Intanda kwinkulungwane XX. Neo - neo ngu ...: abameli, inkcazelo kunye neempawu

Neo - kwesi sikolo yokucinga, ebandakanya ingcamango empiricism. Le umthambo ukuvavanya ihlabathi ngokusebenzisa amava oluvo. Nokuthembela logic, luqiqo kunye nezibalo ukuba bakwazi nokumisa ulwazi. positivism acwangciswe nayo ngenye ngokuba le ndawo, ithi xa kupheliswe zonke izinto ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba uyazi, ihlabathi uyaziwa. Neo, ogama amalungu bahlala becala e Warsaw kunye eLvov, Berlin, nkqu eUnited States, ngokuzingca lo isihloko. Emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, abaninzi kubo bafudukela entshona eYurophu naphesheya Atlantic Ocean, nto leyo ebangele ukuba nokusasazwa iimfundiso.

History of uphuhliso

Bethethe ngayo kwicala entsha Ernst Mach kunye Lyudvig Vitgenshteyn. Ngokutsho kubo kwabonakala ukuba neo - Yindibanisela ezikhona, logic kunye nenzululwazi. Omnye wabo ndabhala ama kwi logic, leyo wagxininisa indawo esembindini yesikolo obuthukuzayo:

1. indlela yethu yokucinga umda kuphela ngolwimi, ke ngoko, kokukhona umntu owazi ulwimi kunye ebanzi lasungulwa, udlula kunabela acinga ngayo.
2. Kukho kuphela mnye ehlabathini, izibakala, iziganeko kunye inkqubela yenzululwazi imiselwa, njengoko simele sicinge ukuba.
3. isindululo nganye ibonisa ihlabathi njengoko eyakhiwe imithetho efanayo.
4. Nasiphi na isivakalisi esimbaxa enokwaphulwa phantsi ibe ezilula ezimbalwa, eyenziwa ncakasana izibakala.
5. Higher eziphilayo olungathethekiyo. Ngamafutshane, lo umda zokomoya engalinganiswayo kwaye imveliso njenge ifomula yenzululwazi.

Machism

Eli gama idla ngokusetyenziswa-ntonye ukuya kwenkcazo 'positivism ". koqobo Its ingqalelo Mach noRichard Avenarius.

Ahisamaki waba yamachiza Austria kunye bulumko, wafunda ubucukubhede, amandla igesi, umsindo, optic otorhinolaryngology. Uluvo ephambili Machism ukuba amava kufuneka ibe imbono yehlabathi. Positivism kunye neo-positivism abe nemfundiso, ulwela ngendlela ngamava nolwazi, bazitshitshisela Machism, Kuluvo esisiseko --bulumko ubotshiwe abe isayensi lifunda umqondo yabantu. Nendlela kuphela bafumane ulwazi malunga ihlabathi lokwenene.

umnotho ingqondo

Neo-bulumko - umbono omtsha we ingxaki endala. "Economy of ingcamango" kuya kuvunyelwa ukuba agubungele ezona mibuzo ubuncinane umgudu. Yile ndlela obambekayo wabaseki zeniyo-ingqalelo uphando kakhulu elamkelekileyo, siyavakala kwaye ihlelwe. Ukongeza, ezi zobulumko babekholelwa ukuba ukukhawulezisa izinto yenzululwazi kunye nokuchaza yolwimi kufuneka ibe yinto engcolileyo kubo.

Ahisamaki wayekholelwa ukuba lilula inzululwazi, ngoko ke kufutshane ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba ingcaciso-ubuninzi wayenza elula ngokucacileyo, kuba ibonakalisa umfanekiso lokwenyaniso zehlabathi. Machism yaba sisiseko zeniyo, yena yachongwa kunye umbono "bio-economic" ulwazi. Physics uphulukene inxalenye yayo nobuntu, intanda nayo yaba kuphela kwendlela eya ukuhlalutya ulwimi. Ngoko ke neo-evunyiweyo. abameli balo wafuna elula ukonga siqonde ihlabathi, ukuba inxenye baphumelela.

