Paul Feyerabend: Ideas Basic

Le kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kuye abantu abaninzi kokuphoxeka: devalued ubomi bomntu ezilahlekileyo lokubhena iminqweno inkululeko, ukulingana kunye nabazalwana apho ukuze babe alwa ngaphambili. Iingqiqo okulungileyo nokubi ndizuze umbala entsha, kwaye nkqu amanqaku. Bonke zabantu Qinisekisa yaba isalamane. Nokuba baneembono ozinzileyo ngokupheleleyo enjalo 'zolwazi', phantsi ukugxekwa kwamathandabuzo. Ukususela ngoko, njengoko bulumko waba kuthatha amanyathelo kwizifundo zesayensi, kubomi izazinzulu beza ke kwamaxesha. Methodological Anarchism Paul Feyerabend oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kule. izimvo zakhe zefilosofi uya kukuxelela inqaku lethu.

Provocateur nezesayensi

Paul Karl Feyerabend kwihlabathi yemveli bulumko waba enkulu devil okwimo yomntu. Nje kuphela, wathandabuza ezixhaphakileyo nemimiselo nemithetho yesayensi nolwazi. Nasekuxelengeni ngamandla igunya yenzululwazi ngokubanzi. Phambi imbonakalo yakhe uligwiba inzululwazi ulwazi epheleleyo. Ubuncinane oku kusebenza kwabo ezifunyaniswe esele eqinisekisiwe. njani uyabuthandabuza ubungqina olwenziwe? Feyerabend iye yabonisa ukuba ngenene. Akazange ukuphepha nobuvuvu emide. Ndandithanda kumaxesha ukuba ujije kwingxelo Marx okanye Mao Zedong, jonga impumelelo iishaman in Latin America kunye impumelelo umlingo sina ngelithi imfuneko ukuba kudlula oosiyazi amandla. zobulumko ezininzi xesha ithathwa nje samazi lokugezelwa okanye upopayi. Kunjalo, inkolelo yakhe phakathi iimpumelelo ezininzi sapheleka yokucinga yabantu kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Mama-isiyaluyalu

Enye yezona ncwadi idumileyo, wabhala ukuba uPawulos Feyerabend, le ncwadi "Nxamnye ngokunyanzelwa methodological." Kuyo, uyangqina kucace ukuba akuzange kwenzeke uninzi izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu usebenzisa amagama eqhelekileyo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukuphika yabo. Bulumko nenzululwazi ngokuba ujongo ezihlambulukileyo Iliso ingqongwe ubudala mithetho. Sidla kubonakala kuyinyaniso ukuba aqhelekileyo. Kuqeqesho ujika ukuba singabenyaniso okucingelwayo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, uPawulos Feyerabend wavakalisa umgaqo "yonke into kunokwenzeka". Khangela, kwaye musa ukuthembela - oko kukuthi umyalezo ophambili bulumko lakhe. Ekuqaleni nhla, akukho nto enkulu kulo. Kodwa sobulumko isigqibo nokuba ukulinga abo ngcamango leyo kudala babe iintsika entsimini zabo. Yintoni ngoko nangoko ukuba indlela elibukhali nendawo yakhe, lowo ulindayo classical zehlabathi. Wade wagxeka umgaqo yokucinga kunye ukukhangela inyaniso, nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane walandela abaphandi.

Enye indlela yokucinga

Yintoni imbuyekezo Paul Feyerabend? Ngokuchasene nendlela kwizigqibo evela imigqaliselo ekhoyo ukubonisa inyaniso ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa engahambelaniyo xa uqala hypothesis ezitenxileyo. Le ukungavumelani nelikhuthaza iinkumbulo zenzululwazi. Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu ziya kukwazi ukuphonononga ngamnye kubo. Sobulumko icebisa kwakhona isibheno hayi squeamish emibonweni elide-undilibele, ngokungathi elandela le ntetho ukuba yonke into entsha - nganto kakuhle ubudala. Feyerabend iyayichaza kakhulu nje: Akukho ithiyori lingabi uphephe ngokugqibeleleyo ithuba ukukhanyela kuyo nayiphi na ingxelo. Maxa wambi, kukho yokuba uya kubeka mbuzo. Ngaphezu koko, umntu kufuneka kuthiwe element yabantu, ngenxa yokuba iingcali ekhethiweyo sele izibakala ngokusekelwe esizithandayo, ukusuka umnqweno omnye icala labo.

