono "inkokeli akuyo" ngubani esaziswa yokuhlalisana? Inkokeli akuyo ngu ...

A Njengenkokheli akuyo - umntu unandipha udumo ethile emehlweni abanye. Ulawulo lwakhe ixhaswa kwinginginya hayi ukugrogriswa, kwaye zisekelwe phezu inkolelo kunye nokuzithemba kwi "abantu abanyuliweyo."

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngokuphathelele oko kuthethwa "inkokeli akuyo" (inkcazelo, necacileyo njengoko kubonisiwe, yaye kokukhona), kuya kuboniswana kweli nqaku.

Ingcamango charisma

Ukususela kanye ekuqaleni kobukho bomntu eluntwini iinkokeli abangakwaziyo nje ubabonise indlela, kodwa ukuba akhokele. Nditsho ngamaxesha ubunzima obukhulu abalandeli babo aluzange lumenze ayeke, kwaye ezingenakuphela bakholwa inkokeli yabo, umlawuli okanye ukumkani.

Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'charisma' yaye umntu nezi mpawu yaziwa ngokuba yinkokeli akuyo. Eli gama lithetha "sisipho sikaThixo", yaye eneneni, le meko iya kuthathwa yi abaphandi abaninzi of oyinqaba, okanye ubuncinane ubuchule angaphezu. Ekuqaleni, lo gama libhekisela kuphela kubalawuli okanye iinkokeli zomkhosi, kodwa ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, baqala ukubiza phantse wonke umntu, umi kuphuma inginginya, yaye ngokufuthi iimpawu zobuqu kunye nempumelelo, ubuhle okanye self-ukukhuthazwa. Loo nto ithetha inkokheli akuyo, eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Le mbono "inkokeli akuyo" in yokuhlalisana

Le mbono "inkokeli akuyo" yaziswa kwi unjingalwazi yokuhlalisana German wezakwalizwi kunye nenkcubeko Ernst Troeltsch. Kamva gama siqulunqwe ngezentlalo waseJamani Maksom Veberom, ngubani yaqulunqa inkcazelo zoqobo, wabanika amandla okuqhubela isifundo ngokubanzi kulo mba kuye. Abanye abaphandi mihla Sicebisa ukuba ukunika le nkcazo ingqiqo ayemxinwa kakhulu ukuba ngaphandle evela kwinani elipheleleyo ubuntu ngokucacile ezahlukeneyo ezinjengezo umprofeti uMoses Hitler, Gandhi kunye Genghis Khan.

Ngokwembono ingqikelelo charisma nesenzeko Weber kaThixo ayikwazi kwelungileyo nembi, onesidima okanye kakubi. Oku kunjalo akuthethi akuthethi ukuba umgangatho nokusebenza kwinkokeli ayide ikwazi kuvavanywa khrayitheriya jikelele. Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu ezininzi, ukuba ukususa ukungaqiniseki, sebenzisa inkcazelo eyahlukileyo, ekuvumela ukuba ukhankanye ngokucacileyo ingqikelelo "inkokeli akuyo". Ngo kwabantu waphucula elithi Dzhordzh Izisele, okholelwa ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokunxulumene babantu ebalaseleyo ezifaneleke ngakumbi ukusebenzisa ingqiqo ka "yinkokeli yobuqhawe."

Iinkokeli akuyo kwimbali yoluntu

Imbali lirekhode imizekelo emininzi abo kubizwa ngokuba yinkokeli akuyo kuthi. Okokuqala, akukho iinjengele abalawuli abadumileyo kunye: uAleksandr Makedonsky, Genghis Khan, uNapoleon. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, loo manani phi waziwa namhlanje kwi indima ngathi phantse zonke intloko kwinkampani ngempumelelo okanye intshukumo ekuhlaleni. Esi sifundo sale meko lukhatshwa neengxaki ezithile. Kakade ke, oku kubangelwa kukuba inzululwazi kufuneka kunjalo kuba definition "bumnandi" i ngcamango,, idealize kwaye ulungise ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ngqo abantu. Inkokeli akuyo kukuba nani engaqhelekanga kangangokuba ufumana impendulo ecacileyo umbuzo wokuba ingaba kwinkokeli ezithile, phantse ibingakholeleki. Ukongeza, umntu onjalo usoloko livela ngamaxesha obunzima, kwaye kunjalo izinto zatshintsha kweziganeko, kwaye akusoloko ukuqonda ngqo - elihle okanye elibi bembonakalo yayo sichazwa kubo.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Ngubani na lo yinkokeli akuyo kwimbali eSoviet? Umzekelo woko kwinkokeli ezo ngokuba V. I. Lenina, inkokeli yamaBolshevik Party, elingabalamli nenkokeli wenguqu epheleleyo yobusoshiyali eRashiya. Eneneni, ngokutsho bexesha lakhe kunye namalungu ANC, uLenin phakathi bezopolitiko bema ngaphandle ngokuba kuphela kholwa bamlandela ngaphandle bamathidala. Ngaphezu koko, uLenin - eneneni inkokeli akuyo, kwafuneka isiphiwo sokutolika iingxaki zoqoqosho kunye nemibono izihlwele enkulu ongafundanga. Baye ke bemphulaphula spellbound, kanzima, yaye oko kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba oku ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, yaye akukho izixhobo ezinkulu zobugcisa, ukongeza ilizwi lakhe kwi isithethi wayengekho elula.

