Haydegger Martin: A Biography, ifilosofi

Haydegger Martin (iminyaka yobomi - 1889-1976) yenye vulindlela-bulumko ezifana ebomini waseJamani. Wazalwa ngo-1889, ngo September 26, xa messkirch. Uyise, Friedrich Heidegger, yaba ingcibi omhle.

Heidegger uza waba ngumbingeleli

Ukususela 1903 ukuya 1906 Haydegger Martin uyasihamba isikolo e Constanta. Uhlala kwi "House of Conrad" (kwisikolo esibhodisayo umKatolika) kunye nokufumana ukulungele ukuba abe ngumbingeleli. Xa aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe, uMartin Heidegger kule minyaka mithathu izayo. ngobomi bakhe ngeli xesha kuphawulwa yokuba uhamba isikolo aphezulu sabefundisi archiepiscopal e Breisgau (Freiburg). September 30, 1909 sobulumko elizayo waba mafikizolo kwi phantsi Feldkirch Tizis wamaJesuit monastery. Noko ke, ngo-Oktobha 13 Mna kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ashiye ikhaya ngenxa ziingqaleko ke zenimba ezo entliziyweni Martin Heidegger.

biography emfutshane yokuqhubeka kwakhe ukuba ngethuba elisusela kwi-1909 ukuya 1911, ukufunda kwiYunivesithi Freiburg, kwicandelo zenkolo. Kwakhona benza bulumko zabo. Inqaku yakhe yokuqala epapashwe ngelo xesha, Martin Heidegger (ifoto yakhe eboniswe ngezantsi).

nengxaki Ngokomoya, intsimi entsha yesifundo, ithisisi

Ukususela 1911 ukuya 1913 ukuba ihamba nentlekele ngokomoya aze agqibe ukushiya isici ngezakwaLizwi, waqhubeka izifundo zakhe kwiYunivesithi Freiburg. Apha Martin Heidegger wafunda intanda kunye nenzululwazi ngezobugqi kunye nezoluntu. Yena shtudiruet umsebenzi "Uphando acwangciswe" Husserl kaThixo. Ngowe-1913, Haydegger uMartin wayikhusela ithisisi bakhe waza waba ngumhlohli kwiYunivesithi Freiburg kwelinye kwiminyaka emi-2.

umshado

Ngowe-1917, i-sobulumko batshate. Sazi utshata izifundo e Freiburg kuqoqosho zaziye Petri. umfazi Heidegger yeyona intombi ligosa eliphezulu Prussia. Umfanekiso wayo - Evangelical yamaLuthere. Lo wasetyhini wayekholelwa kwaoko ikamva eliphezulu wawo yendoda yakhe. Uba inkxaso yakhe, unobhala, umhlobo. Phantsi yempembelelo wokupheliswa wakhe umfazi ekugqibeleni olukhulayo Heidegger ngayo yamaKatolika. Ngowe-1919, le ntsapho wazalelwa unyana yokuqala, George, kunye nonyaka kamva - Herman.

unjingalwazi umncedisi Work, izifundo kwi ontology

Ukususela ngowe-1918 ukuya 1923, yena sobulumko womncedisi nomncedisi unjingalwazi Husserl yakhe kwiYunivesithi Freiburg. Ngowe-1919 yena waphula nenkqubo yamaKatolika, yaye kamva ngonyaka uqale ubuhlobo sobulumko uKarl Jaspers. Ukususela ngowe-1923 ukuya 1928, Heidegger ibamba izifundo kwi ontology. Ontology Martina Haydeggera inegalelo kwayo. Wamenywa ukuba i-University of yeMarburg uprofesa ngokungaqhelekanga.