Vienna isangqa

KwiSebe le Vienna University of inzululwazi ezenza isangqa abantu abafuna ukuba bafunde isayensi bulumko ngexesha elifanayo. Le ongundoqo ezizinzululwazi mbutho Moritz Schlick.

David Hume ingabizwa umntu omnye ngaphezulu ukukhuthaza iniyo. Iingxaki ukuba ingqalelo inzululwazi Akukwazi njengoThixo, umphefumlo, kwaye le miba nobuntu, akubona into yophando. Onke amalungu Vienna Circle baba waqiniseka ukuba izinto ezibubungqina empirically, kodwa ezibalulekileyo kwaye musa ukuba isifundo eneenkcukacha.

izimiso epistemological

Xa "Vienna School" ziye zavela ulwazi lwabo nemigaqo yehlabathi. Nazi ezinye zazo.

1. Lonke ulwazi lomntu isekelwe siyazazi. izibakala ezithile lungenakunxityelelaniswa. Yintoni umntu lungenakuqondeka empirically, ayikho. Ngoko ke wazalwa Umgaqo omnye ngaphezulu: naluphi na ulwazi lwenzululwazi kungancitshiswa ukuya kwisivakalisi esilula, ngokusekelwe siyazazi.
2. Ulwazi esilufumana ingqiqo imbono, ziyinyani ngokupheleleyo. Kwakhona Yaveza umba amacebiso lokwenyaniso protocol eyaguqula sengqondo ukuya imixube yezenzululwazi jikelele.
3. Ngokupheleleyo yonke imisebenzi yolwazi bancipha nenkcazelo mizwa ezifunyenweyo. Neopositivists ihlabathi ngokupheleleyo yokuvela, basebenzisane kwizivakalisi ezilula. Positivism kunye neo wala ukunika nkcazo kwihlabathi ngaphandle, ekhoyo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, bewagqala semxholweni. umsebenzi wabo ephambili ukwenza iikhrayitheriya yokuhlola njengokungathi ngamnye ode.

theses

Ukwalela izimvo kunye neengxaki iintlobo ezithile yolwazi kunye lula uqulungqo ephakamileyo nzima kakhulu into enjalo ngokuba yiniyo. Loo nto yenza kube nomtsalane ngakumbi abaxhasi ezinokwenzeka. iingongoma ezimbini ezibalulekileyo yaba lilitye lembombo le meko, basebenzisane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- Sombulula ingxaki ifuna amagama ayo ngenyameko, ngoko anengqondo ngundoqo ifilosofi.

- theory nganye, kungekhona priori, ekufuneka babe nokuwafumana ukuqinisekisa iindlela somgaqo-kwingqiqo.

postpositivism

Positivism, neo-positivism, postpositivism - amakhonkco kwikhonkco enye ekuqiqeni. Oku ifilosofi livele ngexesha izazinzulu waqonda ukuba ukuqulunqa zonke Izicatshulwa lwezenzululwazi kuphela kubungqina enokwehla, akunakwenzeka. ayiphumelelanga ngokulinganayo kwaye izame ngaphandle kwintanda-bulumko ezikhona, kuphakamisa ingxaki ezaziwa komntu kunye noluntu. kanye Ukwazi oku kwenze kwaba lula ukuba bathi neo - kuba yinkqubo awungeni noqulunqo uphando lwezenzululwazi. Fine we akukho Imbuyekezo umsebenzi Karla Poppera "logic izinto zesayensi." Ingqiqo ziza jonga yayisinda kakhulu kwindawo ngxaki, kwaye inzululwazi, ngoko ngaphantsi Enyanisweni nganye yaba bekuya kufuneka isiseko ubungqina.

Positivism kunye neo ezavalwayo ukuba yokuguqula ngokukhawuleza inkqubela yenzululwazi. Kufuneka ujongo entsha kunye nendlela eqhelekileyo bulumko. Postpositivism ingqalelo azamkeleki ukwabelana inzululwazi kunye bulumko, ziyalicekisa inkcaso engqongqo ukuya ezikhona, kunye neminye imiba yintsimi kwizigqibo ngumyinge. Neo-intanda - kwaba ithuba lokuba athathe phezu iingqondo logicians. Kodwa zonakale ubulula empiricism kwisiqalo sekamva sisondela ngokukhawuleza.