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin

Iosif Stalin - inkokeli akuyo, uyise nabantu, umdali kukarhulumente kakhulu engaqhelekanga kwaye phantse kwakuhle zonke ezaziwayo. Uvavanyo yobuntu kuStalin iphantse kusoloko luyathandabuzeka, yaye ngokufuthi anesizathu. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, irhuluneli banabo ubuchule ekhethekileyo ukutshabalalisa, ngubani yayisoloko iintshaba karhulumente iintshaba zawo. Uninzi charisma yakhe deification phakathi abalandeli, Kakade, oko akuthi onombono zobunkokeli (nangona nabo ngokupheleleyo) - kwaye imvakalelo yokoyika, leyo yena ngokuyinqaba netyuwa enokulufaka nanamhlanje.

Abaphengululi abaninzi uye ucinge Stalin inkokheli ecocekileyo anomoya, nangona kuyabonakala ukuba abalandeli bakhe kunye nabalandeli bezisezilungile ukuba inkokeli yabo ukuze benze imibingelelo ngengqiqo emitsha yelizwi. amajoni Simple akhwela phezu phezulu kunye negama lakhe, nto leyo - isenzeko kunokuba inqabile. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwezi meko, abalandeli yanelisekile ingcamango (umzekelo, inkululeko) okanye ingqiqo ethile lokhokho, ilizwe labo.

Sharl De Goll

Umzekelo inkokheli yendalo ukukhonza Sharl De Goll, umsebenzi wakhe usenalo nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kubomi yaseYurophu kwezopolitiko. Umongameli ngokwakhe liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ubhenele ukuba ingqikelelo charisma yaye lweli ingcamango ukuba ubuntu esinamandla kwi indlela yembali kwimpembelelo enkulu kakhulu kunokuba kukholelwa ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, umongameli, lowo, emva kokuba iimfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini ezona ndikhohlakele wakwazi ukukhokela France ukuchuma kunye nendima enye amagunya elihamba, babekholelwa ukuba uthando abantu exhaswa ezinye "ifuthe ummangaliso, 'impumelelo oluzingileyo ezintweni zonke, ndiyangqina okokuba lo nguye lo mntu" nyana esemthethweni ezulwini. " Ngokukhawuleza nje esi sipho uThixo luyemka, ukuba uyayeka inkxaso kwimeko - oma kunye ukholo nabalandeli.

Ngaphezu koko, inkokeli akuyo de Gaulle kwincwadi yakhe "The ngohlangothi lwekrele" ngokuphindaphindiweyo wagxininisa ukuba nkqu nokutyunjwa yinkokheli yesizwe ngamaxesha obunzima Ayisenzeki isekelwe kwi ukhetho phakathi manani ezikhoyo yezopolitiko. inkokeli Popular kubonakala ngathi ngokomlomo "wave enamandla," yaye Gen. wakhanyela ngokupheleleyo Ukumiselwa zembali, embiza umqondo amagwala.

Adolf Hitler

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba Adolf Hitler ithathwa njengokuba mzekelo ngokumangalisayo ubuntu akuyo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Germany eminyaka, njenge Phoenix - itshayo kuthotho yeemfazwe obungenasiphelo embindini Europe, osanda Akreqa, ngokufuthi unamandla ngakumbi kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. UMlawuli wakwazi ukunika abantu bakhe ingcamango eyimfihlakalo ngokwenene. Hitler - inkokeli iqhajana owakwaziyo ukweyisela uninzi abalandeli nje kuphela, kodwa abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba, Aryans - a uhlanga olubhetele entlokweni yabo bonke abanye. Le mbono likwazile ukuhlanganisa uluntu German kangangokuba ngoxa limele isoyikiso uluntu ngenene isikali-langa.