Jobs in yeMarburg

Income Heidegger ngcono. Noko ke, idolophu ngokwayo, ithala ngamandla, lo komoya kwingingqi - konke oku kucaphukisa Martin, owayeza ngokuzithandela kuhlala eHeidelberg. Kulapha etsala kuye ngoku, kunye nobuhlobo bakhe Karlom Yaspersom. Kusindisa Heidegger ngomoya uphendlo yentanda, kunye endlwaneni Todtnauberg (iboniswe ngezantsi), ngaphakathi Umgama ukuhamba ukusuka emakhayeni abo - umsebenzi iinkuni, umoya intaba, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - nokudalwa incwadi ethi "Ukuba kunye Ixesha", eyaba ezaziwa kwinkulungwane yama-20 . athandwa kakhulu phakathi abafundi iintetho Heidegger kaThixo. Noko ke, ukuqonda asebenza khona ngaphandle R. Bultmann, lo wezakwalizwi odumileyo lobuProtestanti.

Heidegger - ekuziseni Husserl e University Freiburg

Le ncwadi "Ukuba kunye Ixesha" livela ngaphandle ngowe-1927, yaye umbhali wayo olandelayo ephumelela Husserl kwi kwisebe bulumko kwiYunivesithi Freiburg zomthonyama. Ngowe-1929-30. efunda eziliqela iingxelo ezibalulekileyo. Ngowe-1931 Heidegger kuvela uvelwano intshukumo National Socialist. Ngqonyela weYunivesithi Freiburg (iboniswe ngezantsi), uba ngo-1933. Ngeli xesha ziquka lombutho "inkampu isayensi", kwakunye imbonakalo zentengiso Tübingen, eHeidelberg kunye Leipzig.

Heidegger uphendulela ngaphandle ngowe-1933 phakathi babantu ezaziwayo-kakuhle bambalwa basebenzisana kunye amaNazi. Phakathi neminqweno yakhe yembono ufumana into nobona ezingqondweni zabo. Heidegger, egxile kwizifundo zakhe neengcinga, abanalo ixesha nomnqweno elikhethekileyo ukuba zicacelwe yintsingiselo imisebenzi "nkolelo" zwilakhe yaye "Mein Kampf" yi Hitler. Umbutho omtsha uthembisa ubukhulu kunye nokuhlaziywa eJamani. iimanyano zabafundi negalelo koku. Heidegger, ogama abafundi basoloko emthanda, uyakwazi kwaye athathe ingqalelo imo yazo. Iliza izithombe kazwelonke isenza loo nto. Heidegger ngokuthe ezibanjiswa ngomnatha yemibutho eyahlukeneyo lwamaNazi, Qhawulani amajikazi egolide, University of Freiburg.

Ngo-Apreli 1934, sobulumko ushiya ngokuzithandela isithuba onguMphathi. Lowo liphuhlisa isicwangciso nokudalwa oonjingalwazi Academy eBerlin. Martin ugqiba ukuya kungena izithunzi, ngokuba ukuxhomekeka-nkqubo National Socialist wayesele umthwalo. Oku kugcina a sobulumko.

Impi kwempi iminyaka

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, wenza eziliqela iingxelo ezibalulekileyo. Ngowe-1944 Heidegger ukuluma ukwemba imisele kule wamajoni. Ngowe-1945 waya Meskirh ukufihla uze wenze ngqangi yakho uze ingxelo ngoko Commission on cleaner. Heidegger nayo ilandela Sartre, ngaba abahlobo kunye Jean Jean Beaufret. Ukususela ngowe-1946 ukuya 1949 siyaqhubeka ukuyekiswa ekufundiseni. Ngowe-1949, wenza iklabhu e Bremen 4 sengxelo, apho kuphindwa ngo-1950 kwi-Academy of Arts Fine (eBavaria). Heidegger uthatha inxaxheba kwiindibano ezahlukeneyo, utyelelo ngowe-1962, Greece. Wafa ngoMeyi 26, 1978.

iiphiriyodi ezimbini kumsebenzi Heidegger

iiphiriyodi ezimbini yokukhululwa kwi imisebenzi yalo nzulu ngezinto. Esokuqala ukususela ngo-1927 kude kube 1930 phakathi. Ukongeza "Ukuba kunye Ixesha", kule minyaka yomsebenzi, Martin Heidegger wabhala oku kulandelayo (ngo-1929): - "Kant ingxaki ezikhona," "Ngomhla kakuhle kwisiseko," "Yintoni ezikhona?". Ukususela ngo-1935, yona iqale ixesha lesibini yomsebenzi wakhe. Buhlala de kube sekupheleni kobomi nzulu ngezinto. Eyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yale zeephiriyodi: abhalwe umsebenzi 1946 "Gelderin nangomoya izibongo", ngo-1953 - "Introduction to ezikhona", ngo-1961 - "Nietzsche", ngo-1959 - "Towards a ulwimi."