Paul Feyerabend: Ifilosofi Science

Enye imfuneko ebalulekileyo bulumko ulwazi lwezenzululwazi yaba phambi iingcamango ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo, oko kukuthi ukwanda. Ngokusebenza kunye, baya ngokuqhubekayo ngcono. Ngenxa ukubusa thiyori nye umngcipheko zakostenet kwaye ajike abe uhlobo intsomi. Feyerabend yaba umdlali welinye iqela wangumququzeleli ingcamango yokuba uphuhliso lenzululwazi, xa iingcamango ezintsha Ngokusengqiqweni ukusuka endala. Wayekholelwa ukuba, phezu koko, hypothesis ngamnye olandelayo izenza ezidlulileyo, ngenkuthalo iyangqubana nto. Kwangaxeshanye, wabona Dynamics uphuhliso kwengcamango yoluntu kunye nekamva loluntu.

club iingcali

Ezinye iingxelo Feyerabend singathathwa ukukhanyela ukuyondelelana yenzululwazi ngokubanzi. Kodwa oku akuyonyaniso. Yena nje usixelela ukuba sifanele ibhujiswe ungenakuxhomekeka ingaphumeleli yenzululwazi. Umzekelo, ngokungafaniyo Popper komntu, nelinika izazinzulu ayingqinelani iingcamango zabo, uPawulos Feyerabend wagxininisa kakhulu kwimfuneko ukuqinisekisa hypothesis yabo neengcaciso eziliqela. Kunqweneleka yakhiwe phezu kwemimiso ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela ngale ndlela, e yakhe linye, kuyenzeka ukuba bakuphepha abangaboniyo self-bulungisa. Yinto azifane umdlalo "Yintoni? Phi? Xa? ", In apho iingcali zisebenza phambili, nje xa kunokwenzeka ezithile iimpendulo yezinto ngokomfuniselo kukhethwa engcono.

imibuzo Inkolelo

Enye kunawo iincwadi UPawulos wabhala Feyerabend - "Nxamnye Indlela". Ingcamango indalo yayo wamnika umhlobo wakhe sobulumko Imre Lakatos. Intsingiselo umsebenzi kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba zonke hypothesis zavela kule ncwadi Feyerabend, Lakatos ukuveza ukugxekwa kakhulu kakhulu nokudala bakhe - simbonisa. Uyilo njenge uhlobo kushicilelo zokucwangcisa omkhulu nje ngomoya ngunozala methodological anarchism. Emva kokuba bethintelwe ukuphunyezwa kwalo mbono Lakatos kaThixo wafa ngo-1974. Kodwa Feyerabend kunjalo sakhulula incwadi epapashwe, nkqu kwimeko enjalo enesiqingatha. Kamva, sobulumko yabhala ukuthi kuhlaselwa lale simi ngelithini malunga nalo mveliso efana Imre bayinqulayo zabo egameni.

Paul Feyerabend. "Inzululwazi a khulula uluntu"

Mhlawumbi lo umsebenzi bulumko wenza yayisothusa ezinkulu kuno "Nxamnye Indlela". Kubonakala Feyerabend frank antistsientist. Yena waphula ukuba smithereens konke oko, kuba izizukulwana ezininzi izazinzulu zikholelwa kwi Grail oyiNgcwele. Ukongeza zonke kwintshayelelo kule ncwadi, sobulumko fown uyavuma ukuba konke nje azenzileyo. "Ukuze bahlale into oko kuyimfuneko;" - uthi ngokuzithemba. Apha Feyerabend kunye wadala liphela theory kungenzeka ukuba kukothuka abaphulaphuli. Kwaye ngaloo umdla elomeleleyo, ezingenako kuchaphazela kwezentengiso le ncwadi. izazinzulu ezinkulu Bambalwa ndingatsho ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba bonke zophando yakhe iyintsomi. Nangona rhoqo kanye enyanisweni. Kwelinye icala, mhlawumbi yenye sikhutyekiswa?

Intshi okanye ilungelo na?

Oko wayefuna ukuphumeza iingcamango zakhe Paul Feyerabend? Indlela yokucinga bulumko kwinkulungwane yama-20 kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza ezikhoyo kwikota enye. Kweyahlukeneyo i "isms" wentyatyambo kuphela wobuciko kodwa kwisayensi, kwakunye njengendlela ezothusayo iingxelo endaweni ngokwalo ukuba ihlabathi liza omnye kakhulu. Ukubangela ingqumbo nomsindo kubantu ngenxa yeengcinga bakhe inkanuko, Feyerabend wayefuna ukuba bandiqumbise refutation zabo. Ungavumelani? Ndicinga indlela yam engalunganga? Ondohlwayayo! Uze nobungqina bakho! Wayebonakala ukukhuthaza uluntu akabathembi iinyaniso ungaveli elide-yaziwa, size sifumane iimpendulo ngokunokwabo. Mhlawumbi xa ethi "Science kwi Free Society" yapapashwa version yayo ekuqaleni wamitha, imibuzo emininzi malunga ubuchule Feyerabend ndinyamalale bebodwa.

I Was Paul Feyerabend antistsientistom okanye yenza i ingqiqo entsha ulwazi? Ukufunda umsebenzi wakhe, kunzima ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Nangona yokuba aliqulunqileyo ngokucacileyo kakhulu izimvo zakhe, kude kakhulu, kukho uluvo lokuba yonke le - kumazwe yeengxelo inkanuko. Mhlawumbi, eliyinhloko ngokwemfanelo yemeko bulumko ngowakhe ukubhekiselela akwenzeki yenzululwazi kunye nemfuneko yokufumana ezinye iindlela yokwazi zehlabathi. Enoba kwenzeka ntoni na, ukuze uqhelane namanye umsebenzi wale umdla zobuntu nje ixabisa.