Ke kaloku Hitler wagqiba kukuveza iqela elithile eneji emnyama, leyo yindlela fantastic ngokupheleleyo sikwazile ukuzisa izimvo zabo kwinginginya yabantu kwaye ukuwaphembelela ukuba impambano abaninzi phantse hypnotized. Noko ke, akunjalo. Abaninzi ababephila sibonise akude kangakanani "hayi umntu oqhelekileyo." I-German uMlawuli kaThixo Kufuneka baqonde ukuba nje izihlwele efumileyo, okanye amahlwempu inkxaso nje - amacandelo kodwa ufundile nomi yoluntu, hayi kuphela eJamani. Ngaba go crazy for? Mhlawumbi - akukho. Kakade ke, ukudala amandla alo Hitler wasebenzisa onke amathuba unoyena kunye emangalisayo. Ngokomzekelo, yena ibekwe ngokwakhe lijoni nje enesibindi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo yaba oku practice. orate wafunda abadlali kakuhle ixesha lakhe. Njalo wafuna rapprochement nabantu babo, efuna ukwazi iingcinga kunye namazwi hayi nje kuluntu, kodwa ngokoqobo wonke. Okuhamba nale ukukholelwa nenkani na ilungelo lakhe kaHitler, wawunika isiphumo ukuba abalandeli emininzi uMlawuli akazange ayithandabuze into ngokwakhe okanye izimvo okanye iinjongo zakhe.

Imiba ye ziyenzeka

Ufundo lo mkhuba ukuvela olu hlobo ubuntu - ngumbuzo ukuba ngokwenene kumi phambili isifundo yempembelelo ngamnye ngenkqubo zembali. Noko ke, nakuba isixa esikhulu kophando-nzulu kufunelwa izazinzulu ngokwabo osikhokelayo akuyo kakhulu isenzeko yaba "isikhubekiso." Izazinzulu, oosonzululwazi ezopolitiko kunye kwezentlalo ayaqonda ukuba akukaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, indlela ingenzeka yayo. Akukho mathandabuzo ukudlala indima, kunye nezakhono zabantu iziphene kwaye ziyafikelelwa, kodwa ukuqonda ukuba yintoni kanye iimpawu wammisa ngokwenene ukudala amandla kuyimfuneko, kudla ngokuba nzima. Ngaphezu koko, uphando lwezenzululwazi lidla ngqo ukuba ekufundweni ubuntu, yaye ngokumileyo kakhulu ingqalelo yezenzo ezithile, entle okanye embi kwaye iimeko ukuyilwa yinkokeli enjalo. Ngokubanzi, kukho izizathu ezithathu ezenza inkokeli akuyo ibonakala.

1. Crisis. Kunokuba kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo iingxaki, ukusilela zomkhosi njalo, kuzo zonke iifom zabo kunye tangles. Le ziqala ukuhla karhulumente - luvavanyo kakhulu ukuba uluntu. Abantu basabela ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze babe ukukhula ngesothuso ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa ngokwasemzimbeni oluntu, ukuze bakoyike ukulahleka iqela okanye udidi okanye nje ukuba uve intlungu yokulahlekelwa i amaxabiso ofanayo wokuphila ecingelwayo kunye nezithethe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwiimeko ezinjalo, abantu badla ukuba sithembele kwaye ulandele abo owaziyo kakuhle into ukwenza - kwinkulu, osele abaxhasi ezininzi, hayi nje ukuba ubungqina charisma yakhe nabantu abanyulwa bakaThixo.

2. Umba yesibini engundoqo ekuqinisekiseni imbonakalo benkokeli akuyo, a legitimation yenkcubeko neyentlalo, xa inxalenye enkulu oluntu ayaqonda ukuba semthethweni kwisehlo ngokufuthi yinkokeli sesikweni.

3. Umba wesithathu - ngenkxaso eyimfuneko ngakwicala lezopolitiko kungekuphela phakathi kwinginginya yabantu, kodwa phakathi amaqela, iinkokeli zabo, kunye nabameli bamabhunga karhulumente esemthethweni.

Ngoku amandla ngakumbi nangakumbi ukufumana into yesine, awothi ngaphambili ihlawulwe ingqalelo, ngoko a minor. Le - inkxaso benkokeli iqhajana kwi eendaba. Uyakwazi ukuthetha ngento indima enkulu kuphuhliso zonke iinkokheli zopolitiko kule minyaka ili-100 idluleyo saba kumajelo eendaba, kwaye zokwenene force ayakuxhasa oku okanye loo mntu endle ulwazi namhlanje - kubaluleke kakhulu.

Neempawu zenkokeli akuyo

Inkokeli olu hlobo kudla kufuna iseti iimpawu. Eyona emikhulu:

1. Ukuqonda kunye nokukhuthaza indima yalo ezizodwa kunye nomnqophiso, ezijolise inguqu egameni inguqu okanye yoluntu yohlangulo. Oku kufuna kwakhe kwenxa engaphambili iziganeko, kwaye, rhoqo, isicwangciso okanye inkqubo iinguqulelo.
2. isibheno Personal, nezibabandakanya ngokuyimfuneko ekwenzeni ukuba imbonakalo enomtsalane. Ngokufuthi, phezu koko, inkokeli akuyo - indoda inginginya, ufana nendoda esesitalatweni, kwangaxeshanye kunokuba esithile. Noko ke, kusenza siqiniseke ukuba inkokeli enjalo kuya kufuneka ukuba ube unya ethile - akunakwenzeka ukuba liqhawe ngaphandle olu phawu. Iinkokeli ezinjalo, abafazi ezifana z Dark okanye uMargaret Thatcher, emehlweni kunye inkumbulo ababephila babeba nesibindi ngaphezu uninzi amadoda ixesha lethu.
3. Idini kunye nomzabalazo kwi inkokeli akuyo kakhulu eza kuqala. Ukukwazi kukuzincama aze uloyiso intsokolo neemeko kunye nokuphikisa - inkalo kubalulekile ukuba abalandeli kubalandeli.
4. iinjongo yesazisi. Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, inkokeli eyaziwa nguye lowo unako ukukhusela usukelo lwakhe kakhulu ngokupheleleyo idibana kunye neemfuno zoluntu.
5. Ubukho lutshaba olunamandla. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inkokeli bekusoloko wakhuthaza ukuze manyano, indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni kwakhe search, ucupho kunye ukulwa nxamnye notshaba. Ngamanye amaxesha - kuyingozi kakhulu, yaye ngamanye amaxesha musa nokuba zikhona eneneni, okanye njengotshaba unokwenza iingcamango ngisho.
6. ngendima enkulu edlalwa ngabaxhasi esebenzayo. Ngokufuthi, inkokeli awuthethi nto ungenakuxhomekeka umbutho okanye naliphi na kwiziko yolawulo. Maxa wambi ulindele ukuba abalandeli bakhe athathe izinto ezandleni zabo, badla kugwetyelwa, kunye nabalandeli inokuba kakhulu olukhulu ngaphezu yinkokheli yabo.

Iinkokheli akuyo ixesha lethu

Iinkokeli Modern anomoya asisininzi amatyala, musa athembele kwinkxaso yabantu - yaye kuya kusanda into ephambili ekukhuthazeni yesazisi emasimini ulwazi, oko kukuthi, ngokusebenzisa amajelo eendaba. Kuba indlela lokungavinjwa enomtsalane kunokuba umntu engwevu ingathi yimimangaliso, maxa wambi nako ukwenza ngokuzimeleyo.

Njengoko umzekelo 'umabonwakude' mihla kwi yinkokeli Russian kunokukhokelela Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Yena akanako okunene kuchaphazela nasiphi na isigqibo enye yezopolitiko kuye, abalandeli abangekho ngokunyanisekileyo nenkani, ukukwazi ukuhamba naye afe. Kodwa Zhirinovsky, ngenxa mpawu zenza ezibalaseleyo, iye inkokeli ethile amandla.

Okwesibini inkokeli ukuqina anomoya - yindlela umongameli sangoku Russia Vladimir Putin. Nangona ubukho iingxaki kubomi qoqosho nopolitiko kurhulumente, izenzo balo ncakasana zixhaswa iindimbane. Putin, enyanisweni, akanalo iseti epheleleyo komgangatho uphawu kolu hlobo. Umzekelo, ukuba akukho mpawu ubugagu. Nangona kungekho iimpawu uphawu inkokeli wesizwe, lo mntu usaqhubeka ethandwa phakathi kwabantu.

Phakathi kwabaphilayo, lo mzekelo iphawulekayo inkokeli "olunyulu" akuyo yi Fidel Castro. I-revolution engumlawuli, isithethi brilliant, umphathi ophumelele i Havana icuba rhoqo emlonyeni wakhe, yena wafumana igunya ongagungqiyo kude, ngenxa iimpawu zobuqu. Akazange nje iphumelele imbeko nendumiso yabantu bakhe, eye ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo Cuba. igama lakhe yaziwa kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba, ibali lobomi bakhe ejikelezwe yi halo uzuko, iminyaka emininzi kububulumko ngokwenene lokulawula ilizwe labo. Abaninzi bendisekeleze kulawulo lwakhe xa ngeqhudu, kodwa simele sikhumbule ukuba yinto le fomu kolawulo kunye abayinqobo akuyo, ngokufuthi musa nayiphi na kukhuphiswano ngaxeshanye.

Fidel Castro - ngumququzeleli luqhankqalazo eliqela neziphithiphithi, yena buqu inxaxheba ekulweni, wasinda 638 amalinge msebenzi. Sesithathu kwimbali yoluntu ngokwemiqathango ixesha leBhodi, kabini wangena Guinness Book of Records, Fidel Castro, "imingcipheko" ukuphelisa ubomi bakhe ayifani uninzi "inkokeli namaqhawe" - emnqamlezweni okanye umlilo, xa ityhefu okanye wedwa obukhulu - kodwa ebhedini yakhe, engqongwe yi izihlobo, kukho inani elikhulu abalandeli kunye nabalandeli.