Iimpawu ze kwixesha lokuqala nolo lukwizinga lesibini,

Sobulumko kwixesha lokuqala yokuzama ukudala inkqubo, nto leyo imfundiso yokuba, ingqalelo njengesiseko kobukho bomntu. Xa Heidegger yesibini uguqulela ezahlukahlukeneyo iingcamango bulumko. Yena ibhekisa imibhalo labalobi amandulo ezifana Anaximander, uPlato noAristotle, kunye nemisebenzi ngabameli mihla nowangoku, ezifana R. M. Rilke, Friedrich Nietzsche, F. Hölderlin. Ingxaki ulwimi kweli xesha iba mxholo uphambili umbono wakhe ngenxa yale nzulu ngezinto.

Ingxaki mlonyeni a HEIDEGGER

Martin Heidegger, kwintanda-bulumko apho nomdla thina, wabona umsebenzi wakhe njengomntwana onengqondo ku hlamusela imfundiso entsha ngayo intsingiselo undoqo yokuba. Wayefuna ukuba kufikelelwe kule njongo, fumana iindlela zokuphucula nokwanela yokudlulisa iingcinga ngolwimi. Silwela kwi bulumko kukuba ukudlulisela ezingaqondakali intsingiselo, ngokusebenzisa ubuninzi amagama bulumko.

ulwimi olukhohlisayo kakhulu kubhalwa ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo Heidegger, eyapapashwa ngo-1927 ( "Ukuba kunye Ixesha"). Umzekelo, Berdyaev ingqalelo 'obungathethekiyo "ulwimi komsebenzi, kwaye zininzi igama-ukubunjwa (elithi" mozhestvovanie "kunye nezinye) - engenanjongo okanye, ubuncinane, Lilishwa kakhulu. Ulwimi Heidegger, Noko ke, njengoko Hegel kaThixo, ebonakala ngu ibinzana elithile. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, ezi ababhali nendlela yabo zoncwadi.

Ezisengozini eYurophu ufumene

Martin Heidegger asifunayo imisebenzi yakhe ibonisa ufakelo abantu abaqiqayo eYurophu, leyo kuthiwa ezisisiseko, nto ezo urhulumente langoku zenyanyekayo kwimpucuko yaseYurophu. Ngokutsho sobulumko, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo banikela kubantu baqwalasele silwe inkcubeko ingcamango ukususela emva kweminyaka 300. IYurophu bangena isiphelo ofileyo ukuba yena. Le sikangqingetye kufuneka kufunwe waza waliphulaphula kuhleba zobomi, njengoko uMartin Heidegger. ifilosofi kwakhe kulo mba ayikho ngokwesiseko entsha. iinkcuba abaninzi yaseYurophu ndandikhathazwa imibuzo malunga nendlela abantu sihambayo kwaye itshintshe indlela yabo nokuba kwicala elifanelekileyo. Noko ke, ndicinga ngayo, Heidegger uya phambili. Lowo hypothesizes ukuba sibe 'ufika emva kwexesha "umsebenzi wembali, ezifanelekileyo ekupheleni kwayo, apho bonke kuya kugqitywa" inkqubo edinayo kubo iyunifomu. " Xa intanda yakhe nzulu ngezinto Ongayinikeliyo phambili umsebenzi wokusindisa ihlabathi. Injongo abazihluphekelayo yakhe. Kubalulekile ukuba siqonde ihlabathi esiphila kulo.

ukuba isigaba Analysis

Ngo bulumko, nto igxininisa kuhlalutyo beendidi yokuba. Olu didi Wawuzalisa luhlobo umxholo. Martin Heidegger, ogama engobomi kuye uchazwe apha ngasentla, ukholelwa ukuba yokuba imele ukususela ekuqaleni ingcamango Western kunye bulumko isenguye, nokuba ubukho apho izandi ngoku. Ngokutsho imboniselo eyamkelekileyo, ngoku yenza ixesha lokuphendula lokuchasa zakudala kunye elizayo. Ixesha sizimisele njengoko ubukho. Xa Zokuba Heidegger kaThixo - ngexesha ubukho izinto ezahlukeneyo, okanye ekuphileni.

nokuphila kwabantu

Ngokwale sobulumko, ubukho bomntu - evelele nokuqonda izinto. Ntu oko kubonisa elithi "dasien" othile, ngaloo ndlela kokuzahlula elandulelayo ifilosofi, ngokwezinto apho eli gama libhekisela "ubukho", "ntle elimisiweyo likaThixo". Ngokutsho izazi Heidegger, "dasien" wakhe uthetha, kunoko, ubukho sezingqondweni. Kuphela umntu uyazi ukuba uyafa, yaye kuphela wayesazi ukuba temporality lokubakho yayo. Yena unako, ngenxa kulo, babe bazi lobukho babo.

Ukufumana ehlabathini ukuba kuyo, umntu sifumana imo exhalabisayo. Le nkxalabo ivela njenge umanyano amanqaku 3, "ebaleka ngaphambi", "ukuba ihlabathi" yaye "ukuba phantsi vnutrimirovom ukuba ukhona." Heidegger wayekholelwa ukuba ukuba kukho into ebomini kukuba kuqala akhangele uyazazi zonke izinto.

Sobulumko, sicinga ngokuba 'ebaleka phambili "," inkathalo ", efuna ukugxininisa umahluko phakathi komntu ukusuka ezinye ubukho benene ehlabathini. Ukuba abantu njengoko rhoqo "esindileyo phambili." Iquka amathuba amatsha ukuze ayinakutshintshwa njenge "project". Oko kukuthi, ubukho bomntu projekthi ngokwayo. Ulwazi iintshukumo ngexesha lakhe ebomini iprojekthi. Ngoko ke, siya kuqwalasela ngumntu onjalo njengokuba ekhoyo kwimbali.

Omnye ke, ukucaciswa of "ngenyameko" ( "ukuba kwi vnutrimirovom obukhoyo") yindlela ekhethekileyo ephathelele izinto. Umntu ubona abe namaqabane akhe. isakhiwo care uhlanganisa langoku, elizayo kunye elidlulileyo. izenzo elidluleyo ngoxa Heidegger njengoko ukungahoywa elizayo - njenge "iprojekthi," ukusebenza phezu kwethu, yaye ngoku - uzoba ukuba ngamakhoboka zizinto. Bebindekile unako, kuxhomekeke ophambili into ethile ukuba yenene or inauthentic.

khona inauthentic

Sisebenzisana ifunyanwe non-lokwenene nobukho, ohambelana kuyo, xa izinto kakuhle ukuze ube yinxalenye yale ecace imilenze yakhe umntu, oko kukuthi, xa wendele ngokupheleleyo kokusingqongileyo noluntu kunye nenjongo. Ngokutsho Heidegger, ubukho inauthentic alunakupheliswa yenguqu kokusingqongileyo. It iimeko lo mntu "nemeko lokuphelisa." Heidegger ubiza imo inauthentic bobukho, ebonakala ngu yokuba umntu egxile ngokupheleleyo ehlabathini yezinto, ndamgqibela ukuziphatha kwakhe, ubukho kule nto, awungomntu. Oku kugqiba ubukho yemihla ngemihla yabantu. Iqhutywe ukuba zingabi nto, kubulelwe nokuvuleka kwe yokugqibela iqhotyoshelwe kubukho abatheni. Ngamanye amazwi, oku siqonde ukuba khona. Njengomqathango ithuba lokwanda yayo, siya Akukho libhekisela nawabantu. ukwazi wethu bangela kuyo ezikhona. Ibonelela ngendlela ngaphandle ubukho zesifundo abazi.

Ezikhona ekutolikeni Heidegger

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Heidegger, ukucinga malunga ezikhona ngayo intsingiselo yalo ngayo kuyo. ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ukusuka ukuqonda yesithethe ukutyhilwa ecetywayo ngu Martin Heidegger. Yintoni ezikhona, ngokwesithethe? Kuye babeshiywe ingqalelo-ntonye kwintanda-bulumko yonke okanye inxalenye yayo, ukukhathaza ngengqiqo. ifilosofi New ixesha, ngokutsho nzulu ngezinto umdla kuthi, ke ezikhona of icala elinye. Le ezikhona, koko, i ukungabi epheleleyo. Yintoni na isiphelo sayo? Heidegger wayekholelwa ukuba ezikhona yakudala, leyo eye laziwa okanye ukungabi kumaxesha ethu ligqibe ibali lakhe. Ngokwembono yakhe, oku kubonisa inguqu kwi yabantu zefilosofi ulwazi. Ukuba kwamathambo, intanda uyafa ovela ezikhona. Heidegger wayekholelwa ukuba ubungqina oku ukuvakaliswa edume esithi Nietzsche ukuba "uThixo ufile." Sesikwenzile yale ndlela, enyanisweni, ukuba ulahliwe lonqulo, nto leyo ubungqina ekutshatyalalisweni kweziseko apho waphumla phambi siseko zibalulekileyo kunye ngcinga ezisekelwe zabantu ukuze ebomini.

okanye ukungabi of modernity

Haydegger Martin uphawula ukuba yokuduka wegunya ibandla uThixo kuthetha ukuba indawo yokugqibela ithatha igunya isazela kunye nesizathu. inkqubela sembali indawo ngokusaba kuxhoba aye intsingiselo kweli hlabathi. Injongo sindiso obungunaphakade, nto leyo otherworldly, similise okwaloo uyolo emhlabeni kubantu abaninzi. Nokwanda impucuko, inkcubeko kunye nobuchule ithathwa lokunakekela ihlelo lonqulo, njengoko uMartin Heidegger wathi. Oomatshini kunye nengqondo kuza kucaca. Yintoni na inkalo yokuqala uThixo yezibhalo - ubuchule - ngoku kuluphawu umsebenzi zabantu. ubuchule Abantu ingena gesheft kunye noshishino. Emva koko kuza zenkcubeko ukwehla ibakala nokwanda kwalo. Okanye ukungabi luphawu mihla siphila kuyo. Okanye ukungabi, ngokutsho Heidegger, - inyaniso yokuba eyona njongo nguMbumbi wezinto zonke ezingenakuzanyazanyiswa. Le nyaniso uyeza ukongamela. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ukutshintsha isimo ngokumalunga amaxabiso ezisisiseko okanye ukungabi kucaca kuqaqanjiswe umsebenzi yokuseka ezintsha. Isimo yazala malunga neenqobo kunye nabasemagunyeni andikhathali, nangona, ukuyeka uphuhliso inkcubeko nabacinga.

Ngaba ukulandelelana lwamathuba i random?

Khumbula, ebhekisela kwintanda-bulumko kwimbali Martina Haydeggera, ukuba ngokoluvo lwakhe, ayikho ulandelelwano random yokuba yokuhlala ubudala. Akunakuphikiswa. Sazi babekholelwa ukuba ukufika abantu elizayo abakwazi kukhawuleziswe. Noko ke, baya kubona oko, sifanele nje ukuba afunde ukumamela ngobukho ukubuza imibuzo. Kwaye ke ngomoya omhle ezayo kwihlabathi elitsha. Kuza, ngokutsho Heidegger, ukuba bakhokelwe "instinct", oko kukuthi, ukubheka umsebenzi kokucwangcisa yonke iminqweno kunokwenzeka. Ngoko nedochelovechestvo abe superman.

iintlobo ezimbini yokucinga

Kuyimfuneko ukuba kuhamba indlela ende iimpazamo, iingcamango nolwazi kule yenguqu yenzekile. Ukuqonda okanye ukungabi ukuba ibetheke ezingqondweni European, oko negalelo ekoyiseni olu hambo olunzima elide. Kuphela bulumko entsha, akazalani "intanda yenzululwazi 'bamandulo, babufeze ngempumelelo isifundo elimiweyo ngoncedo ukuphulaphula kuyo. Heidegger akubonayo kuphuhliso kwintanda-bulumko nenzululwazi uphawu yingozi, esithi ukuba buye bungabonakali ukuqonda ukucinga ekukhuliseni ibalwe. Ezi ntlobo zimbini yokucinga kuma umsebenzi othi "kwecala", epapashwe ngo-1959. Uhlalutyo lwabo - isiseko thiyori ulwazi ngezenzeko kwicandelo kubomi. Ngokutsho Heidegger, ibalwe okanye ibalwe phonononga iingcinga kunye nezicwangciso, ibala ithuba, ngoxa kuhlalutywa imiphumo ukuphunyezwa kwazo. Olu hlobo yokucinga kuyinto enokwehla. Yena akanako ukunikela ingqalelo bulawula yonke ngengqiqo. Siqonde iingcinga waphula ucime ngokugqithiseleyo zakhe leyinene. Noko ke, oko kukuthi, phambi beemvavanyo kunye noqeqesho ezizodwa, unako ukuthintela oku ezigqithisileyo kunye nokufikelela inyaniso yokuba ngokwayo. Ngokutsho Heidegger, oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba phenomenology, elimemelela "ulwazi incazelo" kunye hermeneutics.

Yintoni oyinyaniso, ngokutsho Heidegger

Uninzi imiba yabalaselisa umsebenzi wakhe, uMartin Heidegger. iingcamango bakhe bebalisa, ingakumbi, ukuseka indlela inyaniso. Le sazi, ndicinga ngayo, kwakunye bebeye yokuba kumsebenzi enomxholo othi "Xa Ute ka Inyaniso", livela yokuba ingqondo yomntu eziqhelekileyo isebenza yokucinga kuthetha ukufikelela kuyo. Noko ke, yintoni kuyinyaniso? Martin Heidegger gqaba waphendula lo mbuzo ngale ndlela: "Yinto yinyaniso." Le sazi wabonisa ukuba simbiza oyinyaniso ukho nje kuphela, kodwa, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, iingxelo zethu ngaye. Ngoko ninokukuphepha njani bobuxoki yaye ifikelela inyaniso? Ukuze wenze oku, thelekisa kwi "imigaqo ukubophelela". Ekubeni, ngokwale sobulumko, into angapheliyo engenakonakala, ayisekelwanga intshabalalo transience yabantu, inyaniso ezifunyenwe ngumntu, ngaphakathi komthetho ukufunyanwa izinto zonke. Kulo mzekelo, inkululeko yokucinga yi Heidegger njenge "nokucingela yokuba amadoda alwa nawe." Kuyinto ukufikelela imeko eyimfuneko inyaniso. Ukuba akukho inkululeko, akukho nyaniso. Xa ulwazi senkululeko inkululeko ukuhamba kunye uphendla. Walk - umthombo lesiphithiphithi, Noko ke, ubuntu babantu ukuzoyisa kwaye ukuchaza intsingiselo yobukho, ngokutsho noMartin Heidegger. Philosophy (short imixholo yawo) kule nzulu ngezinto iye ngokutsha kweli nqaku.

izimvo Heidegger kaThixo jikelele, mzamo ukoyisa, iziphene intanda outmoded omdala semvelo kunye ukufumana izisombululo kwiingxaki ezinkulu ukusinda kwabantu. Oko kukuthi msebenzi wabeka phambi Martin Heidegger. Iikowuteshini imisebenzi yakhe ungonwaba ithandwa enkulu. Imisebenzi yalo mbhali zithathwa engundoqo bulumko. Ebomini Martina Haydeggera, ke ngoko, siye bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa ukufaneleka kwayo namhlanje.